Transcript Source: ARCE - Waste 2 Energy

Waste from Biomass – Energy
Potential in Dambovita County
Nicoleta Ion
Targoviste, 7th June 2011
Romania joined the EU on January 1, 2007.
The accession requirements for environmental regulations for waste
management included that by 2015, in steps, 150 municipal landfills and 1,500
illegal dump sites must be closed, and 30 national integrated solid waste
management systems must be established.
The EU legislation and standards for waste management have been transposed
into national legislation, with some transition periods for full compliance:
•2017 for municipal landfills;
•2009 for illegal dump sites and temporary storage of hazardous industrial
waste;
•d 2013 for non-hazardous industrial waste.
In 2005, Romanian generated about 8.0 million tons of
municipal waste (around 450 kg/person): most was
dumped in 234 non-conforming municipal landfills and
2,700 illegal dump sites;
none of it was incinerated
less than 2.0 percent was recycled.
Institutional arrangements
Romania relies on agencies at three levels to manage
waste:
1. the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and Ministry of
Administration and Interior (MAI);
2. the County Councils;
3. municipalities, which must ensure that all noncomplying landfills and illegal dumps are closed,
existing municipal landfills rehabilitated or extended,
and new landfills constructed where needed.
Source: National Waste Management Strategy - Ministry of Environment and Water Management
National Waste Management Strategy
General Strategic Objectives for Waste
Management
8. Valorising the useful potential in wastes
8.2. Developing materials and energy recovery
activities
8.2.2.Promoting energy recovery in highly
energy-efficient installations
Eight Regional Environmental Protection Agencies (regional EPAs)
prepare Regional Plans for Waste Management; County Councils
prepare county-level Waste Management plans.
Solid waste management services may be carried out by municipalities,
private operators, or public private partnerships.
Local authorities are legally mandated to organize waste collection and
transportation, which can be carried out by a single sanitary company
in small towns, or several companies in larger cities. In most rural
areas, however, service delivery is mostly inadequate unless near an
urban center.
BIOMASS ENERGY POTENTIAL
It is considered that Romania has a good biomass energy potential, evaluated
at about 7 594 thousand toe per year (318x109 MJ per year)
Thousand toe per
Year
PJ per Year
1 175
49.8
487
20.4
4 799
200.9
Biogas
588
24.6
Urban household waste
545
22.8
Energy Potential
Waste from forestry exploitations
and firewood
Wood waste - sawdust or other
wood waste
Agricultural wastes resulting from
cereal, corn stems, grapevine
waste, etc.
REFUEL
Dedicated crops –arable 650 PJ
Dedicated crops- pasture 200 PJ
Wood 200 PJ
Agricultural residues 150 PJ
Total about 1200 PJ/y
Biomass distribution
• Firewood (66%) and wood waste (66%): Carpathians and
Sub-Carpathians
• Agricultural waste (58%): South Plain and Moldavia
• Biogas (52%): South and Western Plains
Source: ARCE
• Primary energy production from solid
biomass amounted in 2008 157 PJ and 135 PJ
in 2009
• Primary energy production from solid biomass
in toe/inhabitant in Romania is an average
value within in the EU
Source: EURObserv’ER 2010.
Source: EURObserv’ER 2010
Figure. 3. Primary energy production from solid biomass in the EU, in 2009
Electricity from biomass: The biomass consumption for
electricity production in power plants is negligible.
Heat from biomass: Most heat is produced in residential
stoves. Also a part is produced from solid biomass in
boilers for district heating. The industry uses another
11…15 PJ..
There is no international biomass trade market in Romania
yet. Romania is importing mainly fossil fuels – crude oil or
natural gas.
Forest area covers in Romania 6300 thou
ha (2007) which is about 28.0% of total
country land. Sixty-six percent of the
forests are found in the mountains
(30% of the country), 24% in the hilly
regions (37% of the country) and 10%
on the plains (33% of the country)
• Located in the south of the Southern
Carpathians ,Dambovita County (DB) has an
area of 4054 km2 which makes it as one of the
smallest counties in Romania, representing
1.7% from the whole country area. With a
population of about 540000, it is one of the
most densely populated counties in Romania
-A share of 61% of the total area of Dambovita
county is agricultural area, and 29.8% is forest
or forestry vegetation.
-From the total agricultural area, arable land is
70.1%, 17.7% pastures, 8.2% hayfields and 4%
orchards and vineyards.
- the crops cultivated in DB are: cereals,
potatoes and vegetables.
The most share of energy in the Dambovita County
is based on energy production from coal (SC
TERMOELECTRICA
DOICESTI),
energy
production by cogeneration (SC TERMICA SA)
and energy production from hydro sources (micro
hydropower plants in Dobresti and Scropoasa)
Land area by usage (ha)
Source: National institute of Statistics
Source: Statistical Yearbook of DB County 2010
Cut wood volume harvested (thou mc)
Source: National institute of Statistics
Cuttings can be:
1. successive cuttings representing the trees extraction in 2-4 stages spread
over time and space, by means of which the old stand is gradually
harvested;
2. progressive cuttings representing the not uniform trees extraction only from
certain areas;
3. gardening cuttings representing the selectively extraction of certain size
trees in order to have a forest structure with trees of all ages, for ensuring
the continuity of the production process;
4. plane cuttings representing those tree extractions that lead to the cutting of
all trees on certain areas
Agricultural residues
Agricultural residues resulting from the harvest are used mainly
in farms and animal feeding.
The vegetable waste gathering is costly but a compulsory step in
order to prepare the land for the next harvest.
They are not used yet in briquettes manufacturing.
Lacking economical efficiency, the cleaning of fields of
vegetable residues is often made by setting them on fire
with negative results for air and soil quality (because of
destroying the organic matter of soil and micro-fauna).
The energy potential is assessed with the following
assumptions:
• the agricultural waste is calculated as a quota from
the main product (grains, grapes etc) weight;
• it is accepted that 30% to 60% of the overallquantities of waste can be used for energy purposes;
• the calorific value is specific to each category of
resource.
Energy crops
In Romania there is a significant available land to dedicate to
energy crops, producing raw material for power and heat
technologies or for transport.
Today in Romania there are energy corps practically only for
obtaining biofuels, and not for power or heating purposes.
Only about 50% of the arable land in Romania is currently used
for food production. Less than eight percent of the arable land
in Romania is needed to fulfill the task imposed by the EU
Biofuels Directive – 10 % in 2020.
Source: Statistical Yearbook of DB County 2010
Area cultivated with rape and sunflower, 2006
Total harvested area – Oleaginous (sunflower, rape, soya beans), thousands ha
Source: MADR
RESOURCES FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION BY ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION
Wet droppings quantity on animal category
Animal category
Dropings quantity, on each 1000 kg alive
animal and day
Total solid droppings, [%]
Milk caw
86
0,14
Fatten calf
62
0,08
Pig
84
0,13
Given these considerations, and taking into account the livestock in
Romania, the available droppings estimated at country level are
presented in table bellow, as indicated by ICIA (– Research Institute
for Analytical Instrumentation)
Droppings of the animal husbandry
Wet substance –energy potential,
[PJ/year]
Dry substance-energy potential,
[PJ/year]
2006
2010
2020
2006
2010
2020
12
13
14
5.5
6
6.4
The most recent assessment of biogas
potential (2008) was carried out within the
ProBioPol project.
This study assessed the waste/sludge/byproducts flow from agriculture, food industry,
waste water treatment, municipal waste and
other sources (e.g. paper industry and
biodiesel plants).
The biogas potential from animal farms is more
optimistic (63 PJ/year versus 17 PJ/year).
LIVESTOCK
2004
Cattle
Pigs
Sheep
Goats
Horses
Poultry
2005
79914
81826
155884 152352
47361
47920
12356
12142
20486
20465
2871393 2770636
2006
83210
167336
47702
12854
19183
2858982
Source: Statistical Yearbook of DB County 2010
ENER-SUPPLY Project
Energy Efficiency and Renewables- Supporting Policies
In Local Level for Energy
www.ener-supply.eu
•Financed within the Transnational Cooperation Programme South East Europe
(http://www.southeast-europe.net/en/ )
•Coordinated by the Municipality of Potenza
(IT)
• Implemented at local level. In Romania – 2
counties: DAMBOVITA and IALOMITA
•One of the most important objectives of the
project is to evaluate the renewables (among
them biomass) energy potential in territories
selected and to draw maps.
•The technical partner for biomass potential
assessment is the University of Ancona
Thank you for your attention!
Contact:
[email protected]
Tel/fax: +4021 6652605