Transcript 050 Economic_and_Industrial_Geography_Terms

Economic and Industrial
Geography Terms
2007
Agricultural labor force
% of people employed in agriculture
High % of people employed in agriculture
associated with low per capita income and
low energy consumption and
underdevelopment
Calorie consumption
Requirements vary according to
occupation, age, sex, size and climate
conditions
Used to assess the degree of
undernourishment of a country’s
population
Core-periphery model
A model of the spatial structure of the
economic system in with underdeveloped
or declining peripheral areas are defined
with respect to their dependence on a
dominating developed core region
Cultural convergence
The tendency for cultures to become more
alike as they increasingly share
technology and organization structures in
a modern world united by improved
transportation and communication
Dependency theory
A structuralist model arguing that political
and economic relationships (especially
colonialism) between countries and
regions control and limit the extent to
which regions can develop
Energy consumption
A measure of development correlated
loosely with per capita income, degree of
industrialization, and use of advanced
technology
Foreign direct investment
The total of overseas business
investments made by private companies
Gender
Social differences between men and
women---vary greatly over time and space
GDP
The value of the goods and services
produced within a country in a given year
GNP
The value of the goods and services
produced by a country’s economy within a
given year. Includes goods and services
produced by corporations and individuals
of a country, whether or not they are
located within the country
Human Development Index
An indicator of level of development for
each country, constructed by the UN,
compining income, literacy, education and
life expectancy
Levels of Development
Measures of Development
Human development index
Gender related development index
Gender empowerment measure
Neocolonialism
Economic and political strategies by which
powerful core states indirectly maintain or
extend influence over other areas or
people
Physical Quality of Life Index
an attempt to measure the quality of life or
well-being of a country. The value is a
single number derived from basic literacy
rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at
age one, all equally weighted on a 0 to
100 scale
Purchasing Power Parity
A monetary measurement taking into
account what money actually buys in a
country
W.W. Rostow
Developed the five stages of growth
Stages of Growth Model
Technology Gap
The contrast between the technology
available in the core and present in the
periphery
Technology Transfer
The diffusion or acquisition by one culture
or region of the technology possessed by
another
Third World
can be used to divide the nations of Earth
into one of three broad categories
the Third World became a synonym for
those nations that aligned themselves with
neither the West nor with the Soviet Bloc
during the Cold War.
World Systems Theory
Emmanuel Wallerstein
One of many theories that treat the global
economy as a large system
Agglomeration
When a substantial number of enterprises
cluster in the same area, as in a large
industrial city, they can provide assistance
to each other through shared talents,
services and facilities
Agglomeration Economies
agglomeration economies refers to
savings or benefits derived from the
clustering of activities
Assembly Line/Fordism
Traditionally in large factories each worker
was assigned one specific task to perform
repeatedly
Bid Rent Theory
a geographical theory that refers to how
the price and demand on land changes as
the distance towards the CBD (Central
Business District) increases.
Break of Bulk Point
The location (usually a port) where a
shipment is divided into parts. This usually
(such as at the port) happens where a
transfer of the shipment between transport
modes occurs, such as between water and
land at a port.
Comparative Advantage
Principle whereby places and regions
specialize in activities for which they have
the greatest advantage in productivity
relative to other regions----or for which
they have the least disadvantage
Deglomeration
The process of industrial deconcentration
in response to technological advances
and/or increasing costs due to congestion
and competition
Deindustrialization
a relative decline in industrial employment
in core regions
Economic Sectors
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Quinary
Economies of Scale
Savings that accrue from large-scale
production when the unit cost of
manufacturing decreases as the level of
operation enlarges
Ecotourism
Aims to inform about the natural
environment
Entrepot
A place, usually a port city where goods
are imported, stored, and transshipped; a
break of bulk point
Export Processing Zone
Small areas within which especialy
foavorble investment and trading
conditions are created by governments in
order to attract export oriented industries
Fixed Costs
Fixed costs are expenses whose total
does not change in proportion to the
activity of a business, within the relevant
time period or scale of production.
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Rent
Utilities
Payroll
Footloose Industry
an industry whose production costs are
unaffected by location
many modern industries have components
which are much easier to transport, giving
them much more choice of location
Four Tigers
These countries and territories were noted
for maintaining high growth rates and rapid
industrialization between the early 1960s
and 1990s
Growth Poles
Economic activities that are deliberately
organized around one or more high-growth
industries
Industries designed to stimulate growth
through the establishment of various
supporting industries
Industrial Location Theory
Attempts to explain the locational pattern
of an economic activity in terms of the
factors that influence this pattern
Industrial Regions
Western and Central Europe
Eastern North America
Russia and Ukraine
Eastern Asia
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial
technology that transformed the process of
manufacturing goods
Infrastructure
The foundations of society:
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Urban centers
Transport networks
Communications
Energy systems
Educational facilities
Farms, factories, mines
International Division of Labor
The specialization by countries in
particular products for export
Labor-Intensive
An industry for which labor costs comprise
a high percentage of total expenses
Least-Cost Location
Model developed by Weberaccording to
which the location of manufacturing
establishments is determined by the
minimalization of three critical expenses
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maquiladora
Factories built by US companies in Mexico
near the US border to take advantage of
much lower labor costs in Mexico
Imported components or raw materials are
assembled and then finished products are
exported
An example of an export processing zone
Market orientation
Production of a good will be located near
the market if the cost of transporting goods
to consumers is a critical locational factor
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Bulk gaining
Single market
Perishable
Example of a situation factor
Multiplier effect
Expansion of economic activity caused by
the growth or introduction of another
activity
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
1994
Created a free trade area between US,
Mexico and Canada
Provides for tariff free movement of goods,
products, financial services,
telecommunications, investment and
patent protection
outsourcing
The process of transfering a function or
service to a third party
Generally takes advantage of low wages
in semi-peripheral or periphery countries
postindustrial
An emerging economy in technologically
advanced countries as traditional industry
is overshadowed by a high-tech productive
complex dominated by services and info
related and managerial activities
refrigeration
Resource orientation
If the weight and bulk of any one input is
particularly great, the firm may locate near
the source of that input to minimize
transportation costs
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Bulk reducing industries
Copper
Steel
Special economic zones (China)
SEZ’s
A specific area within a country in which
tax incentives and less stringent
environmental regulations are
implemented to attract foreign businesses
and investment
a geographical region that has economic
laws that are more liberal than a country's
typical economic laws
Specialized economic zones
Substitution principle
From Weber, when one cost decreases a
firm can endure higher costs in another
area
Threshold/range
Range is the maximum distance people
are willing to travel to use a service
Threshold is the minimum number of
people needed to support the service
Time-space compression
The reduction in time it takes to diffuse
something to a distant place, as a result of
improved communications and
transportation systems
Transnational corporation
A company that conducts research,
operates factories and sells products in
many countries, not just where its
headquarters or shareholders are located
ubiquitous
Being or seeming to be everywhere at the
same time
Variable costs
expenses that change in proportion to the
activity of a business
Weight gaining
an industry that makes something that
gains volume or weight during production
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Bulk gaining industries
Weight losing
An economic activity in which the final
product weighs less than its inputs
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Bulk reducing
Copper
Steel
World cities
Most closely integrated into the global
economic system because they are at the
center of the flow of information and
capital
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London
New York
Tokyo