Transcript Food data collected using acquisition and consumption approaches

Side Event
Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
Populations at Sub-national Levels
Beijing, China
25 October, 2007
Food data collected using
acquisition and consumption
approaches with daily diaries in the
Armenian 2004 ILCS
MARTIROSOVA, Diana
National Statistical Service,
Republic of Armenia
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Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
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Beijing, China
25 October, 2007
Introduction
The National Statistics Service of Armenia collected food data
in the 2004 Integrated Living Conditions Survey (2004 ILCS)
based on two distinct approaches namely, food acquisition
(FA) and food consumption (FC). Daily diaries were used to
collect both quantity and monetary values of each food item
acquired for consumption or consumed from acquisition from
various food sources recorded in separate sections of the
diaries.
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Introduction
Food acquisition consisted of all daily purchases, and other
daily food items acquired from non-purchased sources such as
own production in the case of perishable food, own stock which
may be piled up from production or purchases, and received free
or as aid among others.
Food consumption consisted of all daily food items actually
used for daily consumption by the household obtained from
sources such as purchases, own stock from production or
purchases, received free or as aid etc.
The two datasets were processed and analysed separately using
the FAO food security statistics module (FSSM) for deriving the
same set of food security indicators at national and sub national
level.
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Introduction
This paper discusses the derivation of the food security
statistics using the acquisition and consumption approaches
and analyses the impact of any observed differences on the
assessment and monitoring of the food deprivation at national
and sub national levels.
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Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
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Objectives
The main objective of this paper is to discuss any observed
differences between food security statistics derived using
acquisition and consumption data. The reason is that most
household surveys in the world collect food data using the
acquisition approach, on the understanding that at national level
households not acquiring food during the household reference
period would be counter-balanced by households reporting food
acquisition regardless of when the food was actually consumed.
Many critics of the acquisition approach, as a method of food
insecurity assessment, are related to the fact that high income
households have more chance of acquiring bulk amounts of food
for consumption for longer periods than low income households.
Hence, it is important to understand the behavior of food security
statistics based on food acquisition and food consumption.
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Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
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25 October, 2007
Food Security Statistics From The 2004 ILCS
The results on food security statistics, using the two
approaches acquisition and consumption at national and sub
national levels, regard the following: dietary energy value,
monetary value and energy unit value, inequality in access to
food due to income, share of food in total consumption, food
deprivation and critical food poverty.
These estimates were derived from food data provided by
households, and recorded in separate sections to facilitate the
necessary calculations using the acquisition and consumption
approaches.
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Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
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Food deprivation
Given that the different estimates of access to food due to
income, for both acquisition and consumption approaches, had
the same energy quantity, the prevalence of food deprivation
(acquisition) would be higher at country level . However, in
the northern region a lower acquired than consumed energy
quantity would yield a higher food deprivation as the
inequality in access to food was the same.
Important to note is the fact that the results on food
deprivation show an opposite trend compared to the Engel
ratios, particularly in low income households, i.e. the
acquisition approach would under-estimate the Engel ratio and
over-estimate the prevalence of food deprivation. A similar
pattern was observed for household income levels.
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Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
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Food deprivation
Prevalence of food deprivation at country level and by area
and regions
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South
North
Central
North
Rural
urban
Other
Yerevan
Percent
Country
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Food deprivation (Acquisition)
Food deprivation (Consumption)
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Critical Food poverty
Even if critical food poverty in Armenia is very low , the fact
that the acquired energy unit value was lower than the
consumed energy unit value, then the food acquisition
approach would yield a lower critical poverty line, resulting in
a lower prevalence of critical food poverty than using the food
consumption approach.
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Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
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Critical Food poverty
Prevalence of critical food poverty at country level and by area and by
regions
0.5
Prevalence of Critical Food Poverty (Acquisition)
Prevalence of Critical Food Poverty (Consumption)
Percent
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South
North
Central
North
Rural
urban
Other
Yerevan
Nationwide
0.0
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Dietary energy
The estimates of dietary energy, using food data based on
acquisition or consumption at country level, were the same in
quantity at 2020 kilocalories per person per day. However,
households in the two lowest income quintiles had less energy
from acquired than from consumed food quantities. On the
contrary, more energy from acquired than from consumed food,
was observed in households of the two highest income quintiles .
The differences were higher in low income than in high income
households and sampling weights balanced both estimates at
country level.
Households in rural areas had less energy from acquired than
from consumed food, while households in Yerevan had more
energy from acquired than from consumed food .
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Dietary energy
Energy (Kcal/person/day) by income
2500
Acquired energy
Consumed energy
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Country
Quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile
3
2
1
4
5
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Monetary value of food and energy unit value
At country level the monetary value of food was lower
using the acquisition than consumption approach.
Consequently the acquired energy unit value (Drams per
1000 Kcal) was lower than consumed energy unit value, since
the amounts of energy (Kcal per person per day) were similar
for both acquisition and consumption approaches.
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Monetary value of food and energy unit value
Country and regional monetary values of food
(Drams per person per day)
monetary value of acquired food
monetary value of consumed food
500
400
300
200
100
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South
North
Central
North
Yerevan
Country
0
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Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
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Monetary value of food and energy unit value
Energy unit value (Drams/1000 kcal) at country level and by regions
Acquired energy unit value
Consumed energy unit value
250
200
150
100
50
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South
North
Central
North
Yerevan
Country
0
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Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
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25 October, 2007
Inequality in access to food due to income
The inequality in access to food, as measured by the coefficient
of variation (CV) of energy due to income based on food
acquisition, was higher than that based on food consumption at
country level and for all sub groups of population, except in the
central- northern region where both approaches yielded the
same value .
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Inequality in access to food due to income
CV of energy due to income at country level and by area and by regions
18
15
Percent
12
9
6
3
Acquired CV_kcal
South
North
Central
North
Rural
urban
Other
Yerevan
Country
0
Consumed CV_kcal
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Share of food in total consumption
The shares of food monetary value to total consumption
expenditure (Engel ratios) were higher using data on food
collected as consumption than that collected as acquisition,
except in Yerevan. The country results reflected the same
pattern, in terms of difference, as in the regions. The Yerevan
over-estimate was small. Urban and rural population showed a
similar pattern as at country level . The Engel ratios were
higher using food collected as consumption in all quintiles,
except in the highest income level. Given that the purpose of
the food insecurity assessment is to achieve estimates of food
deprivation, it is clear that using food data based on acquisition
would yield underestimates of Engel ratios
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Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
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Share of food in total consumption
Share of food in total consumption expenditure (percent) at national level
and by area and region
100
Share of food as acquired in total
Share of food as consumed in total
consumption expenditure
consumption expenditure
80
60
40
20
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South
North
Central
North
Rural
urban
Other
Yerevan
Nationwide
0
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Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
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25 October, 2007
Conclusion and Remarks
1. It is important to consider collecting food data using the
consumption approach for the purpose of food insecurity
assessment.
2. It is important to consider using the acquisition approach for the
purpose of national accounts.
3. If food acquisition had been used instead of food consumption,
even if the energy quantities had been the same at country level,
food deprivation would have been slightly over-estimated, 33
versus 32 percent; however the over and under-estimation for
sub-national population groups would have been higher. In the
case of non-geographical population groups, food deprivation
derived using the acquisition approach would yield overestimates in low income groups and under-estimates in high
income groups, for example.
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Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
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Conclusion and Remarks
4. The resultant increase in food deprivation from using
acquisition rather than consumption would be due to an overestimation of the coefficient of variation of energy due to
income, 9 versus 6 percent.
5. The decrease in critical food poverty is driven by a lower
energy unit value obtained from using acquisition rather than
consumption. At sub-national levels the over-estimation would
be even of greater magnitude in geographical population
groups.
EC-FAO Food Security Information for Action Programme
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Food Security Statistics and Information for Targeting Poor and Hungry
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Beijing, China
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THANK YOU
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