Transcript What Are ? ? What Is Geospatial Information?

Usefulness of GIS in Strategic
Planning
Markus M. Hedorfer
Venice University of Architecture — Department of Urban Planning
Venice, 6th July 1999
Introduction
1. Each Planner Handles What Is
Geospatial Information ?
2. Some Planners Use What Are
Geospatial Information Systems ?
3. Few Planners Know How To Manage Correctly
Digital Geospatial Information ?
What Is Geospatial Information?
The Concept:
Information that can be located
on the Earth’s surface.
What Is Geospatial Information?
The Concept:
Locational Data
Attribute Data
Boundings:
Vertex 1 at (30;20)
Vertex 2 at (20;40)
Vertex 3 at (60;60)
V
Vertex 4 at (70;40)
Area: 800.00 m2
Perimeter:
120.00 m
V
V
Class: “Residential
Building” 21-1
1-1
21-2
1-2
Height:
1-4 14.50 m
22-1
1-3
Volume: 10,600.00 m3
22-2
2-2
Ground-Floor2-1Height: 3.00 11-1
m
23-1
Number
of
Floors:
3
2-3
3-2
Number of Basement
Floors:
1
3-1
Attic Height: 2.50 m
Number of Apartments: 12
4-2
3-3
4-1
Inhabitants:
38
Residential Volume: 27,000.005-2m3
5-3
5-1
Commercial Area: 750.00
m2
3
4
2
V
1
What Is Geospatial Information?
And In Addition:
Topological Data
21-1
1-1
21-2
1-2
1-4
22-1
1-3
22-2
2-2
11-1
2-1
23-1
2-3
3-2
3-1
4-2
3-3
4-1
5-3
5-2
5-1
Building 3-1 borders with
building 2-1,
paved area 2-2,
paved area 3-2,
paved area 4-2,
building 4-1,
building 5-1,
garden area 5-3, and
garden area 3-3.
What Is Geospatial Information?
Where — What? (Combined)
Some Examples:
Q: Where is the railway station?
A: It’s about 500 meters from here moving to south west.
Q: Where is the City of Venice?
A: It’s approximately at 12.33° East and 45.41° North.
Q: What area has the Veneto Region?
A: It has an area of about 18,364 km2.
What Is Geospatial Information?
Where — What? (Combined)
But Also:
Q: By which Provinces is composed the Veneto Region?
A: It’s composed by the Provinces of Venice, Padua, Vicenza, Verona,
Rovigo, Treviso, and Belluno.
Q: Which Regions does the River Po cross?
A: It crosses the Regions of Piedmont, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna,
and Veneto.
Q: With which Regions does the Veneto Region share its border line?
A: It shares its border line with the Regions of Emilia-Romagna,
Lombardy, Trentino-South Tyrol, Tyrol (Austria), Carinthia (Austria),
and Friuli-Julian Veneto.
What Is Geospatial Information?
Where — What? (Combined)
And Some More Complex Queries:
Q: Which Townships are located completely or partially inside the 30minutes isochronal of the Venice railway station using the public
transportation system?
A: The Townships of Venice, Mira, Dolo, Pianiga, Vigonza, Padua,
Spinea, Mirano, Martellago, Salzano, Noale, Mogliano Veneto,
Preganziol, Treviso, Marcon, Quarto d’Altino, and Roncade.
Q: Is there a place in the Venice Township where can be located a
factory of at least 100,000 m2, that produces some noise, and that
needs to be connected by industrial railways?
A: Yes, there is such a place. It can be found in the southern part of
the Porto Marghera industrial area.
What Are Geospatial Information Systems?
A Very Simple Definition:
Geospatial Information Systems are those
Computer-Aided Data Management Systems
that are able to perform
the previously mentioned spatial queries
in a completely automated way.
What Are Geospatial Information Systems?
Components of a Geospatial Information System:
1. GIS Software
Software that makes you able to perform geospatial analysis
2. Geospatial Data
Data to be analysed and to be used to produce other data
3. Geospatial Data Handling Procedures
Procedural encoding to perform geospatial analysis
How To Manage Correctly Geospatial Information?
Two Contrasting Management Techniques:
1. Layer-Based Model
Geospatial information is splitted into several
graphics-oriented geometrically independent
object assemblage
2. Attribute-Based Model
Geospatial information is stored as a
two-dimensional continuum of geometrically dependent
feature classes
Layer-Based vs. Attribute-Based
Example #1:
Venice-Mestre
General Programme of Urban Planning
(Piano Regolatore Generale)
Courtesy of the Venice Township Administration
(1998)
Layer-Based vs. Attribute-Based
Layer-Based Model
Layer
“Zoning”
Layer
“Action Plans”
Layer
“Urban Renewal Areas”
Layer
“Woodland Residues”
Layer-Based vs. Attribute-Based
Attribute-Based Model
RECORD ZTO-ID ZTO
5465
2420 vpr
5476
2421vpr
3243
6516vpr
3248
6507vpr
2839
2731vpr
2774
2586vpr
2293
6566vpr
RECORD ZTO-ID ZTO
5465
2420 vpr
5476
2421vpr
3243
6516vpr
3248
6507vpr
2839
2731vpr
2774
2586vpr
2293
6566vpr
RPU-ID RPU
0 no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
RECORD ZTO-ID ZTO
5465
2420 vpr
5476
2421vpr
3243
6516vpr
3248
6507vpr
2839
2731vpr
2774
2586vpr
2293
6566vpr
RPU-ID RPU
0 no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
SAF-ID SAF
0 no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
RECORD ZTO-ID ZTO
5465
2420 vpr
5476
2421vpr
3243
6516vpr
3248
6507vpr
2839
2731vpr
2774
2586vpr
2293
6566vpr
5466
2420vpr
5467
2420vpr
RPU-ID RPU
0 no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
SAF-ID SAF
0 no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
RSB-ID RSB
0 no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
2yes
RECORD ZTO-ID ZTO
5465
2420 vpr
5476
2421vpr
3243
6516vpr
3248
6507vpr
2839
2731vpr
2774
2586vpr
2293
6566vpr
5466
2420vpr
5467
2420vpr
RPU-ID RPU
0 no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
SAF-ID SAF
0 no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
RSB-ID RSB
0 no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
2yes
RSB-ID RSB
2 yes
0no
PA-1
RECORD ZTO-ID ZTO
5465
2420 vpr
5476
2421vpr
3243
6516vpr
3248
6507vpr
2839
2731vpr
2774
2586vpr
2293
6566vpr
5466
2420vpr
5467
2420vpr
RPU-ID RPU
0 no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
SAF-ID SAF
0 no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
0no
RSB-ID
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
RSB-ID RSB
2 yes
0no
PA-1
RECORD ZTO-ID RPU-ID SAF-ID RSB-ID
5465
2420
0
0
0
5476
2421
0
0
0
3243
6516
0
0
0
3248
6507
0
0
0
2839
2731
0
0
0
2774
2586
0
0
0
2293
6566
0
0
0
5466
2420
0
0
0
5467
2420
0
0
2
ZTO-ID ZTO
2420 vpr
2421vpr
6516vpr
6507vpr
2731vpr
2586vpr
6566vpr
RPU-ID RPU
0 no
SAF-ID SAF
0 no
RSB-ID RSB
2 yes
0no
PA-1
Topology-Oriented Attribute-Based Data Encoding
Example #2:
The Venice Lagoon
Taken from the SISALV — Experimental Geospatial
Information System at the IUAV for the Venice Lagoon
(1996-1998)
Attributes
Polygon Attribute Table:
TIPO
VALLE
LAGUNA
Surface Descriptor (Numeric)
Fishery Number
Inside/Outside Lagoon Delimitation
Line Attribute Table (Related to Polygon Attribute Table):
LP_TIPO
RP_TIPO
LP_VALLE
RP_VALLE
LP_LAGUNA
RP_LAGUNA
Left-Polygon “TIPO”
Right-Polygon “TIPO”
Left-Polygon “VALLE”
Right-Polygon “VALLE”
Left-Polygon “LAGUNA”
Right-Polygon “LAGUNA”
Dry Land
Polygon Attribute Table:
TIPO >= 10 AND TIPO <= 19
Low Waters
Polygon Attribute Table:
TIPO >= 60 AND TIPO <= 79
Lagoon Canals
Polygon Attribute Table:
TIPO >= 80 AND TIPO <= 89
Open Sea
Polygon Attribute Table:
TIPO >= 90 AND TIPO <= 99
Dry Land Limits
Line Attribute Table Related to Polygon Attribute Table:
(LP_TIPO >= 10 AND LP_TIPO <= 19)
XOR
(RP_TIPO >= 10 XOR RP_TIPO <= 19)
Lagoon Canal Limits (Without Dry Land Limits)
Line Attribute Table Related to Polygon Attribute Table:
((LP_TIPO >= 80 AND LP_TIPO <= 89)
XOR
(RP_TIPO >= 80 XOR RP_TIPO <= 89))
AND NOT
((LP_TIPO >= 10 AND LP_TIPO <= 19)
XOR
(RP_TIPO >= 10 XOR RP_TIPO <= 19))
Fishery Limits
Line Attribute Table Related to Polygon Attribute Table:
LP_VALLE <> RP_VALLE
1990 Lagoon Delimitation
Line Attribute Table Related to Polygon Attribute Table:
LP_LAGUNA <> RP_LAGUNA
Attribute-Based Geospatial Analysis
Example #3:
Castelfranco Veneto (Province of Treviso)
Settlement and Population Distribution
Taken from the Preliminary Analysis Chapter for the
General Programme of Urban Planning
(1998)
Purpose
1. Residential settlements are extremely distributed in
sub-urban and sub-rural areas.
2. Residential settlements should be more centralised.
3. Sub-urban distributed population should be
transferred to clearly urban and sub-urban areas.
4. Need to distinguish proto-villages to be transformed
into rural villages by transferring distributed
settlements of the proto-villages’ surroundings.
5. Where are the proto-villages?
Problem: How To Recognise Proto-Villages?
1. Proto-villages are located in rural and sub-rural
areas.
2. Proto-villages are slightly more centralised
settlements than other less significant rural and
sub-rural settlements.
3. There may be a critical mass of inhabitants
necessary to declare a settlement as proto-village.
Data Lack: There Are No Detailed Geospatial Data
About Population Distribution!
Available Data Are:
1. Residential Building Polygons
(Without Volumes And Heights)
2. 1991 Census Tract Polygons
(With Census Attribute Data)
Population Distribution Model
1. To each residential building is attached a reference to the census tract
to which it belongs
2. For each census tract the total built-up area is calculated
3. Population is distributed between (attached to) residential buildings in
order to each building’s “weight” (area percentage of total built-up
area)
Contiguous Urbanised Surface Simulation
4. An appropriated buffer around each building is generated in order to
simulate contiguous urbanised areas
5. For each contiguous urbanised area the total population is calculated
6. Geospatial information is displayed adopting appropriated population
value ranges
25
1
9
4
27
15
13
6
5
5
2
4
5
3
4
36
8
9
17
7
33
33
6
36
675
4
3
12
11
1
24
2
17
14
13
1
10
2
6
7
17
5
7
71
14
4
7
4
3
12
30
4
4
7
2
29
2
12
10
2
3
13
35
3
9
2
39
7
30
5
4
4
2
10
3
6
5
3
25
1
9
4
27
15
13
6
5
5
2
4
5
3
4
36
8
9
17
7
33
33
6
36
675
4
3
12
11
1
24
2
17
14
13
1
10
2
6
7
17
5
7
71
14
4
7
4
3
12
30
4
4
7
2
29
2
12
10
2
3
13
35
3
9
2
39
7
30
5
4
4
2
10
3
6
5
3