Transcript Region

Human Geography &
Globalization
By: Joanna Wong & Mikey Holohan
Geography
Geography- the study of the earth
Physical Geography
How natural processes and
their outcomes shape the
earth
• Weather Pattern
• Soil Formation
• Animal Ecology
Human Geography
The spatial organization of
human activities and with
people’s relationships to their
environments
• Agriculture Production
• Population Change
• Regional Planning
5 Themes of Geography
•
Location
Site:
Explains where something is on
the Earth and the effects that
position has on human life
actual location of a settlement
on the earth and is composed
of the physical characteristics
of the landscape specific to
the area
Absolute
Situation:
Measured by
longitude and
latitude
Relative
 Described by
something’s
relationship to
the places
around it
the location of a place relative
to its surroundings and other
places.
5 Themes of Geography
Place
refers to all of the human and
physical attributes in a location
Region
A region is a spatial unit, or
group of places, that share
similar characteristics
– Formal -Area that has common
cultural and physical features
– Functional - Group of places
linked together by some type of
movement or function
– Perceptual - Group of places
linked together because of
perceptions about those places
Human Environment
Interaction
Describes how human activities
affect their environment and
how environmental changes
impact human life
Movement
Movement of information,
people, goods, and other
phenomena
Tools and Methods
• Remote Sensing: acquisition of data about
earth’s surface from satellite images are
transmitted in digital form
• GIS: a computer system that can capture,
story, query, analyze, and display
geographic data
– Data capture: putting the information into the
system
Types of Maps
Topographic Maps
• Measures
elevation
• Lines - Contours
Dot Maps
Isopleth Maps
• Lines measures
places of equal
data value
• Lines - Isolines
Chloropleth Maps
• Dots represent
specified
number of
occurrences
• Shadings
represent
different
variations in
numbers
Scale
Scale: relationship of a feature’s size on
a map to its actual size on earth
•
• Fractional: numerical ratio
between distances on the
map on earth’s surface
• Ex: 1:10,000
• Written: relationship between
the map and earth
distances in words
• Ex: 1 inch equals 100
miles
Graphic: consists of a bar line
marked to show distance on the
earth’s surface
Small scale: less
details, big fraction
Big scale: more
details, small fraction
Projections
Projection: The scientific method of
transferring locations on the earth’s
surface to a flat map
The issues? Projections can distort size,
shape direction, distance
Types of Projections
Mercator
Fuller
• Good for: Size
and Shape
• Bad for:
Direction
• Good for:
Direction
• Bad for: Area
Robinson
Azimuthal
• Good for: well
balanced map,
oceans
• Bad for: all four
areas are
distorted
• Good for:
Direction
• Bad for:
Direction for
anywhere other
than the poles
Distance
• Tobler’s law: Everything is related in
some way, nearer things are more
related than distant things
• Time-Distance Decay: Describes the
rate at which a particular activity or
phenomenon diminishes with
increasing distance
Spatial Distribution
Density
Concentration
Frequency at which something
occurs
A features spread over place
– Arithmetic: total number of
objects per area
– Physiological Density:
number of people per unit
of arable land
Pattern
Geometric arrangement of
objects in space
– Clustered: Close together
– Dispersed: Far apart
Immanuel Kant:
A German philosopher
that differentiated the
difference between
historians and
geographer based on
geographer’s use of
location
Spatial Interaction
Complementarity
The demand in one place with
a matching supply in another
– Specialization
– Resource distribution
Transferability
Cost involved in moving goods
from one place to another
– High transferability rate: little
things that require less cost to
transfer
– Low transferability rate: larger,
more fragile things that cost
more to transfer
Intervening
Opportunity
Determines volume and
pattern of movements, factors
why you pick one thing over
another
Diffusion
Process in which phenomenon
spread from one place to
another
Types of Diffusion
Expansion Diffusion
When an idea develops in the
hearth, and continues to
spread outwards
Relocation Diffusion
Spread of an idea through
physical movement
– Language
– Diseases
Hierarchal: Idea that
spreads from a person
or a major city
Contagious: Rapid
diffusion through
population
Stimulus: Spread of
underlying principle,
not the entirety of the
idea
Regions
Regions: group of places that share
similar characteristics
Formal
• A homogenous
region that shares
one or more
distinctive
characteristics
• Contains
recognized
borders
Functional
• A region bounded
by some type of
function
• Organized around
a focal point
Vernacular
• A place that
people believe
exist as part of a
cultural identity
• Always based on a
person’s
perception
Regionalization
Regionalism: Situations in which different
religious or ethnic groups co-exists within
the same boundaries
Sectionalism: Feelings that develop into
an extreme devotion to regional
interests and customs
Irredentism: Assertion by the
government of a country that a minority
living outside its formal border belongs to
it historically and culturally
Globalization
Globalization: force or process that
involves the entire world and results in
making something worldwide in scope,
basically, the world is inner-connected
and shrinking!
The Three Steps → Modern World
Step #1
Step #3
1st agricultural revolution
Capitalism
– Reciprocal Economy
– Allowed for higher population
densities
– Specialization
– Trade
Step #2
Colonization
– New settlements
– Urbanization, development of
towns and cities for early worldempires
– Major regions of the world is
connected by trade
– Hinterland: Sphere of economic
influence
During this time, major
advancements in
technology were made
as exploration began.
Some centers of
scholarships included:
Baghdad, Damascus,
Cairo, and Granada
Wallerstein’s World-System
World-System
Inter-dependent systems of
countries linked by political and
economic competition
Core
Dominate trade, have the
most advanced technologies
and infrastructure, and high
levels of productivity
Semi-Periphery
In between core and
periphery countries, is still
exploited by the core while
exploiting the peripheryy
countries themselves.
Periphery
Dependent on core countries,
lacks infrastructure,
manufacturing, and
technology, it is undeveloped
with very specialized
economies
Imperialism and the effects
• While every country tried to dominate
globally through imperialism, it led to
major consequences…
– Trade dependency
– Ethnocentrism : Attitude that one race
and culture is superior to others
– Environmental determinism: Human
activities is shaped, and constrained by
the environment
Globalization
Transnational
Corporation
Places where research is
conducted, factories are
operated, and products are
sold to many countries outside
of the headquaters
•
•
Economic differences are
heightened
Periphery countries can be
exploited further
Cultural Globalization
Due to different communication
methods and advertising,
globalization has reached many
different cultures around the
world.
– Can lead to conflicts because
many refuses westernization
Westernization and its Issues
• Sometimes this is referred to as the “New
Imperialism”
• In periphery countries, not all are accepting of
westernization because few can enjoy this
luxury
• The problems?
– Environmental- pollution, climate change
– Health- Increased travel also increase
diseases
– Security- spread of weapons and terrorism
– Disparity- Core is consolidated (rich is getting
richer)
JEOPARDY!
5 Themes of
Geography
Maps,
Models, and
Tools
Spatial
Analysis
Regions
Globalization
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5 Themes of Geography
What is geography?
The study of the earth.
5 Themes of Geography
What is human geography?
The spatial organization of human activities and with
people’s relationships to their environments.
5 Themes of Geography
What are the 5 themes of geography?
Location, Human environment interaction, region,
place, and movement.
5 Themes of Geography
What is a formal region?
Area that has common cultural and physical features.
5 Themes of Geography
What is the difference between site and
situation?
Site is the actual location of a settlement on the earth,
and situation is the location of place relative to its
surroundings and other places.
Maps, Models, and Tools
What are three types of scales used on
maps?
Fractional, written, and graphic.
Maps, Models, and Tools
What is remote sensing?
Aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to
record data on visible, infrared, and microwave
sensor systems
Maps, Models, and Tools
What kind of map is used to represent
spatial dimensions of a particular condition,
process, or events?
Thematic Map
Maps, Models, and Tools
What are the four problems associated
with projections?
They can distort the actual shape, size, distance, and
direction of places on earth.
Maps, Models, and Tools
What map is useful for displaying the
oceans?
Robinson Projection
Spatial Analysis
What is used to calculate the absolute
location of a place on earth?
Latitude and Longitude.
Spatial Analysis
What are the three times of expansion
diffusion?
Hierarchal, contagious, and stimulus.
Spatial Analysis
What term is used to describe that the rate
of a particular activity decreases as
distance increases?
Time Space Convergence
Spatial Analysis
Who compared geography’s concern
for space to history’s concern for time?
Immanuel Kant
Spatial Analysis
What does Tobler’s law state?
Everything is related to everything else, but nearer
things are more related than distant things.
Regions
What are the three types of regions?
Formal, Functional(Nodal), and Perceptual.
Regions
What kind of region would “The South”
be considered?
Perceptual.
Regions
What kind of region are states
considered?
Formal
Regions
What is sectionalism?
Feelings that develop into an extreme devotion to
regional interests and customs.
Regions
What is irredentism?
Assertion by the government of a country that a
minority living outside its formal border belongs to it
historically and culturally.
Globalization
What is causing the world to “shrink”?
Globalization
Globalization
What event allowed for the creation of
cities to become possible?
Neolithic Revolution
Globalization
What are negative consequences of
globalization?
Any of the following- Environmental destruction,
Health issues, Security Issues, and Disparity Issues.
Globalization
What is ethnocentrism?
Attitude that one’s race and culture are superior to
others.
Globalization
Who created the idea of a World System,
which consists of core, semi-periphery, and
periphery countries?
Immanuel Wallerstein
Helpful Reviews
• http://quizlet.com/subject/ap-humangeography-exam-review/
• http://www.studystack.com/APHuman
Geography
• http://www.scuc.txed.net/webpages/j
chavez/tests.cfm?subpage=23825