Section 1: The Land
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Transcript Section 1: The Land
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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The Land
Section 2 Climate and Vegetation
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
Chapter Assessment
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Chapter Objectives
• Describe the dominant landforms and
natural resources of Southeast Asia.
• Discuss Southeast Asia’s climate and
vegetation.
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As you read the chapter, visualize
places in Southeast Asia that are
discussed in the chapter. Write entries
in your journal that describe the region’s
prominent physical features. Use vivid
images and details in your entries.
The Land
Objectives
• Describe how tectonic plates and activity
from volcanoes and earthquakes formed
Southeast Asia.
• Explain why the region’s waterways are
important to its peoples.
• Summarize how rich natural resources
affect Southeast Asia’s economy.
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The Land
Terms to Know
• cordillera
• archipelago
• insular
• flora
• fauna
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The Land
Places to Locate
• Indochina Peninsula
• Malay Peninsula
• Annam Cordillera
• Irrawaddy River
• Chao Phraya River
• Red River
• Mekong River
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Although the Philippines includes over
7,000 islands, the archipelago’s total area
is only 115,831 square miles (300,001 sq.
km), about the size of Arizona. The islands
that make up the Philippines together have
a coastline that measures 22,554 miles
(36,289 km). The two large islands of
Luzon and Mindanao account for about
66 percent of the country’s land area.
Peninsulas and Islands
The collision of three tectonic plates
millions of years ago produced the
peninsulas and islands of Southeast Asia.
Straddling the Equator, Southeast Asia has
mountainous terrain with a predominately
tropical climate.
(pages 719–721)
Peninsulas and Islands (cont.)
• Mainland Southeast Asia About half
of Southeast Asia’s 11 countries are
located on the mainland.
• Malaysia is both a mainland and an
island country.
• Laos is the only landlocked country
in the region.
(pages 719–721)
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Peninsulas and Islands (cont.)
(pages 719–721)
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Peninsulas and Islands (cont.)
• Island Southeast Asia Southeast Asia’s
island nations include Brunei, East Timor,
Indonesia, Singapore, and the
Philippines.
• Indonesia–the largest island country in
the region–is made up of more than
13,500 islands that span 3,000 miles
(4,827 km) and two oceans, the Indian
and the Pacific.
• Singapore consists of one large island
and 50 smaller ones.
(pages 719–721)
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Peninsulas and Islands (cont.)
• The Philippines is made up of more than
7,000 islands, 11 of which are home to
95 percent of the population.
(pages 719–721)
Peninsulas and Islands (cont.)
Why do you think so many of the
region’s islands are not settled?
Possible answers: The small islands
do not have resources to support
populations; therefore, they are not
developed. Some islands are too rocky
and inhospitable.
(pages 719–721)
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Physical Features
• Mountains Southeast Asia’s many
mountains create geographical and
political boundaries.
• Some of them are active volcanoes,
forming part of the Ring of Fire.
• Over time, mineral-rich volcanic material
has broken down to provide farmers
with rich, fertile soil.
(pages 722–723)
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Physical Features (cont.)
• Volcanoes of Indonesia and the
Philippines Java, an Indonesian island,
is one of the Ring of Fire’s most active
areas.
• It is home to 17 of Indonesia’s 100 active
volcanoes.
• In 1883, the eruption of Krakatau
(Krakatoa) in Indonesia caused massive
destruction and great loss of life.
• In 1991, the Philippines’s Mount Pinatubo
erupted, burying the surrounding area
under a foot of mineral-rich volcanic ash.
(pages 722–723)
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Physical Features (cont.)
(pages 722–723)
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Physical Features (cont.)
• Rivers Southeast Asians rely on
waterways for transportation,
communication, and food.
• Mainland rivers originate in the northern
highlands and flow south toward the
Gulf of Thailand.
• Major rivers include the Irrawaddy in
Myanmar, the Chao Phraya in Thailand,
the Red River in Vietnam, and the
Mekong River, which flows through the
Indochina Peninsula before emptying
into the South China Sea.
(pages 722–723)
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Physical Features (cont.)
• The rivers on islands are generally
shorter and flow in various directions.
(pages 722–723)
Physical Features (cont.)
(pages 722–723)
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Physical Features (cont.)
Compare and contrast the physical features
of these islands with those of other islands
you have studied, such as Great Britain,
various Mediterranean islands, or Hawaii.
Possible answers: Great Britain is much
cooler and has no volcanoes. It does
have a network of rivers, like those on
these islands. Hawaii is very much like
the Southeast Asian islands–tropical,
mountainous, and volcanic.
(pages 722–723)
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Natural Resources
• Energy Sources Southeast Asia has a
plentiful supply of coal, oil, and natural
gas.
• Indonesia, one of the leading producers
of oil, is a member of OPEC.
• Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, and
Brunei also have fossil fuel resources.
(pages 723–724)
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Natural Resources (cont.)
• Minerals and Gems Southeast Asia has
abundant mineral resources.
• Indonesia mines nickel and iron, and
copper is mined in the Philippines.
• Other countries in the region, especially
Malaysia, mine tin.
• Sapphires, rubies, and pearls are also
found in large quantities in Southeast
Asia.
(pages 723–724)
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Natural Resources (cont.)
• Myanmar has substantial deposits of
minerals and gems, but mining employs
less than 1 percent of Myanmar’s
workers.
(pages 723–724)
Natural Resources (cont.)
• Flora and Fauna A vast array of flowers
and plants contributes to the region’s
economy.
• Thailand is one of the world’s leading
exporters of orchids.
• Malaysia is a source of much of the
world’s rubber, and Indonesia is the
world’s largest supplier of plywood.
• Southeast Asia has a wide variety of
animals including elephants,
rhinoceroses, tigers, and orangutans.
(pages 723–724)
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Natural Resources (cont.)
• Animals exclusive to the region include
the Komodo dragon, an Indonesian
lizard, and the bearded pig.
(pages 723–724)
Natural Resources (cont.)
• Fishing More than 2,500 species of fish
swim the tropical waters of Southeast
Asia.
• Southeast Asians consume seafood at
almost twice the world’s average rate.
• Fish farming is important to local
economies.
• Concern about overfishing has risen
because local fishers must now
compete with large fleets of trawlers.
(pages 723–724)
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Natural Resources (cont.)
Why do you think Myanmar has not
tapped its mineral and gemstone
resources?
Possible answers: Myanmar may lack
the technology or infrastructure to
exploit its resources. Political
conditions may limit Myanmar’s
access to foreign expertise and
investment.
(pages 723–724)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
C 1. constituting an island, as in
Java
A. cordillera
__
B 2. a group or chain of islands
C. insular
__
D 3. the plant life of a region
D. flora
__
A 4. parallel chains or ranges of
mountains
E. fauna
__
E 5. the animal life of a region
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B. archipelago
Critical Thinking
Identifying Cause and Effect Rich soil
makes Southeast Asia a productive
agricultural region. What makes this soil
so fertile?
Possible answer: The soil is fertile because
of the fertile river plains and deltas and the
effects of volcanic lava.
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Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Southeast Asia has
a diversity of peoples and cultures. How
might physical geography have shaped this
diversity?
Critical Thinking
Making Generalizations What special
challenges does the location of Laos,
the only country in the region without
a coastline, present?
Possible answer: Mountains to the north
are an obstacle, lack of a coastline limits
trade and other interactions with island
countries, and absence of river deltas
means limited access to the delta’s fertile
soil.
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Analyzing Maps
Location Review the text and analyze
the physical-political map below. Note the
geographic features found on Southeast Asia
islands. What geographic features do the
islands of Borneo, Celebes, and New Guinea
share?
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Analyzing Maps
They all are large islands with
mountainous interiors.
Applying Geography
Effects of Water Write a paragraph explaining
why the abundance of water in Southeast Asia
can be both an asset and a challenge for the
region’s population.
Possible answers: Benefits may include
that abundant water contributes to meeting
basic human needs, fertile soil, and
transportation through rugged terrain, and
dense forests. Challenges include danger
to people and destruction to property from
flooding as well as barriers to trade and
communications.
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Close
Reread “A Geographic View” on page 719
of your textbook. Tell how you visualize the
landforms, flora and fauna of Southeast
Asia based on this written description.
Climate and Vegetation
Objectives
• Identify the weather pattern that influences
Southeast Asia’s climate.
• List the region’s main climate types.
• State the main type of natural vegetation
found in Southeast Asia.
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Climate and Vegetation
Terms to Know
• endemic
• deciduous
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Climate and Vegetation
Places to Locate
• Shan Plateau
• Myanmar
• New Guinea
• Borneo
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Malaysia includes mainland and island
areas: West Malaysia, primarily on the
southern part of the Malay Peninsula,
and East Malaysia, on the northern part
of the island of Borneo. Both areas,
however, have similar natural features:
coastal swamps or mangrove forests,
lowland rain forests, and interior
mountains.
Tropical Climate Regions
• Southeast Asia’s rain forests depend
on the moisture brought by the summer
monsoons blowing in from the south
and west.
(pages 725–729)
Tropical Climate Regions (cont.)
• Tropical Rain Forest Climate
- Most of Southeast Asia has a tropical rain
forest climate.
- Temperatures are fairly constant, averaging
79°F (26°C).
- Humidity is always high, and annual rainfall
is between 79 and 188 inches (201 and 478
cm).
- The rain forests feature more than 145,000
species of flowering plants.
- Other types of vegetation include peat
swamp forests, mangrove swamp forests,
and evergreen trees.
(pages 725–729)
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Tropical Climate Regions (cont.)
• Singapore Singapore, once covered by
dense rain forest, is now almost entirely
urbanized.
• Nearly 80 percent of the trees now
growing there are imported, some
originating from such distant places
as Central and South America.
(pages 725–729)
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Tropical Climate Regions (cont.)
• Tropical Savanna Climate Parts of the
Indochina Peninsula and the islands of
Indonesia have a tropical savanna
climate, with alternating wet and dry
seasons and tree-covered grasslands.
• The dry season may last from four to
eight months per year.
(pages 725–729)
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Tropical Climate Regions (cont.)
(pages 725–729)
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Tropical Climate Regions (cont.)
• Humid Subtropical Climate Northern
Myanmar and Vietnam, most of Laos,
and part of Thailand have a humid
subtropical climate, with a cool dry
season lasting from November to April.
(pages 725–729)
Tropical Climate Regions (cont.)
What geographical factor accounts
for the fairly constant year-round
temperatures in Southeast Asia?
The region is near the Equator, where
there is little seasonal variation in the
amount of sunlight or day length.
(pages 725–729)
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Highlands Climate Region
• Highlands climates predominate in
mountainous areas of Myanmar,
New Guinea, and Borneo.
• Temperatures are cooler here.
(page 729)
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Highlands Climate Region (cont.)
(page 729)
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Highlands Climate Region (cont.)
Why did Singapore replace much of its
original habitat?
Singapore’s main island became highly
urbanized and densely populated. As
development continued and the
population increased, the need for living
space led to the gradual elimination of
the rain forest.
(page 729)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
B 1. trees, usually broad leaved
such as oak and maple, that
lose their leaves in autumn
__
A 2. native plant or animal species
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A. endemic
B. deciduous
Critical Thinking
Analyzing Information How do monsoon
winds impact climates and seasonal
changes in Southeast Asia?
North of the Equator, monsoons bring rain
from May through October. The rains
benefit agriculture, but can endanger lives
and damage property.
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Critical Thinking
Identifying Cause and Effect Why are wet
and dry seasons in Southeast Asia reversed
on different sides of the Equator?
The time of the seasons is reversed in
the Southern Hemisphere.
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Critical Thinking
Analyzing Information How does a humid
subtropical climate differ from a tropical rain
forest climate?
Tropical rain forest climate is hot and wet
throughout the year. Humid subtropical has
hot, humid conditions for six months of the
year.
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Analyzing Maps
Climate Regions Study the map of climate
regions below. Which of the countries in
Southeast Asia has the most varied climate?
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Analyzing Maps
Myanmar and Indonesia have the most
varied climate.
Applying Geography
Climate and Vegetation Review Southeast
Asia’s climate regions and natural
vegetation. How might these features
influence the region’s economic activities?
Possible answer: Heavy rains limit
transportation and industry, but are favorable
to certain kinds of agriculture, such as rice
farming.
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Close
Predict what you will learn about the region
in the rest of this unit, based on what you
know about the region’s physical
geography. Your instructor will record your
predictions on a piece of poster board or
overhead transparencies, and refer to them
as you study the reminder of the unit.
Section 1: The Land (pages 719–724)
Key Points
• Southeast Asia’s mountains were formed when
the Indo-Australian, Philippine, and Eurasian
tectonic plates collided.
• Straddling the Equator, Southeast Asia
includes the Indochina and Malay Peninsulas
as well as the 20,000 islands of the Malay
Archipelago.
• About half of Southeast Asia’s 11 countries
are located on the mainland. The rest are
island countries, except for Malaysia, which is
both a mainland and an island country.
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Section 1: The Land (pages 719–724)
Key Points
• Mountains and rivers dominate the region’s
landscape. The island mountains are part of
the Pacific Ring of Fire.
• Rivers on the mainland of Southeast Asia are
important for agriculture, communication, and
transportation.
• Southeast Asia contains abundant natural
resources, including fossil fuels, natural steam,
minerals, and gems.
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Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
Key Points
(pages 725–729)
• Monsoons cause two main seasons in
Southeast Asia, one wet and one dry.
• Southeast Asia’s major climate is tropical rain
forest, although parts of the mainland and some
of the islands have other types of climate.
• Humid subtropical climates predominate in Laos
and in northern areas of Myanmar, Thailand,
and Vietnam.
• Highlands climates are found in the mountains
of Myanmar, Borneo, and New Guinea.
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Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
Key Points
(pages 725–729)
• Southeast Asia’s lush vegetation is
characteristic of tropical rain forest
and tropical savanna climate regions.
Reviewing Key Terms
Insert the key term that matches the definition below.
archipelago
endemic
cordillera
flora and fauna
deciduous
insular
1. ___________________
group of islands
archipelago
cordillera
2. ___________________
system of parallel
mountain ranges
3. ___________________
island
insular
4. ___________________
native to a particular area
endemic
5. ___________________
trees that lose leaves in
deciduous
autumn
6. ___________________
plants and animals
flora and fauna
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Reviewing Facts
Section 1: The Land
Which Southeast Asian countries lie partially
or entirely on the Indochina Peninsula?
Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and
Myanmar lie partially or entirely on the
Indochina Peninsula.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 1: The Land
Name the five insular countries.
Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Singapore,
and the Philippines are five insular countries.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 1: The Land
What geologic activities created Southeast
Asia?
Volcanoes and earthquakes created
Southeast Asia.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 1: The Land
Explain why waterways are important to
Southeast Asia’s people.
Waterways are important to Southeast
Asia’s people because they provide
transportation, communications, and
food.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 1: The Land
Name a Southeast Asian resource found
underground, another resource found
underwater, and a third resource found
in a tropical rain forest.
Minerals such as petroleum and gold
are found underground. Fish are found
underwater, and wood and spices are
found in a tropical rain forest.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
What are the four main climate regions of
Southeast Asia?
The four main climate regions are tropical
rain forest, tropical savanna, humid
subtropical, and highlands.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
Where are the region’s oldest forests found?
The oldest forests are found in Malaysia.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
Where can highlands climates be found?
Highlands climates can be found in
Myanmar, Borneo, and New Guinea.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
How is weather north of the Equator different
from weather south of the Equator?
The wet and dry cycles are reversed.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
What is unusual about most of Singapore’s
vegetation?
Nearly 80 percent of the vegetation is
imported.
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Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions What geographic
factors explain the large number of islands
in Southeast Asia?
Volcanoes and earthquakes explain the
large number of islands.
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Critical Thinking
Making Inferences How might volcanoes
affect the region’s economy?
Volcanoes produce fertile soil and could
be a source of geothermal energy.
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Locating Places
Match the letters on the map with the places and physical
features of Southeast Asia.
__1.
Singapore
E
__2.
Irrawaddy River
G
__3.
Thailand
H
__4.
Malay Peninsula
D
__5.
Mekong River
A
__6.
Vietnam
B
__7.
Philippines
J
__8.
Java
F
__9.
Sumatra
C
__10.
Borneo
I
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What do you think is a good reason for
classifying the nations of Southeast Asia
as a region?
The nations of Southeast Asia share a
location, climate and vegetation, and
have similar landforms.
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Explore online information about the topics
introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites
correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://geography.glencoe.com
Choose the best answer for the following multiplechoice question. If you have trouble answering the
question, use the process of elimination to narrow
your choices.
1. About how much tin does Indonesia produce each year?
A
55,900 metric tons
B
55,000,900 metric tons
C
55.9 million metric tons
D
55.9 billion metric tons
Test-Taking Tip In order to understand any type of graph, look carefully
around the graph for keys that show how it is organized. On this bar
graph, the numbers along the left side represent the exact number
shown. You do not have to multiply by millions or billions to find the
number of metric tons.
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Despite Irian Jaya’s tropical location, high mountains
with snow-capped peaks occupy three-quarters of
the Indonesian province. Irian Jaya’s highlands
contain Asia’s only tropical glaciers.
Cambodia During the rainy season, overflow from
the Mekong River increases the depth of Cambodia’s
Tonle Sap, or Great Lake, from about 7 feet (2.2 m)
to as much as 35 feet (11 m).
Cambodia
Language:
Population:
Khmer, French
13,100,000
187 per square mi.
72 per square km
Landmass: 69,900 square mi.
181,041 square km
Currency:
Riel
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Major
Export
Major
Import
Timber
Construction
Materials
Writing About Geography
Writing well is an essential skill. In school you write research
papers and answers to essay questions. Beyond the
classroom you may have to write business letters or reports.
The writing process can help you put your thoughts on paper.
Writing About Geography
Learning the Skill
The writing process has several steps: prewriting, writing,
revising, proofreading, and publishing. Following this process
allows you to organize your ideas and complete the writing
task in a logical manner. Use the following steps to help you
write about geography:
• Prewriting is the research, writing, and organization you
do before you begin your essay or report. Select a topic,
and define your purpose for writing about it. Identify the
audience who will read your final product. Then do research
to gather information. Organize your ideas using a graphic
organizer such as a chart, a web diagram, or an outline.
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Writing About Geography
Learning the Skill
• Write your first draft. As you write, follow the plan you
created during the pre-writing step. Do not worry about
grammatically correct sentences in this stage. Focus on
getting your main ideas and supporting details down on
paper.
• Revise your draft. Look for places where you can add
transitions between ideas, combine or rearrange
paragraphs or sentences, or cut repetitive or unnecessary
sections.
• Proofread your draft. Check your draft for grammar,
spelling, and punctuation errors.
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Writing About Geography
Learning the Skill
• Publish your draft. Create a clean draft, and present it to
your audience.
Writing About Geography
Practicing the Skill
You have been assigned to write a travel brochure for a
Southeast Asian country for an advertising agency. Answer
the following questions about the writing process.
1. What will you need to do before you begin writing the first
draft of your brochure?
Before writing, you should do prewriting including
researching to gather information and organizing ideas
using a graphic organizer.
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Writing About Geography
Practicing the Skill
You have been assigned to write a travel brochure for a
Southeast Asian country for an advertising agency. Answer
the following questions about the writing process.
2. Why might it be a good idea to let a day pass between
writing and revising your brochure?
Waiting a day allows the writer to step back and look at
the draft with a fresh perspective. This may inspire new
ideas and make it easier to see points that need
clarification or additional information.
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Writing About Geography
Practicing the Skill
You have been assigned to write a travel brochure for a
Southeast Asian country for an advertising agency. Answer
the following questions about the writing process.
3. What are two resources you might use while proofreading
your brochure?
You might use a dictionary, a thesaurus, or a grammar
and composition handbook.
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Maps
Southeast Asia: Physical-Political
Southeast Asia: Climate Regions
Southeast Asia: Natural Vegetation
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