Transcript Document

Section
2 Natural
Disaster in China
第二节
中国自然灾害
1. Natural
Disaster System in China
一、中国自然灾害系统
CAI
2. Study
on Regional Difference of Natural Disaster in China
二、中国自然灾害区域分异研究
3.Complication
of Atlas of Natural Disaster System of China
三、中国自然灾害系统地图集编制
Research achievement of IDNDR
1. Natural Disaster System in China
1.1 Concepts
Natural Disaster
One
or
several
phenomena
caused
by
由于自然原因造成人员伤亡、
physical factors, such as casualties,
财产损失、社会失稳的一种或一系列现象。
property loss, and society imbalance.
Global Hazard Zones
International Disaster Reduction
Disaster System
Regional disaster system is a complex various
one on the earth, consisted of hazard-formative
environment(A), hazard-affected body(B),
hazard (C), and disaster effect (D).
Relationship
致灾因子是对人
Hazard-formative factors
are类及其经济社会、
triggered by
自然资源造成损
environmental
changes,
害的自然异常变
which
damage natural
resources,
化。 humans and
their economic society
孕灾环境是由大气圈、岩石圈、
Hazard-formative
environment is an integrated
水圈、生物圈共同组成的综合
one
on the earth, consisted of atmosphere,
lithosphere,
hydrosphere, and biosphere.
地球表层环境。
灾情：因灾导致的
Disaster effects: loss of life,
生命、财产、资源
property, and resource
损失的情况。
caused
by natural disaster
Hazard-formative
environment
Hazard-formative
Hazard-affected
body
factor
承灾体是灾害的
Hazard-affected
承
受 体 ， 包bodies
括人
include material culture
在内的物质文化
environment and natural
环境、
自然资源。
resource
Disaster effect
Disaster effect
Relationship of
each part in
Process of natural disaster
图1.1 自然灾害系统示意图
natural disaster
system
A Hazard-formative Environments
Atmosphere (troposphere,stratosphere, etc. )
Hydrosphere (surface water, groundwater)
Structure
Lithosphere (soil, weathering crust, lithosphere,terra
Biosphere (plants, animals, microorganism)
Properties of hazard-formative environment
Zonality/azonality
(baseband/ marginal band)
Fluctuation/ Mutagenicity
(periodic/quasiperiodic/random)
Gradual change/ tendency
(grads/cumulation)
Human circle (race, nation, religion, the poor/rich,
boundary, living map)
Technology circle (architecture, internet system,
transportation system)
B Hazard-affected Bodies
Population,economy,
人口、经济
land use(city, mine,
土地利用（城市、
厂矿、农田、
arable land, grazing
牧场、森林、
道路、机场、
land, forest, road,
港口等）
airport, harbor)
C Hazard-formative Factors
致灾
圈层
划分
Hazards in
different
circles
Categories (Ma Zongjin, 1994)
Earthquake
Climatic disasters
(flood, etc)
Crop disaster
Marine disaster
Forest biological disaster
Geological disaster
Others
coldness
storm
sandy storm
frost
typhoon
hydrosphere
&atmosphere
drought
flood
biosphere
freezing
hazard
ice-snow
hail
dry-hot wind
sea ice
seawater invasion
storm surge
poisonous grass
pest&disease
forest fire
rodent pest
landslide
lithosphere
earthquake
wind and sand flow
debris flow
land
subsidence
collapse
ground fissure
Disaster Chains
Bank
Destroy
Landslide
Rock
Slide
Water
logging
Rainstorm
Plant Diseases
&Insect Pest
Typhoon-Storm
Disaster Chains
Machine
Water and
soil erosion
Malfunction
Strong
wind
Flood
Rainstorm
Typhoon
Rainstorm
Surge
Debris
Flow
Flood
Overflow
Infrastructure
Damage
Power
shutoff
Fire
Seawater
High
Wave
Machine
malfunction
Pollution
Bank
Destroy
D Disaster Effects
Causality,psychological influence
Direct
and indirect economic loss
直接、间接经济损失
生态
环 境 破 坏destroy
Ecological
environment
1st effect:
灾情1
Farmland
submerged: 200ha
淹没农田：200ha
Houses 毁损房屋：20间
destroyed: 20
死亡人口：20人
Death toll:
20
Architecture damage
建 筑 物 破 损
洪水高风险区
High-risk
area
洪水高风险区
High-risk
area
洪水高风险区
High-risk
area
洪水高风险区
High-risk
area
人 类 活 动at：high-risk
进 入 高 areas,
Human activity
风险区
承灾体变化 body
Different
hazard-affected
灾情
放大
灾情2
effect:
淹没农田：1000ha
Farmland
submerged: 1000ha
毁损房屋：500间
Houses死亡人口：300人
destroyed: 500
2nd
致灾因子
Hazard-formative
factor
Ave. level
正常水位
洪水位
Level in floods
Hazard-affected
bodies
承灾体
Death toll: 300
图2.17 人类活动对灾情的放大机制
居住地
Residential area
耕地 land
Arable
灾
Magnify
情
disaster
effects
放
大
heavy
high risk
Most serious regions
某
种
自
Hazards
然
灾
害
Various
intensity
of
hazards
light
low risk
high
Least serious regions
Economic
level
low
Various
intensity
of
vulnerability
low risk
strong
Defense
ability
weak
high risk
1.2 Characteristics of Natural Disaster System in China (CAI)
Introduction to Natural Disaster in China
Interface of disaster
Regional Natural Disaster System in China
Regional maps（theory-practice）
(Multi-angle, multi-platform,
penetrative, dynamic)
Regionalization of Natural Disaster in China
Main Disaster Chains
Ⅴ
Typhoon-storm-wind
Typhoon-storm surge
Drought-insect disaster
Ⅵ
Ⅳ
Drought-fire-
Cold wave- snow disaste
Ⅲ
Cold wave- frost
Earthquake-landslide
Storm-landslide-debris flow
Storm-flood
Flood-water logging
Ⅱ
Ⅰ
Hazard-formative
Mechanism
Transitional belt
of two
temperature zones
Hazardaffected
environments
Fringe of Inner
Mongolia
plateau
Monsoon
areas
Unstable hydrothermal
conditions
Hazardformative
factors
Cold wave
Hazardaffected
bodies
Main agricultural
regions
Commodity grain
bases
Near sandorigins
Intense
evaporation
Winter monsoon
passage
Drought
Center of politics, economy,
and culture, Dense
population and cities
Low plant
coverage
Dust storm
Overuse underground water,
land subsidence, and
seawater encroachment
Disastrous effects
Mechanism of Climatic Disaster Formation and
Effects in North China
Serious
climatic
disaster
Hazard-formative
致灾机制
mechanism
Boundaries of
three plates
Hazardformative
environments
Hazardformative
factors
Hazardaffected
bodies
Boundary of Mountainous at
two earthquake the boundary of
belts
two ladders
Active
tectonic
movement
Earthquake
Complex landform
and unstable land
surface
Influence of
Alps and
southwest and
glaciers
southeast
monsoon
Sufficient water
storm
source
Landslide
More development Dense buildings,
of mountainous
population,and properties
areas
Debris flow
Subconscious of disaster
preparedness among
constructors
Disastrous
effects
成灾机制
Mechanism of geological disaster formation and
effects in North China
Serious
geological
disaster
Hazard-formative
Mechanism
Many mountains and
Influence of southwest Located across three
windward slope at
ladders
and southeast monsoon
boundaries of ladders
Hazardformative
environments
Hazardformative
factors
Hazardaffected
bodies
Sufficient
precipitation
Storm
Forest denudation,
water and soil loss
Landform and
physiognomy
Inconvenient
drainage due to
flat platform
Soil and geology
Flood & waterlog
Sand filling up, enclosure of
lakes for farmland, poor
ability to store floodwater
Coast area in the
east
Influence of marine disaster
Storm surge
Core regions of China’s
economy
Disastrous effects
Mechanism of Hydrological Disaster Formation
and Effects at Yangtze River Drainage
Serious
hydrological
disaster
2 Regional Difference of Disasters in China
2.1 Regional Difference of Hazards
1）Way of Research
Mode1-Fig.1
Database
of
counties
Parameters
Information
sources
Drawing
eigenvalue isoline
Regional law of hazards
Model2-Fig2
Models
Pile up
Model3-Fig3
Basic acknowledgement
Regional disaster reduction
Acta Gographica Sinica,1994,Vol. 49 (1)
2）Eigenvalues and Model of Hazards
Diversity：Degree of regional cluster of natural
hazards（D）
D＝n/N
“n” represents categories of natural hazards of a county in a special period.
There are 102 types of natural hazards totally on the mainland of China.
“N” represents categories of natural hazards of the country in a special period
Relative Hazard Intensity：
It is the destroy and damage of hazards that causes
regional disasters.
n
S   Pi  S i (i  1,2,  , n)
i 1
S: relative intensity or degree of hazards in some county
P: relative intensity or degree of the certain hazard “i”
Si area proportion of the certain hazard “i”, 0.01to1.0, or 1% to
100%
Coverage Index：
The scope of a region’s influence from every
hazard
n
C   S i (i  1,2,  , n)
i 1
Si： area proportion of the certain hazard “i”
Integrated Hazard Index：
The whole condition of hazard cluster, relative
intensity, and scale of a county affected by hazards.
H=D/Dmax+S/Smax+C/Cmax
3）Regional Difference of
Diversity
of Hazards in China
Max
of diversity is 8 times of min of
it(4%-30%) for a great regional
difference
Centralized
in north China, extending
to the northeast, northwest and
southeast coast.
Most of regions with diversity over
20% are located between 25 ° -45 °
latitude-north.
The
lowest of the country appears at
the north Tibet, while the lowest of
mid-east in China exists at the
southwest
Basic Acknowledgement
Transition
belt: relative cluster of hazard, e.g.mid-latitude region, sea-land
transition belt, farming-pastoral zone.
Regions
with high values continues as the transition belt of several natural
environments: North China becomes most multitudinous of hazards in
China.
Not
all regions with bad natural conditions have many forms of hazards
4）Regional Difference of
Coverage Index
Natural Hazards in China
It
is different from east to west.
The
trapeziform area, connected with Qiqihaer, Haerbin,
Tianshui,and Hangzhou, has become the high-value region(>10) of
our country.
Northeast Plain, North China Plain and Loess Plateau have become
high-value centers(>16).
The
southeast coast and area around Yunnan, Guizhou and
Sichuan provinces are relative high-value regions. But the north
Tibet Plateau is the low-value center, which enlarges forth.
Basic Acknowledgement
Relationship
between hazard coverage index and diversity is positiverelative, which is dominant at North China.
Hazard-affected
regions in area distribution, such as atmosphere,
hydrosphere, and biosphere, always have high coverage index.
5）Regional
Difference of
5）自然致灾因子
Regional
Regions
with relative high intensity (>3.0):
distribution from North China to Southwest
regions and Xiang-gan area
Southwest
North
Natural
Hazards in China
区域分异
difference
Centralized
Coastal
Hazard
Intensity
of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
of Da Hinganlin
Middle
and north Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the
continent at the northwest are areas with relative low
intensity
Basic Acknowledgement：
Earthquake
active belts are responding to relative high intensity
Rainstorm
centralized areas and relative high intensity areas
overlap, e.g.typhoon belt at coastal regions, rainstorm belt at
mountains of Hebei, Taihang Mts., Dabie Mts., rainstorm belt at
west Sichuan and Hunan.
Regions
with high frequency of floods are all with relative high
intensity
Regions
mostly distributed with debris flow and landslide, the
second ladder east to Tibet Plateau, are always with relative high
intensity.
Relative
intensity is controlled by several main hazards, so there
is at least one dominant hazard at every region.
6）Regional
Difference of
6）自然致灾因子
Integrated
Index
Natural Hazards in China
区域分异
3
5
4
1
6
High value region of frequency
3
4
6
High value region of relative hazard inducing intensity
High value region of hazard affected index
2
Regionalization boundary of natural hazard inducing factors
Characteristics
North
China is the most serious area, which has high values of indexes above
Coastal
region is the second most serious area with disasters
The
farming-pastoral zone and plains of the north are full of hazards.
The
southwest is the heavy-affected area.
Basic Acknowledgement
Not
all the regions that have poor natural environment and fragile eco-environment
have heavy intensity and high occurrence of hazards.
sensitive
belts during natural environment evolution are not all with heavy intensity
and high occurrence of hazards .
As
the transition belts of two main natural hazards, the north China is a typical
serious area with high values at three aspects.
Hazards
in China can be divided into nine primary hazard regions.
2.2 Regional Difference of Natural Disasters in China
1）
1)There
are 50816 counties with over 40 hazards
from 1949 to 1990 in China. And the six most
frequent disasters are stated as follows:
drought disaster,17501 times,34.4％
flood 7641 times,15.0％
rainstorm 6463 times，12.7％
wheat insect 3243 times，6.40％
ice hail 3028 times，5.95％
cotton bollworm 2635 times，5.18％
“Journal of Natural Disasters”1996,Vol.5(1)
Atlas of Natural Disaster System of China 2003, Science Press
2）Regional Difference of Diversity of Natural Disasters in China
Fig.2 Diversity of Natural Disasters in China (1949-1990)
Characteristics
（hazard diversity/ disaster diversity）
•Centers with high value of diversity
move southward.
•value of diversity at southeast
coastal regions decreases
•Hu Huanyong line is an obvious
dividing line between the west and
east
?
Causes Analysis(categorized by disaster-affected
bodies)
•Centers with high values moves southward
from wheat area to rice area, which
indicates diversity is influenced by
cultivation system and land use.
•Hu line is the dividing line of disasteraffected bodies.
Disaster diversity of coastal areas reduces
because of the improvement of economic
ability to resist disasters.
North of northeast with high value is
relative with low disaster resistance ability Fig.2 Diversity of Natural Disasters in China (1949-1990)
Variation of
Regional
Difference
Disaster
reduction
3）Regional Difference of Disaster Occurrence Ratio in China
Characteristics
Erlian-Chayu
line is the dividing line
from east to west, west of which is low
occurrence at most areas.
There
is high occurrence at Huai River
drainage area.
Basic Acknowledgement
The
difference is impacted by integration
of climate and physiognomy at large scope,
while it is influenced by hazard-affected
bodies and their ability of disaster
preparedness.
The
Fig.2 Occurrence Ratio of Natural Disasters in China
(1949-1990)
low ratio in Guizhou, a southwest
province, indicates that fragile natural
environment foreordains high occurrence of
disasters.
Zhejiang
is the region with the lowest
occurrence, which is relative to fixed
hazards and high disaster resistance ability.
4) Regional Difference of Disaster Effects Index and Hazard
Index in China




hazard disaster
Basic
In
High
Middle
Low
acknowledgement:
Characteristics
Disastrous effects and
hazards are both serious
at northern and western
North China and southern
and eastern South China,
which are both double
high values regions
Low value areas of two
indexes
are
well
corresponding, such as
Zhejiang, Guizhou, and
Guangxi karst. Qinghai
and Tibet are the hugest
areas with the lowest
values.
There is more distinct
difference from east to
west in disaster effects
than coverage areas.
spite of the close relationship between hazards and disasters, disastrous effects
are more impacted by human activities, such as scope, way, and degree of land use,
and the society’s vulnerability as well.
Variation
of
regional
difference
Disaster
reduction
2.3 Design and complication of “Atlas of Natural disaster
of China”
1) Achievements
ATLAS OF NATURAL DISASTER OF CHINA
DIGITAL MAPS OF NATURAL DISASTER OF CHINA
ATLAS OF NATURAL DISASTER SYSTEM OF CHINA
DIGITAL ATLAS OF NATURAL DISASTER SYSTEM OF CHINA
2) Chinese Disaster Database
Database facing disaster science
Hazardformative
environment
Disaster
database
Hazardformative factors
Hazard-affected
bodies
Disastrous
effects
Driving force
Cases
Mechanism
Dynamics
Disaster
science
Warning
Process of
formation
Database of process
Database of systems
Database of Statistics
Informational
technology
Databases completed
Types
Database of
statistics
Database of
system
Database of
process
Database
Completing
Year
Natural disaster database of farming-pastoral regions in Inner Mongolia
1991
Natural disaster database of agriculture in Hunan
1993
Natural disaster database of disastrous effects in rural areas of China
1994
Natural disaster database of insurance cases in Hunan
1995
Natural disaster database of historic floods and droughts in China
1996
Chinese natural disaster database
1995
Systematic database of agricultural disaster in Shanxi
1994
Systematic database of large-scale disaster’s insurance in Hunan
1997
Systematic database of disaster emergency management insurance in
Hunan
1998
Systematic database of agricultural disaster in Hunan
1999
Systematic database of historic floods of seven main rivers in China
1999
Database of flood in China in 1998
1999
Database of relationship among precipitation, runoff and flood in Shenzhen
2001
Databases on which the atlas depends
Hazard database
Property
database
System of
natural
disasters
in China
Newspaper database on
natural disasters
Disaster reduction
information database
Database of disastrous effects
County
Historic databases of
disasters
Characteristics
Disaster database of the seven
main rivers
Socio-economic database
Special data
Database of natural
disaster cases
Administrative division of China
Database on which disaster assistance zoning depends
Series of maps
Zoning results ——Systematic database
Zoning indexes——Secondary database
Foundation——Original database
Introduction to the Atlas
Atlas of Natural Disaster of China consists of two
parts, integrated natural disaster system, and main
natural disasters system,which has 445 maps and 101
diagrams in total.
There are 56 maps and 37 graphs in the first part,
which is composed of five series of maps of hazardformative environment, hazard-affected bodies,
hazards, disaster effects and disaster reduction.
There are 380 maps and 64 graphs in the second
part, composed of six series of maps on earthquake,
flood, typhoon, snow, dusty storm, and ice-hail.
Expression of natural disaster system: content and structure
Integrate
d natural
disaster
system
Atlas of
natural
disaster
of China
Maps of hazard-formative
environment（7）
Maps of hazard-affected
bodies（20，30）
Maps of hazards(4)
Maps of disastrous effects
（20，4）
Maps of disaster reduction
（5，3）
Maps of earthquake system（64，11）
Main
natural
disasters
system
Maps of flood system（169，19）
Hazardformative
environment
Hazardaffected bodies
Hazard
Disastrous
effects
Maps of typhoon system（66，14）
Maps of snow disaster system(21，5）
Maps of dusty storm system（41，12）
Maps of ice-hail disaster system（19，
3）
Cases
Hazard-formative
environment
Hazard-affected
bodies
Hazard
Disastrous effects
Expression of natural disaster system:
symbols and surface
Symbols
Maps’
surface
Expression of natural disaster system: overlaying maps
Hazard (Bi)
Hazardformative
environment
(Ai)
Disastrous
effects (Di)
Hazardaffected (Ci)
Hazards /Hazard-affected bodies
Hazard-formative environment/Hazard- affected bodies
Disastrous effects/hazard-affected bodies
Expression of natural disaster system:pattern and process
T1
.
.
.
.
.
.
T2
T3
Special distribution
T4
A1
A2
A3…
Condition change
Atlas of Natural Disaster System of China
Science Press, Aug. 2003
Contribution of undergraduates/graduates
Map show