Transcript World Geography

World Geography
Canada
Physical Geography
The Big Idea
Canada is a huge country with a northerly location, cold climates, and rich resources.
Main Ideas
•
A huge country, Canada has a wide variety of physical features, including rugged mountains,
plains, and swamps.
•
Because of its northerly location, Canada is dominated by cold climates.
•
Canada is rich in natural resources like fish, minerals, fertile soil, and forests.
Next
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World Geography
Canada
Main Idea 1: A huge country, Canada has a wide variety of physical features,
including rugged mountains, plains, and swamps.
•
Canada and the U.S. share many physical features.
– The mountains along the Pacific coast and the Rocky Mountains extend north
into western Canada.
– Broad plains stretch across the interiors of both countries.
– Both countries border the St. Lawrence River, which links the Great Lakes to
the Atlantic Ocean.
– The Niagara Falls, located between Ontario and New York State, plunge an
average of 162 feet between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
Canada’s Physical Features
•
Canada is the second-largest country in the world.
•
Canada has a region of rocky uplands, lakes, and swamps called the Canadian Shield,
which covers about half the country.
•
Canadian land bordering the Arctic Ocean is covered with ice year-round. Very few
people live here, but some wildlife have adapted to the harsh environment.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
Main Idea 2: Because of its northerly location, Canada is dominated by cold climates.
•
Canada’s location greatly influences the country’s climate.
– Located far from the equator
– Cool to freezing temperatures year-round
– The farther north, the colder the climate.
•
Much of central and northern Canada has a sub-arctic climate.
•
The far north has tundra and ice cap climates.
•
About half of Canada lies in these extremely cold climates.
•
Central and eastern southern Canada is humid and relatively mild.
•
The coast of British Columbia is the mildest. The Pacific coast brings rainy winters and mild
temperatures.
•
Inland southern Canada is colder and drier.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
Main Idea 3: Canada is rich in natural resources like fish, minerals, fertile soil, and
forests.
Fishing
•
Canada’s Atlantic and Pacific coastal waters are among the world’s richest fishing areas.
•
Grand Banks
– Off the Atlantic coast
– Cold waters from the Labrador Sea meet the warm waters of the Gulf Stream.
– Ideal for the growth of tiny organisms, or plankton
– Large schools of fish gather to eat the plankton.
– Recent over-fishing
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
Canadian Resources
Minerals
•
•
•
•
•
The Canadian Shield has many mineral deposits.
World’s main source of nickel, zinc, and uranium
Other resources: lead, copper, gold, and silver
Saskatchewan: potash, a mineral used to make fertilizer
Alberta: oil and natural gas
Forest
•
•
•
•
Vast areas of forests from Labrador to the Pacific coast provide lumber and pulp.
Pulp—softened wood fibers—is used to make paper.
The United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan get much of their newsprint from
Canada.
Newsprint is cheap paper used mainly for newspapers.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
History and Culture
The Big Idea
Canada’s history and culture reflect Native Canadian and European settlement,
immigration, and migration to cities.
Main Ideas
•
Beginning in the 1600s, Europeans settled the region that would later become Canada.
•
Immigration and migration to cities have shaped Canadian culture.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
Main Idea 1: Beginning in the 1600s, Europeans settled the region that would later
become Canada.
Native Canadians
•
The First Nations:
– The Cree hunted bison on the Interior plains.
– The Inuit hunted seals, whales, and walruses in the far north.
•
Today, Canada has about 400,000 Indians and Inuit.
European Settlers
•
Vikings settled on Newfoundland in AD 1000, but abandoned settlements.
•
1400s: Other European settlers arrived.
•
Europeans traded metal goods like axes and guns for furs that Native Canadians supplied.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
New France
•
1608: The French established Quebec City.
•
At its height, New France included much of eastern Canada and central United States.
•
New France was part of the French Empire.
•
To defend New France against the British, the French established good trade and diplomatic
relations with Native Canadians.
•
French missionaries also converted people to Christianity.
•
After 150 years, the British defeated the French, but the cultural legacy remained.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
British Conquest
British Conquest
Creation of Canada
• Mid-1700s: The British took control of New
France after winning the French and Indian War.
• Each colony developed separately at first.
• Most French stayed.
• The British divided Quebec into two colonies
and established part of the border between
today’s provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
•
Provinces are administrative divisions of a
country.
• Few English-speaking settlers came to Quebec.
• Nova Scotia was divided.
• The new British colony of New Brunswick was
created.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
• 1867: Parliament created the Dominion of
Canada.
• 1885: The transcontinental Canadian Pacific
Railway was built to connect British
Columbia, on the Pacific Coast, with
provinces in the east.
• Canada acquired new lands in the north,
mainly by buying them from the Hudson’s Bay
Company, a fur-trading business.
• Canada also signed treaties with Native
Canadians.
Next
World Geography
Canada
Main Idea 2: Immigration and migration to cities have shaped Canadian culture.
Immigration
•
Late 1800s/early 1900s: Immigrants arrived from Europe and the U.S. to farm and work
in mines, factories, and forests.
•
1897: Discovery of gold in the Yukon Territory lured more immigrants.
•
Chinese immigrants came to work on the railroad.
•
Early 1900s: Economic boom
– Quebec, New Brunswick, and Ontario produced wheat, pulp, and paper.
– British Columbia and Ontario supplied minerals and hydroelectricity.
•
1940s: Canada enjoyed one of the highest standards of living in the world.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
Migration
Movement to Cities
•
After WWII: New immigration from Europe
•
Many settled in cities.
•
Toronto became one of the most culturally diverse cities in the world with people
from Europe, Africa, the Caribbean, Latin American, and Asia.
•
Recently, Canadians have moved
– To cities in Ontario to find jobs
– To Vancouver, British Columbia for jobs and climate
•
Political and economic centers are Ottawa, Toronto, and Montreal.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
Canada Today
The Big Idea
Canada’s democratic government oversees the country’s regions and economy.
Main Ideas
•
Canada has a democratic government with a prime minister and a parliament.
•
Canada has four distinct geographic and cultural regions.
•
Canada’s economy is largely based on trade with the United States.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
Main Idea 1: Canada has a democratic government with a prime minister and a
parliament.
•
Democratic government led by a prime minister who oversees the parliament.
•
Parliament: House of Commons and the Senate
•
People elect members of the House of Commons.
•
Prime minister appoints members of the Senate.
•
Ten provincial governments are led by premiers.
•
Provincial and central system is similar to U.S. state and federal system.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
Main Idea 2: Canada has four distinct geographic and cultural regions.
•
Canada’s physical geography splits the country into regions.
•
Cultural differences between French-speaking and English-speaking Canadians also leads
to regionalism.
•
In Canada, most people speak English.
•
In Quebec, most people speak French.
•
Regionalism is the strong connection that people feel toward the region in which they live.
•
Some Canadians have a stronger connection to their region than to the country as a whole.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
Canada’s Regions
The Eastern Provinces
The Heartland
• Includes Newfoundland, Labrador, and the
Maritime Provinces
• Includes Quebec and Ontario
•
• French-speaking Montreal in Quebec is
Canada’s second largest city.
Maritime means on or near the sea.
• Short growing season, so economy relies
mostly on forestry and fishing
• Both English and French-speaking people
• Most urbanized region
• Many residents of Quebec, or Quebecois,
argue that Quebec should be independent or
be given special privileges.
• Most people live in coastal cities.
• Ontario has a larger population than Quebec
and is the manufacturing center.
• Cities are industrial, fishing, and shipping
centers.
• Toronto, the capital of Ontario, is an
industrial, financial, educational, and cultural
center.
• Halifax, in Nova Scotia, is the region’s largest
city.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
•
Ottawa, the capital of Canada, is in Ontario.
Next
World Geography
Canada
Canada’s Regions {continued}
The Western Provinces
The Canadian North
• Includes the prairie provinces of Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, and Alberta and British Columbia
• Includes Yukon Territory, the Northwest
Territories, and Nunavut
• More people live in Quebec than in all the prairie
provinces.
• Extremely cold due to location near Arctic
Circle
• Wheat, oil, and natural gas production are
important industries.
• British Columbia
– Four million people
– Resources: forests, salmon, and minerals
— Vancouver is a coastal city that trades
with Asia.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
• Only 100,000 people although this region
covers more than a third of Canada.
• Nunavut is a new territory for the 30,000
native Inuit people who live there.
• Mostly forest, tundra, and towns isolated by
frozen waters of the Arctic Ocean.
Next
World Geography
Canada
Main Idea 3: Canada’s economy is largely based on trade with the United States.
Industries
•
One of world’s leading mineral producers: titanium, zinc, iron ore, gold, and coal
•
Iron and steel industry supports plane, car, and household appliance manufacturing
industries.
•
Tourism is a fast-growing service industry.
Trade
•
Canada’s economy depends on trade.
•
Canada and the U.S. have the world’s largest trading relationship.
– 60 percent of Canada’s imports are from the United States.
– 85 percent of Canada’s exports goes to the United States
•
Recent issues include a tariff on Canadian lumber and a 2003 case of mad cow disease.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes.
Click the HOME or EXIT button.
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
World Geography
Canada
Print Slide Show
1. On the File menu, select Print
2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft
PowerPoint If the dialog box does not
include this pop-up, continue to step 4
3. In the Print what box, choose the
presentation format you want to print:
slides, notes, handouts, or outline
4. Click the Print button to print the
PowerPoint presentation
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company