Transcript Assessing the Role of Institutions in Urban visioning

Assessing the Role of Institutions
in Urban visioning: Case Study of
Nyala, Darfur, Sudan
6th Annual EA Conference and Exhibition
UoN, Nairobi, kenya
ADD Building
23rd July 2015
Julius Coredo
Table of Contents
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Brief Historical Background of Darfur
Conflict and City Context of Nyala
Context of planning in Sudan
Urban Growth and Conflict challenges of Nyala
Nyala: City Vision
Stakeholders, Values and Processes
Strategic Spatial Planning approach
Current Realities
Looking at the Future
Conclusion
Sudan
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Nyala, South Darfur
Capital
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Dar- Fur-land of the
Fur
Area- 500,000 sq.km
South Darfur- 130,000
sq.km
Climatic Diversity- Arid
Sahara in the North to
Dense savannah
woodland in the South
Ethnic DiversityHamitic, Arabic and
Sudanic
Darfur-The Context
Key conflict factors still
include:
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Historical political and economic
marginalization of the regio
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Inter-communal competition over
resources
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Politicization of ethnic and tribal
affiliations
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Erosion of the authority of both
native administration and
traditional mechanisms of
reconciliation and conflict resolution
Weak rule of law and security
institutions, reflected also in
growing crime rates
Capacity shortfalls within state
institutions
etc
Doha Document for Peace in
Darfur (DDPD)- The History
Date
Place
Agreement
8 April, 2004
N’Djamena, Chad
The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement on
the Conflict in Darfur & Protocol on the
Establishment of Humanitarian Assistance in
Darfur
28 May 2004
Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
The Agreement with the Sudanese Parties on
the Modalities for the Establishment of the
Ceasefire Commission and the Deployment
of Observers in Darfur
9 November, 2004 Abuja, Nigeria
the Protocol between the Government of
Sudan, The Sudan Liberation Movement /
Army and the Justice and Equality Movement
on the Improvement of the Humanitarian
Situation in Darfur
5 July, 2005
the Declaration of Principles for the
Resolution of the Sudanese Conflict in Darfur
Abuja, Nigeria
DDPD- The History…cont’d
Date
Place
Agreement
5 May, 2006
Abuja, Nigeria
The Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA)
17 February
2009
Doha, Qatar
The Goodwill Agreement between the
Government of Sudan and the Justice and
Equality Movement,
23 February
2010,
Doha, Qatar
The Framework Agreement between the
Government of Sudan and the Justice and
Equality Movement
18 March 2010
Doha, Qatar;
The Framework Agreement between the
Government of Sudan and the Liberation
and Justice Movement
18 March 2010,
Doha, Qatar
The Ceasefire Agreement between the
Government of Sudan and the Liberation
and Justice Movement
Nyala, a City of Contrast
1400000
1200000
1000000
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800000
600000
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400000
200000
0
1956
1964
1973
1983
1993
2003
2008
Conflict, Displacement, arrival of
huge humanitarian population
Modern housing constructions
vs burlap bags shacks
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IDPs Vs Cosmopolitan population
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Optimism vs Fear
Nyala: An Environmental Scan
• -Presence
strengths
weaknesses
of skilled personnel in key ministries at the
state level
• -Presence of institutions of higher learning e.g Nyala
University and Nyala technical college
• -Presence of a structural plan for the city (2006 to
2021)
• Concentration of international community (UN and
INGOs)
• Only Darfuri Town served with international airport and
railway
• -Insufficient infrastructure and basic services
• -Lack of a land resources data base
• Unclear policies on land and housing at state level
• Commodity shortages due to insecurity along the
road linking the town
• Dependence on big businesses/contractors from
Khartoum
SWOT Analysis…cont’d
•-Signing of the Doha Document for Peace in
opportunities
Darfur (DDPD)
• -National / regional government commitment to
the Twenty-Five Year National Strategy (2007–
2031)
• -Strategic location close to borders with Central
African republic (CAR) and Chad
• Common religion is Islam
• Presence of a youthful population
• High endowment with rich and diverse natural
resource base
• Multiple modes of transport systems in the
region
• -Absence of all parties to the DDPD,
Threats
• -Little devolution evident beyond the office of the
state governor
• -Regional trade imbalances with other regions
such as central Sudan
• -High costs of living and inflation rates
• Ethnic tension and historical injustices between
tribes
• Poverty and Massive IDP population
Planning in Sudan
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Adapted from Schall, 1994.
State in charge of plan making
under central Ministry guidance
Physical planning and Land
Disposal Act 1994; Local Govt.
Act 2003
Environmental Conservation Act
1975
Several acts regulate
settlements- land registration &
surveying
Challenges- Lack of skilled
manpower and adverse sociopolitical conditions
Informal settlements in major
towns
Nyala: Growth and Conflict
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SOURCE: University of San Francisco, Landscape Ecology and
Ecosystem Research Laboratory.
Imperial interventions in the
19th and 20th C by Turks,
Egyptians and British
Conflict between ‘Arab’ and
‘African’ tribes escalated in
Urban and Rural areas
Famine and Desertification
made towns attractive
Al Hajj Atta al Manan
(Governor) order for people to
settle in towns and cities
Conflict attracted foreign
INGOs/UN
Nyala: The Vision
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Master Plan 2006-2021 Process began in the 1990s
spearheaded by a Company Badia
Passed in to Law by South Darfur Parliament in 2008
Governor El Haj Atta channeled political support from Khartoum
Process is Top-Down with little citizen participation (Tokenism)
Modern city with Multi-Story, Office Blocks and Ring Roads
Town Centre: Business and Commercial Heart with
infrastructure and Services
Document does not incorporate DPA resolutions
Stakeholders, Values and Processes
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New markets and services
Bars, restaurants,
supermarkets, Guest Houses,
IDP camps
Humanitarian ‘War Economy’
Size, shape and composition
of city
Gentrification in the Town
Centre
Strategic Spatial Planning…
Adapted from , Van Den Broeck,
2004.
Current Reality….
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Increased organization within the private sector to
protect themselves against high taxes, poor services
and delayed payments from government
Associations of Artisan’s Union and contractors union
made up of 70 members (2011).
Increased presence of big businesses companies from
outside Nyala especially construction contractors
The association of the economy with the current ruling
party in Khartoum, National congress Party (NCP) e.g
2004-2007, during the reign of El Haj Ata Elmannan
Idris, Nyala benefited from constant federal budget
allocation
Current Reality…cont’d
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IDP camps new urban identity. Otash, Kalma,
Bileil, Dereig, El Saref, and Mosey account for more
than 200,000 people (OCHA, 2007)
Govt. Initiatives: Conventional Area-Based
Development ‘(Site and Service’) failed due to lack
of infrastructure and land sensitivity
Govt. initiatives: ‘Model villages’ (Sunta, Ed Dain,
Kilekil- Abusalama Srambanga etc) Approach not
well received as a solution to resettlement due to
insecurity and lack of trust
UN/INGOs: Durable solutions; Return,
Reintegration and Resettlement
Proposal..
Innovation in
Social political
Empowerment
Innovation in
Social
Relations
Satisfaction
of Area
Based Needs
Integrated & Inclusive
Area Development
Making Strategic Choices
 Scope: One thing or
several issues?
 Complexity: Elaborate
complex issues
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Conflict: Interests, Actors
and Values
 Uncertainty: Political,
ethnic tensions
Actors…
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Policy
Funding
Knowledge
Information
Conclusions
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Daring approaches: Political, social, economic, spatial
The operationalization of the DDPD, with the
reflection of Darfur Regional Authority (DRA)
Implementation framework that is to be supported by
All actors: Government, UNAMID, UN agencies,
international organizations, civil society, Business
community, Universities, Specilaised Institutions,
citizens.
Coordination between National Govt. and The Land
Commission and the Resettlement Commissions
Managing expectations
END
The Process?