Transcript 5G - Assignment Point

5G Wireless
Communication Networks
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Presentation Outline
Overview
Objective of 5G
EU Project METIS
Key Technologies to Get to 1000x Data Rate
Architecture of 5G
References
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1. Overview
Wireless system designers have been facing the continuously
increasing demand for high data rates and mobility required by new
wireless applications (for example femtocell mobility) and therefore
have started research on fifth generation wireless systems that are
expected to be deployed beyond 2020.
The requirement of heterogeneous wireless devices and wideranging applications on extremely dense urban scenarios has led to
challenging conditions that cannot be easily handled by 4G systems,
such as the inefficient use of the frequency spectrum and the high
energy consumption.
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2. Objective of 5G
The main objective of 5G is to support the mobile data traffic at
extremely high speed. Data rate can be measured in several different
ways:
Aggregate data rate refers to the total amount of data the network
can serve, characterized in units of bits/s/area. It indicates the
density of throughput in service area. The increased in data rate will
be roughly 1000x from 4G to 5G.
Edge rate, or 5% rate, is the worst data rate that a user can
reasonably expect to receive when in range of the network. Goals for
the 5G edge rate range from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps.
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Latency: 5G will need to be able to support a roundtrip latency of
about 1 ms, where current 4G roundtrip latencies are on the order of
about 15 ms.
Energy and Cost: As we move to 5G, costs and energy consumption
will, ideally, decrease, but at least they should not increase on a perlink basis. Since the per-link data rates being offered will be increasing
by about 100x, this means that the Joules per bit and cost per bit (in
context of call charge) will need to fall by at least 100x. Small cells
should be 10-100x cheaper and more power efficient than macrocells.
A major cost consideration for 5G, even more so than in 4G due to the
new BS densities and increased bandwidth, is the backhaul from the
network edges into the core.
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3. EU project METIS
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The EU project METIS which stands for Mobile and wireless
communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society.
The main objective of the project is to lay the foundation of 5G, the
next generation mobile and wireless communications system. The project
consortium consists of 25 partners representing vendors, operators,
academic institutions, and the automotive industry.
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World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC)
World radiocommunication conferences (WRC) are held every three to
four years. It is the job of WRC to review, and, if necessary, revise the
Radio Regulations. Revisions are made on the basis of an agenda
determined by the ITU Council, which takes into account
recommendations made by previous world radiocommunication
conferences.
Exploratory research
2012
2013
WRC’12
2014
Standardization
activities
Pre-standardization
activities
2015
2016
2017
WRC’15
2018
2019
Commercialization
2020
WRC’18/19
World Radio Communication Conference (WRC) of 5G
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5G Challenges
Avalanche of
Massive growth in
Traffic Volume
Connected
Devices
“Communicating machines”
Further expansion of
mobile broadband
Use cases
&
Requirements
Device-to-Device
Communications
Additional traffic due to
communicating machines
“1000x in ten years”
Large diversity of
Car-to-Car Comm.
“50 billion devices in 2020”
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New requirements and
characteristics due to
communicating machines
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METIS Technical Objectives
1000x data
volume
50/500 B
devices
Up to
10Gbps
Few ms E2E
10 years
1000x
10-100x
10-100x
5x
10x
higher mobile
data volumes
higher number of
connected devices
typical end-user
data rates
lower latency
longer battery life
for low-power devices
5G Future
Integration
of access technologies
into one seamless experience
Evolution
Complementary
new technologies
Revolution

Massive MIMO

Ultra-Dense
Networks


Moving Networks

Respond to traffic explosion
Extend to novel applications
10 x longer battery life
for low power M2M
10 -100 x higher typical user rate
1000 x higher mobile data volume
per area
Higher Frequencies
10 -100 x higher number of
connected devices
5 x reduced E2E latency
Existing technologies in 2012
3G
4G
Wifi
D2D Communications

Ultra-Reliable
Communications

Massive Machine
Communications
Following services are integrated under MEITS
A. Device-to-Device (D2D)
Direct D2D Communication refers to direct communication between
devices, without routing the data paths through any network
infrastructure. A direct link without routing via Evolved Node B (eNB)
and possibly Core Network (CN). In the D2D communication BSs do
not have any more the overall control, but the control is at some extent
moved to UEs.
The goals are to increase coverage, to offload backhaul and to increase
spectrum usage and capacity per area.
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B. Machine to Machine (M2M) Communication
When talking about Machine-to-Machine Communication, we talk
about local or global wireless ad-hoc networks of devices or machines
equipped with embedded communication systems. They allow them to
communicate autonomously with each other without human
intervention. Few examples of M2M communication of 5G is given
below.
Cars or Vehicles are also machines. In cases of M2M they are able to communicate
with each other, if they share the same network. Intelligent Transport Systems that, for
example, will provide cars and buses with information about road traffic or accidents
ahead.
Another use for communicating devices is for industrial applications. This can be
used for remote control of heavy machinery in remote or hazardous places.
A fleet of drones (flying robots) equipped with sensors and intelligent algorithms
could be enabled to apply intelligent algorithms. A drone could learn a new route and
instantly teach it to other drones of the fleet. They could as well exchange
environmental information like weather,
air-pressure or humidity.
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D. Moving Networks (MN)
A moving network node for example
MFemtocell (Mobile
Femtocell)is a small cell that can move around and dynamically change
its connection to an operator’s core network
The 5G cellular architecture should also be a heterogeneous one, with
macrocells, microcells, small cells, and relays.
An MFemtocell is a small cell that can move around and dynamically
change its connection to an operator’s core network. It can be deployed
on public transport buses, trains, and even private cars to enhance service
quality to users within vehicles.
MFemtocells are located inside vehicles to communicate with users
within the vehicle, while large antenna arrays are located outside the
vehicle to communicate with outdoor BSs. An MFemtocell and its
associated users are all viewed as a single unit to the BS. From the user
point of view, an MFemtocell is seen as a regular BS.
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MFemtocells can contribute to signaling overhead reduction of the
network. For instance, an MFemtocell can perform a handover on
behalf of all its associated users, which can reduce the handover
activities for users within the MFemtocell. This makes the
deployment of MFemtocells suitable for high-mobility environments.
In addition, the energy consumption of users inside an Mfemtocell
can be reduced due to relatively shorter communication range and
low signaling overhead.
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E. Ultra-dense Networks (UDN)
Ultra-Dense Networks (UDN) refers to an access node densification
far beyond today’s networks.
A straightforward but extremely effective way to increase the
network capacity is to make the cells smaller.
Cell shrinking has numerous benefits, the most important being the
reuse of spectrum across a geographic area and the ensuing reduction
in the number of users competing for resources at each BS.
Difficult to support mobility of users against frequent handoff and
installation cost.
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F. Ultra-reliable Networks (URN)
Ultra-Reliable Communication (URC) refers to solutions that will enable
high degrees of reliability and availability. In this context, METIS aims
at providing scalable and cost-efficient solutions for networks supporting
services with extreme requirements on availability and reliability.
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G. Millimeter Wave
Terrestrial wireless communication systems have largely restricted
their operation to the relatively slim range of microwave frequencies
that extends from several hundred MHz to a few GHz and corresponds
to wavelengths in the range of a few centimeters up to about a meter.
Fortunately, vast amounts of relatively idle spectrum do exist in the
mmWave range of 30– 300 GHz, where wavelengths are 1–10 mm.
The main reason that mmWave spectrum lies idle is that, until
recently, it had been deemed unsuitable for mobile communications
because of rather hostile propagation qualities, including strong
pathloss, atmospheric and rain absorption, low diffraction around
obstacles and penetration through objects, and, further, because of
strong phase noise and exorbitant equipment costs.
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H. Massive MIMO:
In massive MIMO, a very large antenna array is used at each base
station. Massive MIMO can be used for a more efficient backhaul
wireless link or even for the access link, in which a large number of
users are served simultaneously.
We know that wireless users stay indoors for about 80 percent of
time, while only stay ourdoors about 20 percent of the time . The
current conventional cellular architecture normally uses an outdoor
BS in the middle of a cell communicating with mobile users, no
matter whether they stay indoors or outdoors.
For indoor users communicating with the outdoor BS, the signals
have to go through building walls, and this causes very high
penetration loss, which significantly damages the data rate, spectral
efficiency, and energy efficiency of wireless transmissions.
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One of the key ideas of designing the 5G cellular architecture is to
separate outdoor and indoor scenarios so that penetration loss
through building walls can somehow be avoided.
Outdoor BSs will be equipped with large antenna arrays with
some antenna elements (also large antenna arrays) distributed around
the cell and connected to the BS via optical fibers.
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Different alternatives for the deployment of massive MIMO,
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including distributed antennas,
planar arrays and cylindrical arrays.
Outdoor mobile users are normally equipped with limited numbers
of antenna elements, but they can collaborate with each other to form
a virtual large antenna array, which together with BS antenna arrays
will construct virtual massive MIMO links.
Large antenna arrays will also be installed outside of every
building to communicate with outdoor BSs or distributed antenna
elements of BSs, possibly with line of sight (LoS) components.
Large antenna arrays have cables connected to the wireless access
points inside the building communicating with indoor users. This will
certainly increase the infrastructure cost in the short term while
significantly improving the cell average throughput, spectral
efficiency, energy efficiency, and data rate of the cellular system in
the long run.
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Challenges of massive MIMO
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Architectural Challenges: A more serious challenge to the
realization of the massive MIMO vision has to do with its
architecture. The vision requires radically different BS structures
where, in lieu of a few high-power amplifiers feeding a handful of
sector antennas, we would have a myriad of tiny antennas fed by
correspondingly low-power amplifiers; most likely each antenna
would have to be integrated with its own amplifier.
Coexistence with Small Cells: As mentioned earlier, massive
MIMO BSs would most likely have to coexist with tiers of small
cells, which would not be equipped with massive MIMO.
As networks become dense and more traffic is offloaded to small
cells, the number of active users per cell will diminish and the
need for massive MIMO may decrease.
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Coexistence with mmWave: We know, mmWave communication
requires many antennas for beamsteering. The antennas are much
smaller at these frequencies and thus very large numbers there of
can conceivably fit into portable devices, and these antennas indeed
provide beamforming power gain.
Full-Dimension MIMO and Elevation Beamforming: Existing
BSs mostly feature linear horizontal arrays, which in tower
structures can only accommodate a limited number of antennas, due
to form factors, and which only exploit the azimuth angle
dimension. By adopting planar 2D arrays and further exploiting the
elevation angle, so-called full-dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO) can
house many more antennas with the same form factor.
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METIS
5G
Architecture
Amazingly Fast scenario
Local break out & Distributed mobile core
functions
Accelerated content delivery
Tech. Dependent
high data rates & network capacities
Ultra-Dense Networks (UDN)
ISD about 10 m
>= 1 radio nodes per room
D2D, MMC (Massive Machine Comm.), Moving
Networks (MN), UDN Ultra-reliable Comm. (URC)
C-RAN +
Mobile Core – Distributed Functions
(incl. optional local breakout or CDN)
C-RAN
D2D / URC
CoMP
…
MMC
Massive
MIMO
Internet
MN
UDN
Macro radio node*
Small cell radio node*, e.g.
micro, (ultra-)pico, femto
Note: Indoor cells not shown!
* Only Remote Radio Units (RRUs) assumed.
Aggregation Network (local, regional, national)
Centralized
or
distributed?
Mobile Core
– Centralized
Functions
+ OAM
Wireless access
Wireless fronthaul
Wired fronthaul
Wired backhaul
Internet access
4. Key Technologies to Get to 1000x
Data Rate
Main features of 5G wireless communication systems are:
Base Station Densification
Multi-RAT (Radio Access Technology) Association,
Cognitive Radio Networks,
Mobile Femtocell
Green Communications
Millimeter Wave
Massive MIMO.
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Multi-RAT (Radio Access Technology) Association:
Networks will continue to become increasingly heterogeneous as
we move towards 5G. A key feature therein will be increased
integration between different RATs, with a typical 5G-enabled
device having radios capable of supporting not only a potentially
new 5G standard but also 3G, numerous releases of 4G LTE
including possibly LTE-Unlicensed, several types of WiFi, and
perhaps direct device-to-device (D2D) communication, all across a
great many spectral bands.
Determining the optimal user association can be a massive
combinatorial optimization problem that depends on the SINR from
every user to every BS and the instantaneous load at each BS.
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Fig. 1: User association in a multi-RAT network over many frequency bands is complex.
In this simplified scenario, a mobile user in turn associates with different BSs based on a
tradeoff between the gain to that BS and the traffic load (congestion) that it is
experiencing.
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Cognitive Radio Networks:
The CR network is an innovative software defined radio technique
considered to be one of the promising technologies to improve the
utilization of the congested RF spectrum.
Adopting CR is motivated by the fact that a large portion of the radio
spectrum is underutilized most of the time. In CR networks, a secondary
system can share spectrum bands with the licensed primary system,
either on an interference-free basis or on an interference-tolerant basis.
CR receivers should first monitor and allocate the unused spectrums
via spectrum sensing (or combining with geolocation databases) and feed
this information back to the CR transmitter. A coordinating mechanism is
required in multiple CR networks that try to access the same spectrum to
prevent users colliding when accessing the matching spectrum holes.
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Green Communications
The design of 5G wireless systems should take into account
minimizing the energy consumption in order to achieve greener
wireless communication systems. Wireless system operators around
the world should aim to achieve such energy consumption
reductions, which consequently contribute to the reduction of CO2
emissions. The indoor communication technologies are promising
deployment strategies to get better energy efficiency.
Moreover, by separating indoor traffic from outdoor traffic, the
marcocell BS will have less pressure in allocating radio resources
and can transmit with low power, resulting in a significant
reduction in energy consumption.
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6. Architecture of 5G
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5G network architecture under METIS (Enablers for the Twentytwenty Information Society) project funded by European
Commission
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The MasterCore
Architecture
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The MasterCore Equipments (MCE) :
In 5G MasterCore these mobile and other devices (Laptop, local
networking devices etc.) are referred as the MasterCore
Equipments (MCE) as they are improved with nanotechnology,
Beam Transceiver, Advance Optical Line Terminal (AOLT),
Advance Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AAWG). Nanotechnology
refers NanoEquipments (NE) are Morph, Graphene's Transistor,
GPS, Micro-Micro Phones, Liquid lens, Intelligent Batteries and
Nanosensor.
5G-IU
5G-IU (5G Interfacing Unit) acts to make the most powerful of 5G
wireless communication system. Because, all sorts of radio access
technologies are combined in a common platform is complex form
of aggregation. It will be more complex in future when added new
radio access technologies.
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The MasterCore Technologies (MCT)
These technologies have their own impact on exiting wireless network which makes them in to
5G. The different segments of the MasterCore Technology (MCT) are displayed below in figure
below.
Segments of the MasterCore Technology (MCT)
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Parallel Multimode (PMM)
In 5G Wireless Communication Systems, The MasterCore can be
operated into parallel multimode such as All IP Network Mode, 5G
Network Mode, where in All IP Network Mode controls all network
technologies of RAN and DAT (Different Access Networks) up to 5G
new deployments. 5G Network Mode manages all new deployments
based on 5G as a result 5G network systems will be more efficiency,
powerful and less complicated.
The All-IP Network (AIPN) is an evolution of the 3GPP system to
fulfill the increasing demands of the cellular communications
market .
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the application of nanoscience to control process
on nanometer scale between 0.1 to 100nm. As the future applications
will require more memory and computing power to offer higher data
rates, current technologies can not resolve these challenges.
Fortunately, nanotechnology could provide effective solutions for
power efficient computing, sensing, memory enlargement, and
humanmachine interaction.
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Nanotechnology has shown its impact on both mobile as well as the
core network as follows.
The mobile device has become more than a communication device
in modern world; computation and communication are ready to
serve the user in an intelligent way. Mobile devices together with the
intelligence, embedded in human environments, will create a new
platform that enables ubiquitous sensing, computing, and
communication. With nanotechnology mobile phones can act as
intelligent sensors that have applications in many industries, among
them transportation, communications, medicine and safety.
The core network requires high speed and a reliable capacity to
manipulate and interoperate increasing number of heterogeneous
access technologies. At present, nanotechnologies are used in Digital
Signal Processing (DSP) Fabrication, introducing new perceptions in
DSP designing that increases the overall system speed & capacity.
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Cloud computing
Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central
remote server to maintain data and applications. In 5G networks this
central remote server could be a content provider. Cloud computing
allows consumers and business to use applications without
installation and access their personal files at any computer with
internet access. The same concept is going to be used in multi-core
technology where the user tries to access his private account form a
global content provider through cloud computing.
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