Transcript Native Americans in Texas

Native Americans in
Texas
Where did they come from?
No one knows exactly when the first people arrived in
North America.
It is believed they arrived as far back as 30,000 years
ago, near the end of the last ice age.
Where did they come from?
Today a water passage called the Bering Strait
connects the Artic and Pacific Oceans.
During the last ice age, ocean levels fell enough that
the bottom of the Bering Strait became dry land.
Early people are believed to have crossed this land
into North America. This is called the Bering Land
Bridge.
Native Americans in Texas
The first Americans did not arrive here all at
one time. It is believed that they arrived in
small bands over thousands of years. These
bands were migrating in search of food and
ended up spread throughout North America.
Early people were hunters and gatherers.
Native American tribes
often migrated for
1. Hunting & gathering
2. Conflict with other Tribes
3. Conflict with European
and American Settlers
Migration- to move from place to place.
Southeastern Tribes
Regions:
Coastal Plains and
the North Central
Plains
Tribes:
Wichita
Caddo,
Atakapan,
http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/kids/caddo/
Southeastern Tribes:
Survival
•Farmers of corn, squash, seeds, beans
and melons
•Lived in permanent villages
•Caddo were the most advanced of these
tribes.
Who were the Caddo Indians?
• Caddoes were the most advanced of the Indian
Tribes in Texas
• Lived in what today is called the Piney Woods
• Lived in villages and furnished homes with
colored rugs, pottery and baskets
• Larger villages of Caddoes settled near major
rivers of the Southeastern regions of Texas.
• Were part of a confederacy of Indian governments
• The Chief of their confederacy was their High
Priest or religious leader.
Caddo homes were permanent,
dome-shaped grass and timber
houses held up by poles.
Some were 60 feet in diameter and
held 8 to 10 families.
Their religious ceremonies
were held inside of
large temples that were
built up on mounds by the
entire community. A sacred
fire always burned in this
temple.
Wichita Indians
• Lived along the Red River
• The men had tattoos around their eyes and called
themselves “raccoon eyes”
• The women tattooed their faces with zig-zag lines,
circles and triangles
• Acquired horses from the Kiowa tribe (from the
Great Plains area)
• In the winter months they moved around
following herds of buffalo and living in tipis
(teepees). This was unusual because most of the
Southeastern Tribes were not migratory.
STOP
REFLECTION TIME:
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Chose ONE thing you found
interesting
WRITE A DESCRIPTION
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describe your picture
PlainsTribes
Regions:
Great Plains
North Central Plains
Tribes:
•Comanche
• Apache
• Kiowa
•Tonkawa
Plains Tribes: Survival
The Plains Indian tribes were
great hunters and were the
first to use horses for hunting.
The use of horses changed the
lives of the Plains Indian
tribes forever.
Because the moved
following buffalo herds, the
Plains Indians lived in
Tipi’s (teepee) which were
easily transported by horse.
Tipis
Gov’t/Beliefs/
Accomplishments
• Hunters and Warriors
• Chief – generally two chiefs (one for war and one for
religion & medicine)
•
Medicine Men were called shamans
• Very, very skilled horsemen
• They were the culture that survived the longest in
Texas after the Europeans came primarily because of
their fighting skills
•
Lived in Tipi’s (teepees) which
were portable
•
Were fierce warriors and used
shields, lances and bows and
arrows
•
Nomadic and constantly moving
because their entire way of life
depended upon the buffalo herds
•
They butchered their kill where
they died and would dry the meat
to preserve it for meals later. This
“jerky” was perfect food for their
nomadic life style.
Comanche
Apache
Apache Camp
The word Apache means “enemy.”
They were named this because they
posed a threat to other tribes
wherever they went.
They were the first of the Plains
Tribes to use horses to move and
hunt.
Apache Food
Tonkawa
These are the Native
Americans that you would
have seen most often in
the “Austin” area
They tried to compete for
buffalo with the Comanche
and Apaches, but were
pushed off their land into
regions where few buffalo
lived. They became
hunters of small game and
gatherers instead
Kiowas
• Smaller Plains Indian tribe
• They were nomads, hunters
of buffalo and rode horses like
all Plains Indians
• They held a celebration called the “Sun Dance.” They
would build a 20’x 60’ lodge of wooden poles and cover
the ground inside with sand. The men would dance without
food or water sometimes for 3 days. They believed the
dance would bring them good fortune.
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REFLECTION TIME
Location
Culture
Plains Indians
Diet
Interesting
fact
GULF
CULTURE
• Region: Coastal
Plains
•Karankawa
• Coahuiltecans
Coahuiltecans
• They lived in a small region between San
Antonio and Corpus Christi. Because this
area was too small to support huge tribes,
they lived in hundreds of small groups;
never organizing into a tribe.
• Lived in moveable grass huts
• Large game like buffalo were scare where
they lived so they ate just about anything
such as lizards, armadillo, worms and
even rotten wood.
Moveable Hut
Karankawas
• Lived along the gulf coast
• They were fisherman and gatherers
• Lived in houses that held about 8 people
• Communicated by sending smoke signals
• Were killed by disease brought to them by the
Spanish who entered the coastal land
• Some evidence shows that they practiced cannibalism
(eating the flesh of other humans, mostly their enemies)
Karankawas
• Traveled by foot and by canoes
made from hollowed-out logs
• Fished with bows and arrows
Explorer Cabeza de Vaca lived with this culture
for years after he shipwrecked near Galveston
Island
Karankawa
Gulf Coast Plains
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Write ONE question on top of the line
Find a friend near you to answer the question
below the line
PUEBLO CULTURE
• Region:
Mountains and
Basins (desert)
• Tiguas
• Jumanos
The Pueblo Indians
• Jumano
• Concho
• Tiguas
Puebloan Peoples
• Lived in the desert lands of
the American Southwest (El
Paso, Presidio and New
Mexico today).
• They lived in large
structures called Pueblos.
• Skilled at farming in a
desert region
• Traded with other Indian
groups and the Spaniards
who explored the region
Jumano People
• Pueblos were made of adobe- wet clay and straw
made into bricks and dried in the sun
• Were able to grow corn, beans, and squash
because they settled near rivers and streams and
had reliable sources of water.
• Traded with other tribes for meat, hides and items
from the Plains area of Texas
• Driven out of their land by the Apaches and forced
to work in mines by the Spanish
Concho Indians
• Smaller tribe that was
close allies with the
Jumano tribe. They were
very much like the Jumano
and some historians even
believe that they
disappeared because they
merged their tribe with the
Jumanos. Other historians
believe that they all died as
a result of diseases brought
to them by the Spanish.
Tigua Indians
• The oldest Native Americans still living in Texas
today
• Life was similar to the other Puebloan Tribes, they
were farmers and ate corn, beans and squash they
grew.
• They stored and cooked food in home made
pottery
• Built kivas- a large room for worship and
meetings
• Many Tiguas have become part of today’s
hispanic culture
Kiva- large rooms used for
religious ceremonies
and council/leadership of the
tribe to meet
Review of Cultures and the Tribes in
Each (copy in journal)
Southeastern
Puebloan
Gulf
Plains
• Caddo
• Tigua
• Karwanakwa
• Comanche
• Wichita
• Jumano
• Coahuiltecans
• Apache
• Tonkawa*