Transcript Chapter Six

Chapter Six
Southeast Asia and
South Pacific
A World of Influences
Varied Strands Brought Together
Contrasting natural environments, cultures,
and outlooks
Chinese, Indian, Arab, and European traders
Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam
A World of Influences (cont’d)
Domino Theory
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN)
Pacific Rim
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum
(APEC)
Varied Economic Achievements
Point-Counterpoint:
Pacific Rim
POINT
Countries bordering the
Pacific Ocean are mainly
affluent (USA, Canada,
Japan, Australia, New
Zealand) or growing
economically (South
Korea, China, Mexico,
Southeast Asian countries,
Chile). Russia is also a
member.
COUNTERPOINT
Major differences exist in
cultures, languages,
attitudes, and demands.
Attempts to devise treaties
give a false sense of
common identity. Most
countries still have greater
trading links outside this
area. Within the area,
distances between places
are long.
Point-Counterpoint (cont’d)
POINT
The United States built up
economic links to Japan,
South Korea, and Taiwan as
an outcome of security and
defense policies. Now the
West Coast of the United
States depends on its Asian
links. Hong Kong,
Singapore, and Los AngelesLong Beach are the world’s
three busiest ports.
COUNTERPOINT
Such trans-Pacific trade
depends on U.S. policy,
and the Asian countries
are building more trade
among themselves.
Point-Counterpoint (cont’d)
POINT
Australia, New Zealand, and
some of the South Pacific
islands need to take advantage
of the trading opportunities after
losing former colonial markets
in Europe. They produce wood,
agricultural, and mineral raw
materials, and are working
toward greater penetration of
Asian markets through specialist
products such as high-quality
noodle grain, specialty fruit and
nut products, and beef
preferences.
COUNTERPOINT
The Asian countries
wish only to purchase
raw materials and not
the processed forms
that bring greater
income to the
producers such as
Australia. Asian and
North American
countries protect their
agricultural producers,
and in 2002, the United
States acted to protect
its steel producers.
Point-Counterpoint (cont’d)
POINT
A new global
consciousness is
overcoming
previous
isolationist and
chauvinist
attitudes.
COUNTERPOINT
Such attitudes take a long time to
change. Australians long gave the
impression that they wished to keep
out the “yellow peril” of Asians, and
their attitudes on environmental issues
clash with those of Southeast Asian
countries. The Asians act as if
Europeans are lower beings and
regard Australia and New Zealand (let
alone the small Pacific islands) as
small markets for their products.
Dependency rather than equal roles
could result.
Point-Counterpoint (cont’d)
POINT
Tourism is already
bringing people from all
these lands together and
is a major area of
economic growth for East
Asia, Southeast Asia,
Australia, New Zealand,
some Pacific islands—
and even Antarctica.
COUNTERPOINT
Tourism is too dependent
on other aspects of
economic growth to be
regarded as basic. The
area experienced major
downturns in visitors
following the 1997
financial crisis in Asia
and the September 11,
2001, events in the
United States.
Point-Counterpoint (cont’d)
POINT
COUNTERPOINT
APEC provides
a more
inclusive forum
than ASEAN.
ASEAN+3 enlarges the scope of the
Asian grouping but excludes Australia
and New Zealand as well as countries
of the Americas. The Asian countries
share more interests with each other
than they do with other Pacific Rim
countries. Australia and New Zealand
have involvements with the South
Pacific Forum, which questions the
fishing and timber felling actions of
Asians.
Point-Counterpoint (cont’d)
POINT
COUNTERPOINT
APEC’s Shanghai
summit in October
2001 called for better
cooperation against
terrorism. This step was
welcomed by Australia
and New Zealand,
which wish to broaden
APEC interests and see
security as part of stable
economic links.
China is not happy about this
because of the U.S.
involvement in managing
security, while other countries
worry about a potential
overflow of internal Chinese
problems. Muslim countries
such as Indonesia, Malaysia,
and Brunei were not happy
about the U.S. involvement in
the 2002 war in Afghanistan.
Cultural History and Colonialism
Khmer, Burmese, Thai, and Vietnamese
Empires
Mon and Khmer
Vietnamese, Lao, and Burmese
Shan and Karen
Thai
Cultures Meet on the Southeast Asian
Islands
Cultural History and
Colonialism (cont’d)
Australia, New Zealand, & the Pacific Islands
Australia
• Aborigines
• Animism
New Zealand
• Moaris
South Pacific Islands
• Melanesian people
• Micronesian people
• Polynesian people
Cultural History and
Colonialism (cont’d)
The Colonists
Southeast Asia
• Dutch East India Company
Thailand (Siam)
Australia and New Zealand
• Terra Australis
Pacific Islands
Natural Environments
Equatorial, Arid, Oceanic, and Frozen
Climates
Mainly Equatorial Southeast Asia
Tropical Ocean Climates
Australia and New Zealand
Natural Environments (cont’d)
Continents and Islands
Plate Movements, Mountain Ranges, and
Volcanic Activities
Ancient Continent
Major Rivers
• Irrawaddy River
• Salween River
• Mekong River
• Red River
Natural Environments (cont’d)
Distinctive Ecosystems
Marsupials
Mallee
Wallace Line
Natural Resources
Southeast Asia
Australian Resources
Pacific Island
Natural Environments (cont’d)
Environmental Problems
Natural Hazards
Pollution, Erosion, and Mining Excavations
Globalization
Incomes per capita vary considerably
Trading links in many differing
directions
Attempts at integration
ASEAN+3
Subregions
Southeast Asia
Australia and New Zealand
South Pacific Islands
Southeast Asia
Increasing Trading Links
Rich Cultural Heritage
Outside Influences
Countries
Continental Countries
Island Countries
Southeast Asia (cont’d)
People
Ethnic Variety
Population Growth Slows
• Transmigration
Impacts of Rapid Urbanization
• Primate city
Urbanization under Communism
• Deurbanization
Traffic in People
Southeast Asia (cont’d)
Economic Development
ASEAN, Growth, and the Late-1990s Crisis
Economic Changes in Thailand
Farming Changes in Southeast Asia
• Padi
• Green Revolution
• New rice technology
• Plantations
South Asian Forest Products
Southeast Asia (cont’d)
Economic Development (cont’d)
Mining in Southeast Asia
Market-Led Industrialization
• “Crony capitalism”
• “Ersatz capitalism”
Expanding Tourism in Southeast Asia
• Ecotourism
Communist Economic Stagnation and
Change
Myanmar’s Economy
Australia and New Zealand
Countries
Australia
Political Regions: The States
Southeast Australia
Northern Australia
Interior and Western Australia
New Zealand
Australia and New Zealand (cont’d)
People
Immigrant Populations
• White Australian policy
Urban Populations
Population Dynamics
Australia and New Zealand (cont’d)
Economic Development
South Pacific Forum
Changes in Australia
Problems of Trade Dependence
Australia’s Dominant Mining
Australia’s Farm Output
Australia’s Underdeveloped Northlands
Tourism
New Zealand
South Pacific Islands
Island Countries
People
Population Distribution and Dynamics
• Overpopulation
Small Towns
Economic Development
Farm, Forest, and Mine Products
Tourism
Antarctica: A Region?
Antarctica’s Global Status
Antarctica and the Southern Oceans
Antarctica’s Resources
Tourism