Transcript Northern Hardwood Forest - Effingham County Schools

Chapter 2
North American Forest
Regions
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter Highlights




Description of forests of North America
Most important species of trees in each region
Principles of biological succession
Distinguishing features of conifers, deciduous
trees, evergreen trees
 Important forest products
 Silviculture, what is it?
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Regional Forests: Current Scientific
Divisions





Northern Coniferous Forest
Northern Hardwoods Forest
Central Broad-Leaved Forest
Southern Forest
Bottomland Hardwoods Forest
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Regional Forests: Current Scientific
Divisions (Continued)
 Tropical Forest
 Rocky Mountain Forest
 Pacific Coast Forest
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Biological Succession
 Process of natural changes as higher-order
plants and trees replace lower-order vegetation
 Primary succession: organisms become established
where they did not previously exist
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Biological Succession
(Continued)
 Secondary succession: modified environment that
supports only organisms from earlier stage
 Pioneer species—first plants to grow in burned or
cleared area
 Climax community: stable plant populations when
succession complete
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Plant Succession After Fire
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Northern Coniferous Forest
 Definition: conifer is tree/shrub that produces
cones containing seeds
 Territory: northern zone of continent
 Characteristics:
 Largest forest in North America
 Swamps, marshes, rivers, cold climate, poor soils
 Mostly designated as wilderness
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Northern Coniferous Forest
(Continued)
 Dominant trees
 Evergreens (Spruces dominate)
 Broadleaf variety (Birches, Poplars, Willows)
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Northern Coniferous Forest
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Northern Hardwoods Forest
 Territory: blends with Northern Coniferous
Forest on North and Central Broad-Leaved
Forest on South
 Characteristics:
 Heavy recreational use
 Managed to maintain trees of mixed ages
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Northern Hardwood Forest
(Continued)
 Important hardwood species
 Beech, Maple, Hemlock, Birch
 American Chestnut (once a main source of tannin)
dominated 100 years ago before epidemic of blight
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Northern Hardwood Forest
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Central Broad-Leaved Forest
 Arbitrary grouping of several different forest
subgroups
 Characteristics:
 Productive agricultural land
 Small, privately owned forest lands
 Most affected by people and recreation of any
North American forest
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Central Broad-Leaved Forest
(Continued)
 Species of trees:
 Oak: the most abundant and valuable
 Yellow Poplar (secondary to the oak in economical
importance)
 Other tree species: Maple, Hickory, Black Walnut,
Ash, Sweetgum, Elm, Beech
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Central Broad-Leaved Forest
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Southern Forest
 Territory: Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico
from North Carolina to Texas
 Characteristics:
 Humid, subtropical, occasional droughts
 Long growing season
 Abundance of hardwood trees, mostly oak
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Southern Forest
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Regions of Southern Forest
 Coastal Plain: runs parallel to coastline
 Swampy, sandy soils
 Principal species: Loblolly Pine, Oak, Hickory
 Piedmont: inland from Coastal Plain
 Heavy harvests caused a 75% loss in topsoil
 Soil erosion prevalent with acidic topsoil
 Principal species: Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Regions of Southern Forest
(Continued)
 Interior highlands: Ozark Plateaus and
Ouachita Mountains
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Silviculture
 Silviculture: management of forests to promote
growth and harvest of trees for commercial
purposes
 Practiced widely in Southern Forest region
 Reforestation/regeneration: return of population of
forest plants to area from which previously
removed
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bottomland Hardwoods Forest
 Territory: floodplains of Southern Mississippi
Delta, Central and Southern Atlantic and Gulf
Coastal regions
 Characteristics:
 Flooded much of the time (water-tolerant trees)
 Commercially important for pulpwood, paneling
veneers, lumber
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bottomland Hardwoods Forest
(Continued)
 Conifers and hardwoods in mixed stands: Bald
Cypress, Atlantic White Cedar, Pond Pine,
Sweetgum, Post Oak, Cherrybark Oak, Swamp
Chestnut Oak, Pecan, Eastern Cottonwood, Green
Ash
 Management: thinning, improvement cutting
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bottomland Hardwoods Forest
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hardwood Trees in Bottomland
 Cottonwood/Willow: river bottom, pioneer
species, short-lived species
 Willow in dense stands in lowland
 Cottonwoods above water, better drained
 Cypress-Tupelo: habitats covered with water
most of year
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hardwood Trees in Bottomland
(Continued)
 Mixed Bottomland Hardwoods: on streambeds
of old alluvial deposits from heavy spring
water flow
 Spread out to cover wide area over time and form
alluvial fan
 Biological succession affected by sedimentation
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Tropical Forest
 Territory: southern tip of Florida and Mexico
 Characteristics:
 Many species
 Possible source of new medicines extracted from
plants
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Tropical Forest (Continued)
 Different Climatic Zones:
 Tropical rain forest: Gulf coast, frequent rainfall
 Tropical deciduous forest: Pacific Coast, low
elevations, dry winter
 Oak and Pine forest: higher elevations, dry winter
season
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Tropical Forest
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Rocky Mountain Forest
 Territory:
 Long band from British Columbia to southern
Mexico
 Eastern and western boundaries dry and unforested
 Characteristics:
 Pine varieties most numerous and commercially
important
 Junipers and Pinions dominate at lower elevations
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Rocky Mountain Forest
(Continued)
 Functions:




Paper industry
Livestock grazing
Wildlife habitat
Outdoor recreation
 Public ownership over 76%
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Rocky Mountain Forest
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Pacific Coast Forest
 Territory: Northern California, Oregon,
Washington
 Characteristics:
 Most productive for lumber and paper
 Mixed species of trees
 Conifers most important, especially Douglas fir
 Broad-leaves in lower valleys, Giant Sequoias and
Redwoods
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Pacific Coast Forest
(Continued)
 Two distinct climatic zones:
 Coastal mountains (Cascades): capture
precipitation; taller trees; greater density
 Eastern Oregon and Washington: larger area, less
precipitation, lower productivity
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Pacific Coast Forest
©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.