Transcript 2.1 Spanish Explorers and Colonies

kids.britannica.com
LEARNING TARGETS: I CAN…
1. Explain how Spanish explorers built an empire in the
Americas.
2. Describe why the Spanish encouraged settlement in
regions of North America.
3. Summarize the causes and effects of Native American
resistance to the Spanish.
Bellringer: List facts you already know about Native
Americans of the Southwest and about Spanish
conquest of the Americas.
Vocabulary: hidalgo, conquistador, isthmus, colony,
mestizo, presidio, mission, Pueblo Revolt of 1680
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
• Made 4 voyages
to the Americas
between 1492 –
1504
• His reports of
lands, peoples,
and wealth drew
other explorers
after him.
http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/
6993344-some-obscure-but-interesting-factsabout-christopher-columbus
BUILDING A SPANISH EMPIRE
“God, gold, and glory”
• The three major motives
for conquering the region
• They wanted to spread
the Christian religion,
gain wealth, and win
fame.
Hidalgos – adventurous
young Spanish gentlemen
led expeditions against
Muslims in Spain for the
same three motives.
The conquistadors, or
Spanish conquerors of the
Americas, were continuing
the tradition.
http://www.legendsofamerica.com/
na-pueblorevolt.html
SPAIN’S MAJOR EXPLORERS
JUAN PONCE
DE LEON
Born into an upper class
family in Spain
Fought against the
Muslims
While searching in vain
for the “fountain of
youth,” he explored and
named Florida in 1513.
VASCO NUNEZ DE
BALBOA
Born to an upper class
family
An isthmus is a narrow strip
of land that joins two
larger land areas.
In 1513 Balboa and his
Spanish companions
became the first known
Europeans to see the
Pacific Ocean from the
American continent.
EXPLORERS CONTINUED
Ferdinand Magellan
• First to cross the Pacific Ocean starting from the Americas. In
1519. They sailed for 99 days without fresh food or water.
Starving, they were forced to eat the leather on the rigging of
their ships.
• Portuguese, yet explored in Spanish ships for the Spanish king.
• Straits of Magellan…crossed the stormy tip of South America.
• Magellan was later killed in a fight with the people of the
Philippine Islands.
• His crew continued on. After a three year voyage, they became
the first humans known to sail around the Entire earth.
EXPLORERS CONTINUED
Hernan Cortes
•
Spanish explorer eager for wealth.
•
In 1519, he was sent by the Spanish governor of Cuba to conquer the vast empire
ruled by the Aztec people in Mexico.
•
The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, had 400,000 inhabitants and was one of the
world’s largest urban centers.
•
The Aztecs governed 20 million people, a population twice as large as Spain’s at
the time.
•
Cortez had a force of 600 men.
•
Cortez learned the Native Americans in the area hated the Aztecs for conquering
and sacrificing untold numbers of them in brutal ceremonies.
•
With the help of a Native American princess, Malinche or Dona Marina, Cortez
played on the divisions among the NA and rallied thousands of them to his side.
•
By 1521 Cortez and his soldiers had destroyed Tenochtitlan, and Cortez became
conqueror of one of the largest empires in the world.
EXPLORER’S CONTINUED
Francisco Pizarro
• Set out to conquer the
empire of the Incas,
entered in what is now
Peru in South America
• The Incas continued
to resist as the
Spanish attempted to
take control of more
and more of their
empire.
http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro
CONTROL OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE
Colonies – areas settled by immigrants who continue to be ruled by their parent country.
•
By the 1550s, the Spanish colonies amounted to a large empire in Mexico, Central
America, South America, and the islands of the Caribbean Sea.
•
The economic activity that took place in the colonies made the Spanish wealthy.
•
Labor of enslaved NA and Africans, mined silver and gold, established farms and
ranches
•
They did not try to drive the Indians out of their land. They forced them to become part
of the colonial economy.
•
Under the encomienda system, NA were required to farm, ranch, or mine for the profit
of an individual Spaniard.
•
The Spaniard was supposed to ensure the well-being of the workers.
•
Living on the same land, a mixed population called mestizos, which is Spanish for
mixed, evolved.
THE SPANISH PUSH NORTH
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico
•
Shipwrecked near what is now Galveston, Texas in 1528, they wandered through
the Gulf Coast region of Texas for eight years.
•
De Vaca was Spanish while Estevanico was an enslaved African
•
They were rescued by Spanish raiders in Northern Mexico.
•
They had heard stories of seven cities of gold located in the north from NA.
•
Other explorers were inspired to press northward based on these stories.
MORE NORTHERN EXPLORERS
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
•
He also searched for the fabled golden cities.
•
From 1540 – 1542, he traveled through Texas and pushed as far north as
Kansas.
•
He found only some nomadic NA.
Hernan de Soto
•
He landed near what is now Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1539.
•
His route included parts of Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas,
and Oklahoma.
•
They were probably the first Spaniards to cross the Mississippi River.
•
De Soto died of fever in Louisiana in 1542.
FORTS FOR DEFENSE
The Spanish government felt the need to encourage settlement in three neglected
areas.
1. The Southeast Coast –
•
Fleets loaded with silver and gold from the Americas sailed from Cuba to Spain.
•
They wanted to safeguard these fleets.
•
In 1565, Pedro Menendez de Aviles, a conquistador, established the settlement
of St. Augustine in Florida.
2. The Southwest –
•
In January 1598, the conquistador Juan de Onate and 400 others claimed an
area they called New Mexico…including parts of Arizona and Texas.
•
The colony grew to include more than 2000 Spanish people over the next 80
years.
DEFENSES CONTINUED
3. The West Coast –
• California would be
key to establishing
trade routes across
the Pacific Ocean.
• Major efforts to
colonize this
region, however,
did not begin until
the 1700s.
http://www.citytowninfo.com/places/california/map
MISSIONARIES
•
These Spanish settlements were forts, or presidios.
•
The success of the Spanish outposts was not due to the few soldiers occupying
the forts but to the Franciscans.
•
These priests and nuns were a Catholic group dedicated to the work of St. Francis
of Assisi,
•
The settled in Florida and New Mexico as Missonaries.
•
Missionaries are people who are sent out by their church to teach people their
religion.
•
They converted NA to Christianity and established dozens of missions –
headquarters where missionaries lived and worked.
•
With the help of soldiers, they forced the NA into settled villages or
congregacions, where they would farm and worship like Catholic Europeans.
RESISTANCE TO THE SPANISH
•
Some NA nomadic groups like the Apache of the Southwest, refused to cooperate with
the Spanish.
•
NA fighting against the Spanish was generally disorganized.
•
Following years of drought that weakened the Spanish power, the Pueblo people united
in what is called the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.
•
Widespread sickness and drought had reduced the Pueblo population to about
17,000.
•
The Pueblo began to turn back to their traditional religious practices.
•
In August of 1680 the Pueblo people in NM rose under the leadership of a man named
Pope and drove the Spanish out of Santa Fe.
•
The Pueblo killed priests, colonists, and soldiers, and destroyed the Spanish missions.
•
Years passed before the Spanish were able to return and rebuild.
CONTINUED RESISTANCE
• In Florida, similar NA
rebellions occurred in
the late 1600s.
• Some NA combined
forces with the English
in NA, who were at war
with Spain at that time.
• Together they mounted
crushing attacks on
Spanish presidios in
Florida from their own
colony in South Carolina.
• This limited the Spanish
to a total of two new
presidios, San Marcos
de Apalachee and
Pensacola.
http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/
view.aspx?id=621300
EXIT SLIP
1. Summarizing Main Idea: Describe how and where the Spanish built an empire in
the Americas.
2. Organizing Information: Create a graphic organizer showing three reasons why
the Spanish Government encouraged settlement in the three regions of North
America.
3. Cause and Effect: How did legends and rumors play a part in building European
knowledge of the Americas?
4.
Interpret the following motto printed in a Spanish book in 1599: “By the sword
and the compass, more an d more and more and more.”