Transcript Decision Making

“MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEM”
By
Kishor Deshmukh
Management
Information System
UNIT-I
MIS: DEFINATION

The system which provides information for decision making
in an organization.

It is also known as Information System, Information &
decision system, Computer based information system.

The system which support decision making function in org.

In every org. time goes in data collection, processing,
documenting & communicating the people.

MIS plays a role of information generation, communication.
DATA, INFORMATION & SYSTEM
• Generating Information:
Computer-based ISs take data as raw material, process
it, and produce information as output.
DATA, INFORMATION & SYSTEM
 Examples:
 Data : Thermometer readings of temperature taken every
hour:
16.0, 17.0, 16.0, 18.5, 17.0,15.5….
 Information – today’s high: 18.5
today’s low: 15.5
DATA, INFORMATION & SYSTEM
 What Is a System?
System: A set of components that work together to
achieve a common goal
Subsystem: One part of a system where the products of
more than one system are combined to reach an ultimate
goal
Closed system: Stand-alone system that has no contact
with other systems
Open system: System that interfaces with other systems
DATA, INFORMATION & SYSTEM
Elements
System
Inputs
Movie
Actors, director,
staff, sets,
equipment
Processing
elements
Filming,
editing,
special
effects,
distribution
Goal
Outputs
Finished film Entertaining
delivered to movie, film
movie studio awards,
profits
DATA, INFORMATION & SYSTEM
Environment
Organisation
Input
Processing
Feedback
Output
DATA, INFORMATION & SYSTEM
External Environment
Organisation
People
Information
System
Technology
Role Of MIS

Role of MIS can be compared to the role of heart in the
body.

MIS satisfies the needs through variety of systems such as
Query system, Analysis system, Modelling Systems, &
Decision Support System.

MIS plays a role of information generation, communication.

It helps in the process of decision making.

It is supported by the use of mgt. tools of planning & control
Impact Of MIS

MIS plays very important role.

It creates impact on organization’s functions, performance,
& product.

with good MIS support, the mgt. of marketing, finance,
production becomes more efficient.

Time required is very less.

The tracking & monitoring of functional targets becomes
easy.
MIS & The User

Every person in organization is user of MIS.

The people in organization operate at all levels in the
hierarchy.

A typical user is a clerk, an assistant, an officer, an
executive or a manager.

Each of them has specific task & a role to play in the mgt of
business.

MIS has to satisfy the needs of all the person.
MIS: Concept

MIS is necessity of all the organization.

To process data from org. & present it in the form of reports.

The information is a product of analysis of data.

System should present information in such a form & format
that it creates an impact on its user.

Some modifications & sort of selective approach is
necessary.

The norm for an exception is necessary.
MIS: Concept
MIS
Business
Goals &
Mission
Application of Pure
& Social Science
Application of Principles &
Practices of Management
Use of Database & Knowledge
Base
Information Tech. & Enterprise Software
Conceptual View of MIS
MIS: Concept
EIS
Business
Information
System
Mission Critical
Applications
Functional Information
Applications
Databases & Knowledge Base
Data Processing & Analysis Systems
OLTP, Data & Validation System
Physical View of MIS
A Support To The Management

Mgt process is executed through a variety of decision taken
at each step of planning, organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating and control.

MIS aids decision making.

Objective of MIS is to provide information for decision
support.

Business goals are achieved in most efficient manner.

Decision making is not restricted to a particular level.
A Support To The Management
Steps in mgt.
Decision
Planning
Selection from various alternatives
Organization
Selection of goals, people, resources,
method & authority.
Staffing
Providing proper manpower
Directing
Choosing methods of directing the efforts in
the organization.
Coordinating
Choice of the tools & techniques for optimum
result.
Controlling
Selection of exception conditions & providing
the decision guidance.
Characteristics Of Valuable
Information

Accurate,

Complete,

Economical,

Flexible,

Reliable,

Relevant,

Simple,

Timely

Verifiable,

Accessible,

Secure.
Management
Information System
UNIT-II
Unit-II
 Basics of MIS :
 Decision making.
 Decision methods.
 Behavioral concepts.
 Organizational decision making.
 MIS and decision making concepts.
 Information concepts and classification.
 Methods of data and information collection.
 Value of information, organization and information.
 Human as an information processor.
 Development of MIS and choice of IT.
Decision-Making
Concepts
 Decision: a reasoned choice among alternatives.
 Examples:
 Where to advertise a new product
 What stock to buy
 What movie to see
 Where to go for dinner
Decision Making:-- a process of choosing among
alternative courses of action for the purpose of
attaining a goal or goals
Characteristics of Business
Decision Making
a) Sequential in nature.
b) Exceedingly complex due to risks & trade offs.
c) Influenced by personal values.
d) Made in institutional setting & business
environment.
Rational Decision Making
 Ensures the achievement of the goal.
 If it is raining it is rational to look for a cover.
 The rationality of decision made is not the same
in every situation.
 It will vary with the organization.
 Any business decision if review by a share
holder, a customer, an employee will result in
different criticism due to difference individual’s
rationality
Rational Decision Making
Steps in Rational Decision
Making






Define the problem
Identify the decision criteria
Allocate weights to the criteria
Develop the alternatives
Evaluate the alternatives
Select the best alternatives
Steps in Rational Decision
Making
1.
Define the
problem
6.
2.
Select the
best alternative
Identify the
criteria
Making a Decision
5.
3.
Evaluate the
alternatives
Allocate weights
to the criteria
4.
Develop
alternatives
The Problems in Making
Rational Decisions
 Ascertaining the problem
 Insufficient knowledge
 Not enough time to be rational
 The environment may not cooperate
 Other limitations
Decision Making Process
 Decision making is a process which the
decision maker uses to arrive at a decision.
 The process is described by Herbert Simon
in a model.
This gentleman won a Nobel Prize!
Decision Making Process
 Herbert Simon’s decision
making model
•
•
Simple
Decision process
modeled as a “flow” of
events
Decision Making Process
 Intelligence Phase
•
•
•
Collect raw material
Process & examine
Identify the problem
calling for decision
Decision Making Process
 Design Phase
•
•
•
Identify the key variables
Create model to aid
decision making.
Identify the alternative
solutions.
Decision Making Process
 Example of Statistical Model-Factory
Should we be
concerned
about model?
The model
sounds
good
Decision Making Process
Choice Phase
• Select one alternative as a
decision, based on the
selection criteria.
• Selection criteria such as
max profit, least cost, least
time.
Decision Making Process
Implementation Phase
• Implement the decision
• Monitor
• Make adjustments
Types of Decision Making
System
There are two types of systems based on the
managers knowledge about the environment.
 Closed decision making system
 Open decision making system
Types of Decision Making
System
 Closed decision making system




Known set of decision alternatives.
Outcomes are known.
The manager has model or rule.
Based on some goal manager can choose one
of them.
 Eg: examination system to declare pass or fail,
fixed deposits.
Types of Decision Making
System
 Open decision making system
 Manager does not Know all the decision
alternatives.
 Outcome of decision is not known fully.
 No method, rule or model is available to study.
 It is difficult to decide an objective or goal.
 Eg: Pricing of a new product, plant location
Goal of MIS
 MIS tries to convert every open system into
closed system by providing information support.
 MIS gives information support so that manager
knows more & more about environment.
Nature of Decision
 Decision making is a complex situation.
 To resolve the complexity, the decisions are
classified as programmed & non programmed
decisions.
Nature of Decision
 Programmed Decision
 Decision can be based on a rule, method or
even guidelines.
 If such rules can be developed then MIS can be
designed to make a decision.
 The system in such case plays a role of decision
maker based on a given rule or method.
Nature of Decision
 Non-programmed Decision
 Decision which can not be made by using rule or
method.
 Such decisions are infrequent.
 MIS can help to some extent in identifying the
problem.
 MIS can develop support system in the nonprogrammed decision making situation.
Assignment
1) Discuss the various activities performed through
an MIS in any business organization.
2) What are different types of strategies. Explain it
in brief.
3) State the differences between MIS & the
computer system.
4) What are the different methods to avoid misuse
of information.
Behavioural Concepts in
Decision-Making
 One manager may not the same as that of other
managers.
 They differs on the behavioural platform.
 The manager differ in their approach towards
decision making in the organization.
 They can be classified into two categories
•
Achievement Oriented
•
Task Oriented
Behavioural Concepts in
Decision-Making
 Achievement Oriented
•
Looking for excellence
•
Always opt for the best.
•
He will be scientific & therefore more rational.
Behavioural Concepts in
Decision-Making
 Task Oriented
•
Looking of completion of the task somehow.
•
Achievement doesn’t matter.
Behavioural Concepts in
Decision-Making
 The managers personal values will influenced.
 Behaviour is influenced by position he holds.
 Behaviour is also influenced by fear & an
anxiety.
Methods for Deciding
Decision Alternatives
 There are different methods to help the manager
decide among the alternatives.
 There are methods for selection of decision
alternatives with the goals.
1) Optimization Techniques.
2) Payoff Analysis.
3) Decision Tree Analysis.
Methods for Deciding
Decision Alternatives
 Optimization Techniques.
 Linear Programming, Integer Programming,
Dynamic Programming, Queuing Models & so
on are examples of optimization techniques.
 Computer algorithms and programs are
readily available to handle many problems of
this class.
 The major problem is to construct the model
correctly.
Statistical Decision
Theory
 Decision Theory provides a rational framework
for choosing between the different alternatives
when the choices are imperfectly known.
 The theory provides techniques for
mathematically evaluating the outcomes of
alternative action in a given situation.
 In all cases decision maker has an objectives
(eg. Maximize profit)
 Two methods: Payoff Matrix & Decision Tree
Methods for Deciding
Decision Alternatives
 Payoff Analysis
 When all the alternatives & their outcomes are
not known with certainty.
 The payoff matrix consists of rows for the
alternatives or strategies available and
columns for the conditions that affect the
outcomes.
 Each cell contains the payoff (the
consequences) in dollars if that strategy is
chosen and that state occurs.
Methods for Deciding
Decision Alternatives
 Payoff Matrix
States of Nature
Strategies
S1
S2
S3
n1
n2
n3
n4
Methods for Deciding
Decision Alternatives
 Payoff Analysis
 Example 1: The Anniversary Problem
You are suddenly driving home from work in
the evening when you suddenly recall that your
wedding anniversary comes about this time of
year. In fact, it seems quite probable, (but not
certain), that it is today. You can still stop at the
local florist and buy a dozen roses, or you may go
home empty-handed and hope the anniversary lies
in the future.
What do you do?
Anniversary Problem
Payoff Matrix
Possible Outcomes (States of Nature)
Decision
Alternatives
(Strategies)
Buy Flowers
Do Not
Buy Flowers
It IS Your
Anniversary
It IS NOT Your
Anniversary
DOMESTIC
BLISS
SPOUSE SUSPICIOUS
AND YOU ARE OUT
$50
SPOUSE IN TEARS
AND
YOU IN DOGHOUSE
STATUS QUO
Decision Tree for
Anniversary Problem
DOMESTIC
BLISS
Anniversary
Buy Flowers
NOT
Anniversary
$50 LOSS AND
SUSPICIOUS WIFE
DOGHOUSE
Do Not
Buy Flowers
Decision Point
Resolution of
Uncertainty
Anniversary
NOT
Anniversary
STATUS QUO
Planning Models
 A planning model is a method for structuring,
manipulating & communicating the future plans.
 Simple Profit Model:
Sales = input variable
Cost of Sales = 0.4 x sales
Gross Margin = sales - cost of sales
Operating expenses = input variable
Profit before taxes = gross margin - operating
expenses
Taxes = 0.48 x profit before taxes
Net Profit = profit before taxes - taxes
The Role of Models in
Decision Making
 A major characteristic of decision-making is the
use of models.
 A model is a simplified representation or
abstraction of reality.
 It is usually simplified because reality is too
complex to copy.
 Basis idea is that analysis is performed on a
model rather than on reality itself.
Organizational Decision
Making
 An organization is an arrangement of individuals
having different goals.
 Each individual having different powers & rights.
 Hierarchy of goals which may be conflicting, self
defeating & inconsistent.
 In case of inconsistent goals, the conflict in the
organization increases.
 The organizational decision making should help
in the resolution of such conflicts.
Organizational Decision
Making
 Dealing with Uncertainty.
 The organizations perform in an environment of
uncertainty.
 Ex. Market uncertainty, the price fluctuation, the
changes in govt policy, technology changes are
some factors which make the business envt
uncertainty.
 Org. behaviour towards minimizing the risk in
decision making.
Organizational Decision
Making
 Organizational Learning
 Learning provides a strength to review the goals.
 Learning provides to set goals more correctly.
 As the time progresses, the org. may have new
set of goals & objectives.
 Org. may take a fresh look at the alternatives,
outcomes, methods.
 Adopting such methods the org builds skills &
capabilities in mgt.
MIS & Decision Making
 Simon Model
 Programmed Decision
 Non programmed decision
 Closed & Open Decision Making system
 Organizational & Behavioural aspects.
Information Concepts
 Information is equivalent to the finished goods
produced after processing raw material.
 The information has a value in decision making.
 Information brings clarity & create intelligent
human response in the mind
Information Concepts
 Information has following characteristics.
 Improves representation of an entity.
 Updates the level of knowledge.
 Has a surprise value.
 Reduces uncertainty.
 Aids in decision making.
Information Concepts
 Information Presentation
 Presentation of information is an art
 The data can be collected in best possible
manner & processed analytically.
 Method of improving communication is
message routing.
 Knowledge is a power & an intelligent person
can misuse this power.
Information: A Quality
Product
 Information is a product of data processing.
 The manager will determine the quality of
information.
 The quality of information can be measured on
the four dimensions
•
•
•
•
Utility
Satisfaction
Error
Bias
Information: A Quality
Product
 Utility:
 The utility dimension has four facets:
• The form,
• The time
• The access
• The possession
Information: A Quality
Product
 Parameters Impacting Quality
 Impartiality
 Validity
 Reliability
 Consistency
 Age
Classification of Information
 Action Versus No-action Information
 Recurring Versus Non-recurring Information
 Internal Versus External Information
 Planning Information
 Control Information
 Knowledge
Methods of Data &
Information Collection
 Observation
 Experiment
 Survey
 Subjective Estimation
 Transaction Processing Purchased from outside
 Publication
 Government agencies
Value of Information
General Model of a Human as
an Information Processor
 A decision maker uses his sensory receptors.
Management Information
System
UNIT-III
Unit-III
Applications of MIS :
 Applications in manufacturing sector,
 Applications in service sector,
 Introduction to service, sector,
 Creating a destructive services,
 MIS applications in service industries
 Role of MIS in source industries.
DSS:
 Concepts and philosophy,
 Deterministic systems and knowledge based
expert systems.
 MIS and role of DSS.
 MIS in Enterprise Management System.
Decision Support System
 Decision support systems are an application of
Herbert Simon Model.
 DSS is an organized collection of people,
procedures, software, databases, and devices
used to help make decisions that solve problems
 Focus of a DSS is on decision-making
effectiveness when faced with unstructured or
semistructured business problems
Components of Decision
Support System
 Model base: provides decision makers access to a
variety of models and assists them in decision
making
 Financial models
• Spreadsheets often used
 Statistical analysis models
 Graphical models
• Charts, Maps
 Project management models
• Timeline tracking of resources and tasks
Components of Decision
Support System
 Database
 External database access
 Access to the Internet and corporate intranet, networks,
and other computer systems
 Dialogue manager: allows decision makers to easily
access and manipulate the DSS and to use common
business terms and phrases.
Components of Decision
Support System
Fig. Conceptual Model of DSS
Types of DSS
 Status Inquiry System
 It does not call for any elaborate computation,
analysis, choice etc.
 If the status is known the decision is automatic.
 Data Analysis System
 DSS based on comparative analysis, use of
formula or algorithm.
 Information Analysis System
 In this system, data is analysed & information
reports are generated.
Types of DSS
 Accounting System
 Desirable to keep track of major aspects of
business or function.
 Model Based System
 These systems are simulation models or
optimization models for decision making.
 The product mix decision, the material mix, the
job scheduling rules & resources are examples.
DSS: Deterministic
Systems
 There are number of situation where the
management has to make the decision based on
the business statistics.
DSS: Deterministic
Systems
System
Input
Source
Inquiry
System
Hardware
User
Database,
Query
Conventional System
files
PC, Servers,
Clients
Clerk,
Assistant
Data
Analysis
Database &
System
PCs
Mainframe or Operations
managers
Information
Analysis
Processed
Data files
Analysis
Programs
Mainframe,
Mini
Accounting
Transactions, Transaction
Master files
Processing
System
Model Based
Control
Inventory DB Development Mainframe,
Middle & top
& External
of OR &
Mini,
Mgt.
Data
Business
Client/Server
Models
Middle Level
Manager
Mini,
Middle & Top
Mainframe,
Mgt.
Client/Server
DSS: Deterministic
Systems
 If the management can design such models duly
tested, they can be used by decision makers.
 All such tools & models acts as a support system
for decision making.
 Number of computer based software tools &
packages are available.
Typical DSS
DSS
 Designed to support organizational
decision making
 “What-if” analysis
• Example of a DSS tool: Microsoft Excel
• Text and graphs
 Models for each of the functional areas
• Accounting, finance, personnel, etc.
Characteristics of Decision
Support System
 DSS is design specifically to facilitate decision
process.
 DSS should able to respond quickly to the changing
needs of decision makers.
 DSS use sophisticated data analysis & modeling
tools.
 DSS has ability to present knowledge.
 DSS can interact directly with decision maker.
 DSS offers flexibility, adaptability & quick response.
Introduction to Expert
System(ES)
 ES are knowledge based systems.
 Replicates the thought processes of Human
“Experts”.
 Follow a structured set of rules .
My computer won’t turn on…
Did you press the power button?
If no, press it and start again.
If yes, is it plugged in?
If no, plug it in and try again.
If yes, is the monitor on? ………………and so on.
D. Introduction to Expert
Expert Systems
Systems
(ES)
tend
to use
branching logic,
like this one.
bare
Introduction to Expert
System(ES)
 An expert system can replace the expert
ex. Identify the whale species
 An expert system can support the expert
ex. Paper machine diagnostic system.
Notice that the
recommendations still leave the
human expert some options.
Expert System(ES)
Introduction to Expert
System(ES)
 How is an ES different from a DSS??

DSS
Allows decision maker a platform for exploring and evaluating the
options

ES
Delivers advice/recommendations based on answers to a set of
questions
 Business examples of ES??.
Knowledge Based Expert
System(KBES)
 In unstructured situation, two methods of problem
solving , generalised or the knowledge based expert
system.
 Generalised problem solving approach considers the
generally applicable constraints, examines all
possible alternatives.
 The Knowledge based problem solving approach
considers specific constraints within a domain,
examines limited alternatives within knowledge
domain.
Knowledge Based Expert
System(KBES)
 Considers knowledge as a base.
 To build knowledge based system, then
• A person with ability to solve the problem with
knowledge based reasoning.
• Expert should be able to articulate the knowledge.
KBES Model
User Control Mechanism
Knowledge Base
Inference Mechanism
Fig. KBES Model
KBES Model
 KBES has three basic components which are
necessary to build a system.
 Knowledge Base
• It is database of knowledge consisting of facts,
rules formulae, experience.
 Inference Mechanism
• It is a tool to interpret the knowledge available.
 User Control Mechanism
• It is a tool applied to the inference mechanism to
select, interpret.
Comparison of DSS & MIS
DSS Vs MIS
MIS
DSS
Support
Info about
performance
Info and modeling to
analyze problems
Report
Form
Periodic reports
or On Demand
Pre-specified
Fixed format
Interactive Inquiries
Processing Extract and
manipulate data
Analytical modeling
of data
Format
Flexible and Adaptable
Information System
Information System
 MIS: Management Information System
 DSS: Decision Support System
 EIS: Executive Information System.
Types of Information
System
 Transaction Processing Systems
 Systems designed to handle large volumes of routine
transactions.
• Were the first computer-based information systems
handling billing, payroll, and supplier payments.
Types of Information
System
 Operations Information Systems
 Systems that gather, organize, and summarize
comprehensive data in a form of value to managers.
• Can help managers with non-routine decisions such as
customer service and productivity.
Types of Information
System
 Decision Support Systems
 Provides computer-built models that help managers
make better nonprogrammed decisions.
 New productive capacity, new product development,
launch a new promotional campaign, enter a new
market or expand internationally
Types of Information
System
 Executive Support System
 Sophisticated version of a decision support system
designed to meet the needs of top managers
 Group Decision Support System
 An executive support system that links top managers so
that they can function as a team.
Management Information
System
UNIT-IV
Unit-IV
 Technology in MIS :
 Data processing
 Transaction processing
 Application processing
 Information System processing
 TQM of IS.
DBMS:
 Object Oriented Technologies
 Client Server Arch. And MIS.
Data Processing
 Data is smallest automic entity in the information
system
 If the data is proper, its usage will ensure quality
output.
 Data processing is handling raw material in
systematic manner.
 The automic data entity is define as a value attached
to an attribute which has character, meaning &
presentation for understanding to user.
• Eg. Date :cha, meaning & presentation.
Data Processing
 Data processing means following steps to be
implemented before the data is accepted.
• Confirming the character, structure & presentation.
• Checking the value of the data. Eg. Data value
specification such as single specific value, range of
value.
• If non conformance is seen, point out the error
before the processing.
Transaction Processing
 After the data has been process the next step is
transaction processing.
 A transaction is processed with reference to business
rules.
 The rules may be directly related to transaction or it
may have some relation & association with other
transaction.
 In case, if transaction does not conform to the set of
specified conditions governed by the rules, the error is
displayed for user to take corrective action.
Transaction Processing
Computerized systems that perform and record the daily
routine transactions
Transaction Processing
 Let us take an example of the goods receipt as a
transaction.
 The business rules in case of this transaction are:
• The purchase order must be present & open, the
receipt as per the scheduled date.
• The supplier has sent the necessary documents
such as Exercise Gate Pass, Challan, Sales Tax
Form, etc.
• Such other conditions that may be applicable.
Transaction Processing
 Examples :
•
•
•
•
•
Payroll.
Sales & Ordering.
Inventory.
Purchasing, receiving.
Account payable & receivable
Application Processing
 Application processing is designed to process more
than one type of transaction.
 This processing is carried out once the transaction is
processed for its validity.
 Ex. If the stock level is below reorder level, it would
raise purchase requisition.
 The application can be design for status updation.
Ex:If the number of work orders are on hold for no
material to process, then on receipt of the material the
affected work order will be released for processing.
Information System
Processing
 The system processing is at a higher level, over the
application processing.
 The system is define as the product made up of
several applications set in orderly manner to produce
a higher level information output.
 Ex. Financial system is a product of finance, sales, &
purchase accounting applications.
 The nature role & type of system is such that its
design is very complex & sensitive to the business
needs.
TQM of IS
 Objective is to assure quality of information.
 This can be done by ensuring, verifying & maintaining
software integrity.
 Quality ensuring the processes & methodologies are
correctly choosen.
TQM of IS
 The quality of information assures :
•
•
•
•
•
A precise and an accurate information.
A high level response in an interactive processing.
User friendly operations.
Reliability of information.
An ease of maintenance.
Database Management
System
• File organization concepts
• Computer system uses hierarchies
• Field: Group of characters
• Record: Group of related fields
• File: Group of records of same type
• Database: Group of related files
• Record: Describes an entity
• Entity: Person, place, thing on which we store
information
• Attribute: Each characteristic, or quality, describing
entity
• E.g. Attributes Date or Grade belong to entity
COURSE
Database Management
System
 The Data Hierarchy
Database Management
System
• Problems with the traditional file processing
• Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Data redundancy: Presence of duplicate data in
multiple files
• Data inconsistency: Same attribute has different
values
• Program-data dependence:
• When changes in program requires changes to data
accessed by program
• Lack of flexibility
• Poor security
• Lack of data sharing and availability
Database Management
System
Database
 Collection of Interrelated data is called as database.
Database Management
System
• Relational DBMS
• Represent data as two-dimensional tables called
relations or files
• Each table contains data on entity and attributes
• Table: Grid of columns and rows
• Rows (tuples): Records for different entities
• Fields (columns): Represents attribute for entity
• Key field: Field used to uniquely identify each record
• Primary key: Field in table used for key fields
• Foreign key: Primary key used in second table as lookup field to identify records from original table
Database Management
System
Relational Database Tables
Database Management
System
• Hierarchical and Network DBMS: Older systems
• Hierarchical DBMS: Models one-to-many
relationships
• Network DBMS: Models many-to-many
relationships
• Both less flexible than relational DBMS and do not
support ad hoc, natural language
Database Management
System
• Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)
• Stores data and procedures as objects
• Capable of managing graphics, multimedia, Java
applets
• Relatively slow compared with relational DBMS for
processing large numbers of transactions
• Hybrid object-relational DBMS: Provide capabilities
of both OODBMS and relational DBMS
Inheritance
Superclass
 Declaring subclasses
class B extends A
{ . . . }
 means class B is a
specialization of class A
 the "is a" relationship exists
 a B object is an A object
A
"is a"
B
Subclass
Inheritance
 Other names:
 superclass also called "parent class"
 subclass also called "child class"
 These names help understand concept of
inheritance
 Child class inherits characteristics of parent
class
 attributes
 methods
Inheritance
 When we say …
class TalkingParrot extends Parrot
{ … }
 then a TalkingParrot object inherits all
Parrot attributes
 (which, in turn, inherits both FlyingBird and
Bird attributes)
 In general, descendant classes inherit the
attributes of ancestor classes
O-O Design
 Identify the problem's objects
 if an object cannot be represented by an existing
type, design a class to do so
 if two or more classes share common attributes,
design a hierarchy
 Identify the operations
If an operation cannot be performed with an
existing operator or method
 define a method to do so
 store the method within a class hierarchy to enable
inheritance
 Organize the objects and operations into an
algorithm
O-O Design
 Using the extends relationship:
A class B should extend another
class A if and only if
 B "is a" specialized version of A
and …
 All messages that can be sent to
A can be appropriately sent to B
A
B
Client Server Architecture
The client/Server architecture is based upon
hardware and software components that interact to
form a system.
• Front-end application(Client): Any computer
process that requests services from the server.
• Back-end application(Server): Any computer
processing providing services to the clients.
• Communications middleware(Middleware): Any
computer process through which clients and servers
communicate.
Client Server Architecture
How components interact?
SQL
Client
process
Data
Clients process sends
SQL request through
communications
middleware.
SQL
Communications
middleware
network
Database
server
Data
Middleware routes SQL Database server process
request to database
receives request, validates
server process.
it, and executes it.
Client Server Architecture
 A network
architecture in
which each
computer or
process on the
network is
either a client
or a server.
Client Server Architecture
 Components:
 Clients
 Servers
 Communication Networks
Server
Client
Client Server Architecture
 Clients
 Applications that run on computers
 Rely on servers for
 Files
 Devices
 Processing power
 Example: E-mail client
 An application that enables you to send and receive email
Client Server Architecture
 Servers
 Computers or processes that manage
network resources
 Disk drives (file servers)
 Printers (print servers)
 Network traffic (network servers)
 Example: Database Server
 A computer system that processes database queries
Client Server Architecture
 Communication Network
Networks Connect
Clients and Servers
Management Information
System
UNIT-V
Unit-V
 MIS and Networks :
 Network Topology
 LAN
 Data Communication
 ATM Technology
 Business Process Reengineering:
 Introduction BP
 Process Model of organization
 Value stream model
 Delays in BP
 Relevance of IT
 MIS and BPR
Networking
 What is Network??
 What is Wifi??
 What is IP??
 IP Address & Classes??
Local Area Network(LAN)
 A LAN (Local Area Network) is a “Transmission
system intended primarily for linking computers
and associated devices within a restricted
geographical area”.
 It covers an area of moderate size, such as an
office block, factory or campus.
 In practice, its size may range from a few meters
to, in rare cases, tens of kilometers.
Local Area Network(LAN)
 The raw transmission rate of LANs are high,
typically being in the 1-1000 Mbps range.
 On LANs, network errors are expected to be
relatively few when compared with larger
networks.
 LANs are relatively inexpensive when compared to
the cost of the equipment that connects to it.
Wide Area Network(WAN)
 A WAN (Wide Area Network) is a network that is
spread over multiple sites (>30Km).
 WANs are not limited in size (they can even cross
the world).
 Public facilities (such as the public switched
telephone network) are extensively used.
 However, this means that the rate at which data
is sent is limited by the bandwidth of these
facilities.
WAN vs. LAN
 When comparing WANs with LANs, the main
difference is in the data transmission rates.
 Delay and error rate parameters are also relevant
to some applications.
 We can view the technical facilities offered by a
WAN as a subset of those offered by a LAN.
 What a WAN offers is long distance connectivity.
Network Topology
 The term topology refers to the way in which
the nodes of a network are connected.
 The topology of a network will effect its
performance (in terms of speed) and its cost
(both short and long term).
 Cost/resource considerations and the
environment in which the network is to be used
often determines the choice of topology.
Network Topology
 A network topology is the way in which a
network is connected up.
 The simplest network topology you can have is a
single link (i.e. cable, optical fibre, radio or any
other means of transmitting data) between two
computers.
Communication Link
 It may not be a very big network, but technically
it is still a network. The computers can
exchange data and they are autonomous.
Network Topology
Some common topologies include:






MESH
STAR
BUS
TREE
RING
BACKBONE
Data Communication
 Data communication-
 Defined as a subset of telecommunication
involving the transmission of data to and from
computers and components of computer systems.
• More specifically data communication is
transmitted via mediums such as wires, coaxial
cables, fiber optics, or radiated electromagnetic
waves such as broadcast radio, infrared light,
microwaves, and satellites.
Features of Communication
 Four things required
 Sender, receiver, medium, and message
 Types of messages
 File
 Request
 Response
 Status
 Control
 Correspondence
 Understandability
 Error Detection
Features of Communication
Data Communication
Frameworks
 Two major data communication
frameworks have been developed
to help ensure that networks meet
business and communication
requirements:
 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model developed by the
International Standards Organization (ISO)
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) suite
Features of Communication
 Four things required
 Sender, receiver, medium, and message
 Types of messages
 File
 Request
 Response
 Status
 Control
 Correspondence
 Understandability
 Error Detection
Features of Communication
 Four things required
 Sender, receiver, medium, and message
 Types of messages
 File
 Request
 Response
 Status
 Control
 Correspondence
 Understandability
 Error Detection