Transcript General - ifanos

The German Administration
Basic structure
NATIONAL LEVEL
ADMINISTRATION
STATE LEVEL
ADMINISTRATION
MUNICIPAL (LOCAL)
LEVEL ADMINISTRATION
The State Level Administration
A three tier system
The highest level:
State ministries
The medium level: District (regional)
government
The lower level:
The state is not
represented at the
municipal (local)
level, only larger
cities may
performing
simultaneously taluka
functions
Taluka (county)
The German Administration
Basic principles
The vertical linkages between
national, state and local level are
guiding, not directing links
 the national level does not
dictate state level planning,
 the state level does not dictate
local level planning
Planning in Germany
Basic principle
Plan preparation and implementation
is not governed by standards but by
result open planning procedures.
Consequences:
 site and situation specific solutions
 democratic accepted solutions
 optimal solution under given
circumstances
The German Administration
Principles of plan co-ordination
 All new plans are developed in direct
collaboration and interaction with all
concerned authorities
 Plan contents of relevance for other plans is
incorporated into those plans (a water
protection zone is formally incorporated
into other plans such as a master plan)
 Overall plan co-ordination is executed at
local, regional and state spatial planning
levels
The German Administration
Principles of plan co-ordination
“Counter Current Principle”
State level sectoral
planning (Bavarian
State Office
of Environmental
Protection)
Regional level
sectoral planning
(for inst. Environmental
Protection
Authority)
State level
coordinative planning
(Bavarian Ministry of Regional
Development and
Environmental
Affairs)
Regional level
coordinative planning
State level
sectoral planning
(for inst. Bavarian
State Office
of Water
Management)
Regional level
sectoral planning
(like Water Resource
Management of
Central Franconia)
Local level
coordinative planning
(Municipality)
Local level
sectoral planning
(Local Nature
Conservation Office)
Local level
sectoral planning
(Environmental Protection
Department)
The German Administration
Principles in decision making and
execution
Decision-making as well as
execution is usually the task of the
lowest possible level within the
administrative hierarchy.
Examples:
 Licensing and control of industries:
taluka or even city level
 Approval of local master plans: taluka
level; for cities: district level
 Notification of water protection zones:
taluka level
The German Administration
Tools for plan co-ordination
Prescribed co-ordination procedures and
required degree of mutual collaboration:
 by exchange of information
 by mutual collaboration
 by mutual consent
 informational notification: plan contents
of relevance for other plans are
incorporated into them
Spatial Environmental Planning in
Germany
Driving force behind its success
Based on demand for land plans:
 Identify suitable sites for all kind of
development activities based on
environmental considerations
 Secure the sites by including them
into spatial plans
 Offer much more sites than are
actually needed by all prospective
users
Why Spatial Planning ?
The instrument for resource management
and environmental protection
 Natural resources and environmental media
(apart from air) are spatial phenomena, are
existing at certain sites. Their protection and
management is thus always a site specific task.
 The demand from various sectors of the
society for land serving different purposes for
mankind as well as nature usually exceeds the
available lands. This calls for a rational
management of the limited resource of land
and their based natural resources.
 To effectively protect natural resources and to
use them on a sustainable basis the land use
of the sites of their occurrence has to be
accordingly managed.

Since lands are often demanded for different
and conflicting uses a planned approach for
allocating land uses that manages those
conflicts fairly is needed.
The instrument is ecologically land use planning and
management.
Spatial Planning
Basic Objectives
Ecological compatible Land
Use Planning and Management
 Preserve and protect the sites of important and sensitive
natural resources and environmental media by allowing
only such land uses that will not adversely affect the
natural functions.
 Plan and manage the rehabilitation of degraded sites in
order to improve environmental quality.
 Allocate land uses to sites in accordance with their
natural capabilities.
Spatial Planning
Strategic approach
Ecological compatible Land
Use Planning and Management
 Compile and assess for the total area of a given
planning region (municipality; district, State etc.)
information on all types, qualities and sensitivities of the
natural resources.
 Develop – prior to any project or investment – spatial
objectives in terms of protection and conservation,
rehabilitation and development in form of a spatial
development concept or plan.
 This plan should provide sufficient land selected on
ecological considerations for all kinds of future land uses
from all sectors of the society such as:
 industrial development
 residential development
 development of the infrastructure
 resource extraction etc.
Tools in Ecological Compatible
Land Use Management
Information Management Instruments
 Spatial resource assessments
A spatial resource assessment is a spatial evaluation of a
specific natural resource (e.g. groundwater resources) in
terms of:
 Availability and quantity
 Quality
 Susceptibility or sensitivity with respect to resource
degradation caused by human activities (e.g. land
use)
Spatial resource assessments are usually presented in
form of maps
 Comprehensive spatial suitability and
sensitivity assessments
They are:
 prepared not for single resources but for all
natural resources of a defined planning area
 in form of an atlas. An example are the thematic
resource maps of the Zoning Atlas.
Tools in Ecological Compatible
Land Use Management
Spatial Planning Instruments
 Development programmes
Development programmes are prepared at State level.
They define development objectives and a framework for
the application of instruments to achieve this objectives.
Central Places, development axes, economical weak
areas and urban agglomerations are defined.
 Land use plans
Land use plans designate and allot different types of land
uses (zones) for a given planning area, normally a local
administrative body (municipalities, cities). A land use
plan may cover the whole planning area or parts of it. A
land use plan is normally legally binding.
 Regional plans
Regional plans are usually prepared for larger spatial
units such as districts. They provide land use regulations
based on a regional development perspective. A regional
plan provides guidelines for development of Master Plans
at the lower planning level.
Tools in Ecological Compatible
Land Use Management
Spatial Planning Instruments
 Preferential areas
Preferential areas are areas designated to a predominant
use or function such as agricultural use, forestry, or
recreation. The dominant use or function should not be
adversely affected by other uses. Thus non-disturbing
other uses may be allowed or restricted in such areas.
Such plans may be not legally binding but provide a
guidance for other plans. An example is the final
industrial zoning map in the Zoning Atlas.
 Protection areas
Protection areas are areas which provide important
natural functions (e.g. wildlife; groundwater for public
supply systems etc.) and which are sensitive or
susceptible to disturbances from other uses. They have
thus to be protected by strict use regulations allowing
only few non-disturbing uses. Such plans are normally
legally binding.
 Landscape development concepts and plans
Landscape development concepts and plans are usually
prepared for a given planning area covering all
environmental or ecological aspects in terms of spatial
rehabilitation, protection and development objectives.
They include regulations needed for plan implementation.
Such plans may have recommendatory or legal status.
Tools in Ecological Compatible
Land Use Management
Co-ordination Instruments
 “Informational Notification”
”Informational Notification” means that authorities
co-ordinate their spatial preferential or protection
areas in such a way that those designated areas
are incorporated into the plans of other
authorities.
For example water protection areas which may be
declared by the Groundwater Board (e.g. in
Maharashtra) may be shown in the Zoning Atlas
while zones from this Atlas might be incorporated
into the plans of the Groundwater Board.
In this way a spatial co-ordination of the planning
objectives of different planning authorities might
be ensured.
Spatial Planning in Germany
The hierarchy of spatial plans
Federal level
Overall competence
Basic ideas, principles
Federal Regional Planning Act, Guidelines for Regional
Planning
Building code, zoning ordinance
Principles and objectives for the State development
e.g. central locations, development axes, area
categories, suitability areas
Regional planning acts, regional policy and
development programmes and plans
State level building codes
Specifications
Examination
Approval
Potentials/objectives of
the regions
Planning regions
framework planning for the regions (districts)
specified objectives for regional development
Specifications
Examination
Potentials/objectives of
the communes/municipalities
Municipalities/Communes
Communal development planning and communal
master planning
master plans: binding for the administration
layout plans: legally binding for everybody
Specifications
Agreement
Approval
Objectives/projects
Private and public projects
Planning of concrete construction projects (building
plan) and performance of the building
Agreement with sectoral plans and landscape planning
State level
Spatial Planning in Germany
The planning hierarchy