Transcript Standard I Review

Standard I Review
Ecology
Scientific method
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Control?
Used for comparison (kept constant)
Theory vs. hypothesis
Theory is a generalization that unifies many
scientific observations.
• What is the variable?
• What you change.
Scientists
• New evidence often shows that old theories have
problems so what should science do?
• Modify and revise the old theories.
• In developing a valid theory, scientists often use
what?
• observations and experiments of other scientists
• Ex. Evolution (Darwin), Mendel (genetics), cell
theory.
What is Biotic? What is abiotic?
What does the Ecosystem
include?
Ecosystem =
the biotic and
abiotic factors
combined
Biotic
factors =
living
Abiotic
factors =
nonliving
Some examples are?
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Examples of biotic factors?
Plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, protists
Examples of abiotic factors
Think of things plants need to survive like
water, soil and sun
What is a limiting factor?
• Abiotic or biotic factors
that define weather or not
an organism can survive
are limiting factors.
• Examples of limiting
factors are?
• food, temperature, water,
predators.
Name a Symbiotic Interaction
and give me an example?
Can you put these words in
order?
Individual, Ecosystem,
Biome, Population,
Community, Biosphere
What happens during geographic
isolation?
• They can no longer mate
and exchange genes with
the population which can
lead to?
• Divergent evolution
• Speciation.
Why do birds migrate?
• What do birds gain by migrating to an area
with seasonal abundance?
• Think of the energy budget.
Nutrition and Energy Flow
Autotrophs –
Producers
– Plants
• Heterotrophs –
Consumers
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Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Decomposers
• What do you need to know in order
to make a food chain?
• What the animal eats.
• Go to the board and draw me a
food chain.
How does energy flow through
an ecosystem?
What is the primary
source of energy for
everything?
• What is the Primary source of Energy?
How do animals get nutrients
they need?
• BY EATING PLANTS!!!!
Food chains
• Food chains show
how energy and
nutrients flow
from autotrophs
to heterotrophs
then eventually to
decomposers.
• As you move up the food chain does the
number of organisms Increase or decrease?
• Decrease.
• As you move up the food chain, does the
amount of energy increase or decrease?
Energy Pyramids
10% gets passed on
to each level
Notice that you
lose 90% at each
level.
So how much
Energy is lost
between the
primary producers
and the tertiary
consumers?
What trophic level
has the most
organisms?
The least
organism
s?
Most
energy?
Least
energy
Food chain
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What is the energy molecule?
ATP
Where is it stored?
In the bonds.
What is a decomposer? And give me
an example.
• Break down dead stuff releasing carbon in
the form of carbon dioxide And putting
nitrogen in the soil in a form that plants
can use it.
• fungi and bacteria
• See page 57.
How do bacteria or decomposers help the
nitrogen cycle?
• What does the increase in human population
do to the co2 and 02 balance?
• Humans breath in what? And take out what?
• What kind of things can mess up your
Genes or chromosomes?
• Radiation type stuff
What two factors determine the type
of ecosystem?
• Temperature and precipitation (rainfall)
Does species diversity increase or
decrease as you move towards
the equator?
• Increase.
• Why?
• The warm moist climate allows plants to
grow all year so that they can support a
larger community.
Start your journey at the north pole
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What is the first biome to circle the
north pole?
Tundra
Any plant life?
No much?
What are some animals in the tundra?
Small animal include lemmings, arctic
foxes, hawks, owls reindeer etc.
What is permafrost?
• In the summer, the top layer will thaw
out but the underneath of the topsoil is
permanently frozen ground called
permafrost.
Just south of the tundra is what?• Taiga
• It is also called?
• The northern coniferous forest is land of fir,
hemlock and spruce trees.
• Canada, Northern Europe, and Asia.
• The topsoil is acidic and has poor minerals as it
is made from the decaying pine needles.
• Some animals of the tundra are the lynx,
snowshoe hare, and caribou.
Next, you will most likely run
into?
• Temperate forests are dominated by
broad leafed, hard-wood trees that lose
their foliage annually.
• The animals that live in the temperate
deciduous forests, live there all year long,
whereas others, migrate south to the
tropical regions during winter.
Next, you might hit?
• Grassland: Large communities covered
with grasses and similar small plants.
• If an area receives between 25 and 75 cm
of precipitation annually, a grassland
usually forms
What do we call grasslands in
America? And in Africa?
• America - prairies,
• Africa - called Savannas.
Next, you may hit ?
• Desert:
• An arid region with sparse to almost
nonexistent plant life
• The driest biome is a desert biome
• Desert usually get less than 25 cm of
precipitation annually
What is a likely
adaptation of a desert plant?
• Anything that will decrease water loss.
• One example is a thick waxy layer, spines,
no leaves, stomata that close during the day
Do you increase or decrease
biodiversity as you move to the
equator?
• Increase.
• Is this good or bad?
• good
Finally, you are at the equator
where there is ?
• Tropical rainforests have warm
temperatures, wet weather, and lush
plant growth.
• Rain forests receive at least 200 cm of
rain annually; some rain forests receive
600 cm.
• Most of the nutrients in a tropical rain
forest are tied up in the living material
Rain fall
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If it gets less than 10 inches (25 cm) of rain it
would be considered a ?
deseret
If an ecosystem receives 10 – 30 inches (25 –
75 cm it is a?
Grassland.
If it gets 30 – 60 inches ( 75-150 cm) it is?
Temperate forest?
If it gets 80 inches (200cm) it is a ?
Rainforest.
What effect do humans have on
the ecosystem?
• Create conditions
that alter the abiotic
factors
• Like deforestation –
• Desertification –
• Pollution.
What is Rapid growth?
• expand exponentially and
then die).
Graphs
J curve Growth is
slow at first, then
increases rapidly
Steady rate of
increase
What is exponential growth?
What is Carrying capacity?
Carrying
capacity
What is Carrying
capacity
• The number of organisms of
one species that an
environment can support is its
carrying capacity. This is
when births exceed deaths.
• But if the population
overshoots the carrying
capacity, deaths will exceed
births until it levels off .
• The relationship between the Canadian lynx
and the snowshoe hair.
• What is it called
• And explain it.
Predator and prey
What is the Green house effect?
• Carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, traps
heat and sends it to earth leading to what?
• Global warming.
• To reduce effect we do what?
• Decrease car emissions (this seems to help the
most)
• Increase miles per gallon
• Recycle
• reforestation
What chemicals are responsible for
the ozone problem?
• CFC’s – Chloroflorocarbons.
• What chemicals are responsible for acid
rain?
• Nitric oxide and Sulfuric acid – from
burning of fossil fuels.
Reintroduction
• So when we reintroduce
an animal into a new
environment we should . . .
• Study the animal in its
natural environment and
notice symbiotic
interactions like predatorprey, competition etc.
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How would introducing wolves to an
ecosystem effect the elk population?
They would decrease
How would introducing wolves effect the
grass population?
Increase