Transcript Chapter 34

CHAPTER 34
BIOSPHERE
34.1 THE BIOSPHERE IS THE GLOBAL
ECOSYSTEM
• The scientific study of the interactions among
organisms and between organisms and their
environment is called ______________.
• Ecology.
• Organisms environment consists of two types of
factors.
• Nonliving/abiotic
• Living/biotic
•
•
•
•
•
Biotic factors:
Living organisms
Prokaryotes
Protists
Animals
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abiotic factors:
Nonliving or physical condition
Wind
Water
Soil
Rocks
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• Biosphere (broad)
• Ecosystem
• Community
• Population
• Organism (specific)
BIOSPHERE
• The biosphere is not spread out uniformly around
the planet. The biosphere is “patchy” like a quilt
with different environments.
• These environmental variations are due mainly to
differences in abiotic factors such as temperature,
soil type, water and light.
• The patchiness creates a number of different
_______.
• Habitats.
• Habitats:
• Are specific environments in which organisms live.
KEY ABIOTIC FACTORS
• Sunlight
• Provides light and warmth and is the energy source
for almost all ecosystems.
•
•
•
•
•
Water
Essential for life on Earth.
All organisms contain water
How much of our body is water?
70%!
KEY ABIOTIC FACTORS
• Temperature:
• Most life exists within a range of 32 F to 122 F.
• Some organisms have adaptations to live in
colder/hotter temperatures.
•
•
•
•
Soil:
Affects the types of plants that grow there.
Nutrient poor soil= small grass
Nutrient rich soil= taller plants
ABIOTIC FACTORS
•
•
•
•
Wind:
Moves clouds and rain over Earth’s surface.
Create currents in water sources.
Disperse pollen and seeds for plants.
34.2 CLIMATE
• The Earth’s surface can be divided into different
temperate zones based on lines of latitude.
• We have 3 different zones….
• Tropics:
• Warmest temperature zone
• Polar zones:
• Coldest temperature zone
• Temperate zone:
• Seasonal changes.
WHAT ZONE DO WE LIVE IN?
• Temperate zone
LOCAL CLIMATE
• Who has even been to a beach?
• Do you ever walk out of your shore house and feel
like it’s 100 F?
• When you walk to the beach you feel much cooler.
• Why?
• Local climate changes due to large bodies of
water.
• Water absorbs and release heat more gradually
than other substances (soil and rock).
• Why does a kangaroo rat (lives in the desert)
burrow underground?
• Keep cool by living in a dark, moist environment.
• What is this called?
• Microclimate:
• Climate in a specific area that varies from the
surrounding climate region.
34.3 BIOMES
• Biome:
• Major types of terrestrial ecosystems that cover large
regions of Earth.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tropical Rainforest
Savanna
Desert
Temperate Grassland
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Coniferous Forest
Tundra
TROPICAL RAINFOREST
• Occurs near the Equator.
• Temperatures are warm all year around.
• Receives the most amount of rainfall a year.
• Most amount of biodiversity!
SAVANNA
• Grasslands with scattered trees.
• Grasses grow rapidly.
• Warm climate but alternating wet and dry seasons.
DESERT
•
•
•
•
Receives less than 30 cm of rain per year!
Plants are able to store water better.
Animals burrow underneath the sand.
Is hot during the day but cold during the night!
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
•
•
•
•
Deep rich nutrient soil.
Seasonal drought, occasional fires.
Large grazing animals.
Contain a large diversity of microorganisms.
TEMPERATE RAINFOREST
• Deciduous: Trees that drop their leaves each year.
• Large amounts of rain to support bigger trees.
• Provide many different habitats.
CONIFEROUS FOREST
• Towering cone-bearing trees such as pine and
spruce.
• Long cold winters and heavy snowfall.
TUNDRA
• Bitterly cold and high winds.
• Permafrost:
• Permanently frozen subsoil.
• Mosses, lichens, and short grasses thrive.
34.4 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
• Ponds and Lakes
• Freshwater ecosystems (little salt)
• Light areas (photic zone)= light penetrates the
water
• Dark areas (aphotic zone) = limited light
STREAMS AND RIVERS
• A body of flowing fresh water.
• Streams are smaller bodies of water.
• Top of the river/stream is cold, low in nutrients, and
clear.
• Bottom of the river/stream. Water is murky, warmer
with more phytoplankton.
ESTUARIES
• Estuaries:
• Streams and rivers merge with an ocean.
• Chesapeake bay!
OCEAN ZONES
• Intertidal zone:
• Area of shore between the high-tide and low-tide
lines. Exposed to sun. (closest to land)
• Neritic zone:
• Low-tide out the edge of continental shelf. Some
sunlight. (in between ocean and land)
• Oceanic zone:
• Edge of continental shelf to ocean. Filled with
zooplankton. (farthest away from land)
CORAL REEFS
• Extremely diverse ecosystem.
• More than one of every four marine species inhabits
a coral reef.
DEEP-SEA VENTS
•
•
•
•
Depths of 2,500 meters deep.
Organisms live around hydrothermal vents.
No sunlight, very dark.
Hydrothermal vents: hot gases and minerals escape
from the Earth.
TUBE WORMS