Transcript PlugIn_B5

Business Plug-In B5
Networks and
Telecommunications
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Compare LANs, WANs, and MANs
2. List and describe the four components
that differentiate networks
3. Compare the two types of network
architectures
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
4. Explain topology and the different
types found in networks
5. Describe TCP/IP along with its primary
purpose
6. Identify the different media types found
in networks
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Networks and Telecommunications
• Telecommunication system - enable the
transmission of data over public or private
networks
• Network - a communications, data
exchange, and resource-sharing system
created by linking two or more computers
and establishing standards, or protocols, so
that they can work together
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Network Basics
• The three types of networks include:
– Local area network (LAN)
– Wide area network (WAN)
– Metropolitan area network (MAN)
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Network Basics
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Network Basics
• Networks are differentiated by the following:
– Architecture: peer-to-peer, client/server
– Topology: bus, star, ring, hybrid, wireless
– Protocols: Ethernet, Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
– Media: coaxial, twisted-pair, fiber-optic
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Architecture
• There are two primary types of
architectures
– Client/server network
– Peer-to-peer (P2P) network
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Client/Server Network
• Client - a computer that is designed to
request information from a server
• Server - a computer that is dedicated to
providing information in response to external
requests
– Client/server network - model for applications
in which the bulk of the back-end processing
takes place on a server, while the front-end
processing is handled by the clients
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Client/Server Computing
Processing
split
between
client &
server
machines
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Client/Server Networks
• Network operating system (NOS) - the operating
system that runs a network, steering information
between computers and managing security and
users
• Packet-switching - occurs when the sending
computer divides a message into a number of
efficiently sized units called packets, each of which
contains the address of the destination computer
• Router - an intelligent connecting device that
examines each packet of data it receives and then
decides which way to send it onward toward its
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destination
Peer-to-peer Network
• Peer-to-peer (P2P)
network - any
network without a
central file server
and in which all
computers in the
network have
access to the public
files located on all
other workstations
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Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networking
P2P is form of distributed
processing that links
computers via the
Internet or private
networks, so that they
can share processing,
memory and storage.
Each computer acts as
both its own client and
server.
Examples :
http://boinc.berkeley.edu/download.php
P2P Directory
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Client/Server Networks
• Client/Server network
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Client/Server Networks
• Worldwide router growth
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Trace a route - Visual Route
• You can see how many routers are
between you and any other computer you
can name or know the IP address for.
•
• Visual Route
• Try a far away website server such as
www.imu.edu.cn
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Topology
• Network topology - refers to the
geometric arrangement of the actual
physical organization of the computers
and other network devices in a network
– Bus topology
– Star topology
– Ring topology
– Hybrid topology
– Wireless
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Topology
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What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network
protocol:
Hi
TCP/IP connection
req
Hi
TCP/IP connection
response
Got the
time?
Get http://www.stfx.ca/schedule
2:00
<file>
time
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Protocols
• Protocol - a standard that specifies the format
of data as well as the rules to be followed during
transmission.
• For two devices on a network to successfully
communicate, they must both understand the
same protocols.
• Interoperability - the capability of two or more
computer systems to share data and resources,
even though they are made by different
manufacturers
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Protocols
• The most popular network protocols used
are:
– Ethernet
– Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol [TCP/IP]
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Ethernet
• Ethernet - a physical and data layer technology
for LAN networking (100 Megabits/second)
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Ethernet
• Ethernet is a local area technology, with
networks traditionally operating within a
single building, connecting devices in
close proximity.
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Ethernet Cable
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Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) - provides the technical
foundation for the public Internet as well as for
large numbers of private network
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TCP/IP standard for connectivity
• Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
• Allows any computer to
communicate with any other
(e.g., a PC and a Mac)
• Four layers to TCP/IP protocol
• Specifies:
– How sending computer to
package data as messages
– How messages will be sent
over the Internet
– How receiving computer will
reassemble message for
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processing
Videos
• TCP/ IP animation
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Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses
• Every node in a network has a unique numeric address
•Form: Four (3 digit numbers) blocks separated by dots
Example:
141.109.221.6 (STFX IP address)
•Each block ranges from 0 to 255.
•Total number of possible IP addresses:
256 X 256 X 256 X 256 = 4,294,967,296 unique values!
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TCP/IP Applications
• SMTP [Simple Mail Transfer Protocol] (mailto Protocol)
– 1971 - first email message was sent from one computer to
another
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
– A communication standard to transfer files over the Internet
• Telnet (Telnet Protocol)
– remote login
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC Protocol)
– Communication via chat
• Usenet (news Protocol)
• Web ( HTTP Protocol)
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TCP/IP Applications
• TCP/IP applications
– File transfer protocol (FTP)
– Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
– Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
– Simple network management Protocol
(SNMP)
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The Browser (client) and The
Server
• The original static model of Web Serving:
HTTP Request
Web
Browser
Web Page
Web
Server
File
System
• The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
enables web pages to be requested and
transferred between the browser and server
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What Is the Internet?
• The Internet is a worldwide network of networks
that uses the client/server model of computing and
based on TCP/IP protocol.
• Using the Internet, any computer (or computing
appliance) can communicate with any other
computer connected to the Internet throughout the
world.
• The Internet has no central management.
• The Internet is used for communications, and to
retrieve a vast store of information.
• It has developed into an effective way for
individuals and organizations to offer information
and products through a Web of graphical user
interfaces and easy-to-use links worldwide.
• Major Internet capabilities include e-mail, Usenet,
LISTSERV, chatting and instant messaging,
Telnet, FTP, and the World Wide Web.
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Internet network architecture
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The Internet connectivity
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Internet Domain Names
- Domain names are used because
people have difficulty remembering IP
numbers
Example:
www.stfx.ca is domain name for the IP
address:
141.109.221.50
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Internet Technology
• Based on client/server technology
• Client computers
– access services and information available on server
computers
– Use software to access server computers
• Web browsers (Netscape, Internet Explorer)
• Email software (Eudora, Outlook)
• Server Computers
– They are programs that provide documents to requesting
browsers. They are slave programs.
– Provide responses to browser requests, either existing
documents or dynamically built documents
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Internet Capabilities ( various Internet
protocols)
• E-mail
– Person -to-person
messaging; document
sharing
• Usenet Newsgroups
– Discussion groups
using electronic bulletin
boards
• List Servers
– Discussion groups
using email list servers
• Chat Rooms
– Interactive
conversations
– Instant Messaging
• Telnet
– Working on one
computer while
logged on to another
• FTP
– Transfer of files from
computer to
computer
• World Wide Web
– Display, format and
retrieve information
using hyperlinks
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INFORMATION SYSTEMS @ X
Uniform Resource Locators
 The URL


Uniform Resource Locators are used to identify document (resources) on the
internet
URL Format: Best understood through the following example:
http://www.stfx.ca/people/habolgha/INFO101/INFO101.htm
Application Layer Protocol
INFO135: Management Information Systems
Host/Domain
Document Path and Name
Voice over IP (VoIP)
• Voice over IP (VoIP) - uses TCP/IP
technology to transmit voice calls over
long-distance telephone lines
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Media
• Network transmission media - refers to
the various types of media used to carry
the signal between computers
– Wire media (guided)
– Wireless media (unguided)
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Wire Media
•
Wire media - transmission material
manufactured so that signals will be
confined to a narrow path and will behave
predictably
•
Three most commonly used types include:
1. Twisted-pair wiring
2. Coaxial cable
3. Fiber optic (or optical fiber)
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Wire Media
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Wireless Media
• Wireless media - natural parts of the
Earth’s environment that can be used as
physical paths to carry electrical signals
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E-Business Network
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E-Business Network
• Virtual private network (VPN) - a way to use the public
telecommunication infrastructure (e.g., Internet) to provide
secure access to an organization’s network
• Valued-added network (VAN) - a private network, provided by
a third party, for exchanging information through a high
capacity connection
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Videos
• Computer tour
• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/howstuff
works/23-computer-tour-video.htm
•
• Internet Basics
• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/computer
/internet-basics-videos.htm
•
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•
• LAN Local Area Networks: Connecting
two Computers
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_u3hN
RZWMcc&feature=related
•
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Videos
•
•
•
•
•
How a Computer Network Works
computer network topologies
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
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Video
Computer Networking Tutorial 1: Introduction to Networking
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVvEheZVwdg&NR=1&feature=fvwp
Computer Networking Tutorial 2: Networking Basics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyTLPl5t-0Q&feature=channel
Computer Networking Tutorial - 3 - Network Topology
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfEDPQAYH4k&feature=channel
Computer Networking Tutorial - 4 - OSI Model Physical Layer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqOvu-wAAM0&feature=channel
Computer Networking Tutorial - 5 - OSI Model Data Link Layer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JL_wrvuvsqc&feature=channel
Computer Networking Tutorial - 6 - OSI Model Network and Transport Layer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWLI_Pz4PZw&feature=channel
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