Transcript Chapters 1

World Geography
Chapter 1 & 2
Ch. 1 – Studying Geography
Geography
► Geography
– the study of everything on
earth.
► 2 main branches of Geography
 Human Geography
►The
study of how people and their activities vary
from place to place.
 Physical Geography
►The
study of how Earth’s natural features vary from
place to place.
Uses of Geography
► Cartography
 The branch of geography that studies maps and
mapmaking.
 Computers have revolutionized map production.
 The U.S. Geological Survey is the largest employer of
cartographers.
► Meteorology
 The field of geography that specializes in weather and
weather forecasting.
 The person providing information on the nightly news is
a meteorologist.
The Six essential elements
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1.
The World in Spatial Terms
2.
Places and Regions
3.
Physical Systems
4.
Human Systems
5.
Environment and society
6.
The Uses of Geography
 a.
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 a.
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 a.
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 a.
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Focus on special perspective.
How we perceive various regions
The Earth’s Physical features (mountains, oceans, hurricanes)
All about the people
How we interact with the environment
 a.
Helps us to understand relationships among different peoples
past and present as well as the physical make up of our planet.
Geography Terms
► Grid
– Pattern of lines that circle the globe in
east-west and north-south directions.
► Latitude – lines drawn in an east-west direction
and measure distance north & south of the
equator
► Longitude – lines of longitude are drawn in a
north-south direction and measure distance east
and west of the Prime Meridian.
► Equator – imaginary line that circles the globe
halfway between the North Pole & South Pole.
Geography Terms
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Parallels – Another name for lines of latitude. They are
always parallel to the equator. Parallels north of the
equator are labeled with an N, and those south of the
equator are labeled with an S.
Meridians – Another name for lines of longitude.
Prime Meridian – imaginary line that runs through
Greenwich, England, from the North Pole to the South Pole.
Degrees – Measurement used when using latitude &
longitude. Symbol for degrees is ° . Degrees are further
divided into minutes, for which the symbol is ‘. There are
60 minutes in a degree.
Geography Terms
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Hemispheres – The world is divided into 4 hemispheres.
The equator divides the earth into a Northern & Southern
Hemisphere. The Prime Meridian divides the earth into a
Eastern & Western Hemispheres.
Continents – The earth’s land surfaces are organized into
7 continents. North America, South America, Europe,
Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica.
Oceans – The largest division of water surfaces. There
are 4 major oceans. Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian
Ocean, & Arctic Ocean.
Geography Terms
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Hemispheres – The world is divided into 4 hemispheres.
The equator divides the earth into a Northern & Southern
Hemisphere. The Prime Meridian divides the earth into a
Eastern & Western Hemispheres.
Continents – The earth’s land surfaces are organized into
7 continents. North America, South America, Europe,
Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica.
Oceans – The largest division of water surfaces. There
are 4 major oceans. Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian
Ocean, & Arctic Ocean.
Maps
► Atlas
– book of maps.
► Map Projection – projecting round earth on a flat
map.
► Types of Maps
 Physical, Political, Special Purpose, etc.
► Map
Tools:
 Directional Indicator – shows which directions are
north, south, east, & west.
 Compass Rose – A directional indicator that has
arrows that point to all four principal directions.
 Scales – used to represent distances between points
on a map.
 Legend or Key – explains what the symbols on the
map represent.
Solar System
► The
Solar system is the sun and the group
of bodies that revolve around it.
► Almost all of Earth’s energy comes form
the sun
► Satellites – A body that orbits a larger
body. Moons are natural satellites
Solar System
► The
Solar system is the sun and the group
of bodies that revolve around it.
► Almost all of Earth’s energy comes form
the sun
► Satellites – A body that orbits a larger
body. Moons are natural satellites
The Sun, the Earth, and the Moon
► The
diameter of the
Earth is about 8,000
miles.
► The
diameter of the
Sun is about 865,000
miles.
► The
Moon is 240,000
miles from the Earth.
► The
Earth’s orbit
averages about 93
million miles from the
Sun.
The Sun, the Earth, and the Moon
► The
diameter of the
Earth is about 8,000
miles.
► The
diameter of the
Sun is about 865,000
miles.
► The
Moon is 240,000
miles from the Earth.
► The
Earth’s orbit
averages about 93
million miles from the
Sun.
The Solar System
► Rotation
 One complete spin of the Earth on its axis. Takes 24
hours.
 Solar energy hits only the half of the earth that is facing
the sun.
► Revolution
 Earths movement around the sun. Takes 365 ¼ days to
complete one revolution.
► Earth’s
Tilt
 Earth is tilted at 23 ½ degree angle.
 North polar axis always points towards the North Star.
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Seasons
Tropics – low latitude areas near the equator that
receives great amounts of solar energy year round.
► Polar Regions – high latitude areas that are cold most
of the year, because they do not receive great amounts
of solar energy.
► Seasons – Northern and Southern Hemispheres have
opposite seasons, because they receive direct solar rays
at different times of the year (due to tilt of earth).
► Solstice – occurs twice a year. Time when earths poles
point toward or away from the sun more than at any
other time. (Occur around Dec. 21 & June 21)
► Tropic of Capricorn – Latitude in S. Hemisphere.
Receives suns most direct rays during the December
Solstice.
► Tropic of Cancer – Latitude in N. Hemisphere.
Receives suns most direct rays during the June Solstice.
► Equinox – Occurs twice a year. Earth’s poles are not
pointed toward or away from the sun. Night and day are
equal (12 hours each). Occurs around March 21 & Sept.
22
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Seasons
Solstice
Tides
The Earth System
► Earth
System – Interactions of elements
on and around our planet
► Broken into 4 parts
 Atmosphere – layer of gases that surround
earth
 Lithosphere – Surface of the planet
 Hydrosphere – all the water of the planet
 Biosphere – Part of the earth where all plant
and animal life exists
The Earth System