Transcript Basic Network Concepts

Basic Network Concepts:
2.02 Protocols and the OSI Layers
• Protocols and the OSI Layers
• Different protocols work at different levels of
the OSI model. Here, we look at a few
• of the main protocols for this exam, apply
them to the OSI model, and see how they
• fit in the OSI model’s seven layers.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.02 Protocols and the OSI Layers
• IPX
• IPX is an extremely fast, streamlined protocol that is not
connection oriented. IPX was once fairly common because
of its widespread use on Novell NetWare. IPX is a routable
protocol that is located at the network layer of the OSI
model. Because it is also an unreliable connectionless
transport, IPX also applies to layer 4—thetransport layer.
Remember, unreliable means data is sent without
acknowledgment of receipt, and connectionless means that
a session is not established before transmitting.
• IPX is capable of being run over both Ethernet and Token
Ring networks using the appropriate network interface card
(NIC). For a number of years, IPX over Ethernet was the
default use of NICs.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.02 Protocols and the OSI Layers
• SPX
• Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX) is a transport
protocol used by IPX for connection-oriented
communication. It is responsible for breaking the
message into manageable packets and ensuring
the data reaches the destination. SPX is the
equivalent to TCP but for the IPX/SPX protocol
suite. Because SPX runs at the transport layer, it is
considered a layer-4 protocol.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.02 Protocols and the OSI Layers
• IP: The Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP
protocol suite performs the same routing
functions that IPX does for the IPX/SPX
protocol suite. IP is responsible for the logical
addressing and routing of messages across the
network. IP does not ensure the delivery of
the packets; that is the responsibility of
higher-layer protocols, such as TCP.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.02 Protocols and the OSI Layers
• The logical address that IP uses is known as an IP address
and looks similar to 192.168.3.200—which is different from
the physical address (MAC address), which looks like 00-023F-6B-25-13. The logical address is responsible for
identifying the network the system resides on along with an
address of the system, whereas a MAC address is very flat
and identifies only the physical system on the LAN—not
“where” the system resides. IP is fully capable of running
over either Token Ring or Ethernet networks, as long as an
appropriate NIC is used. IP over Ethernet is the most
common implementation in networking today, because
Ethernet is much less expensive than Token Ring and
because TCP/IP is used widely on the Internet.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.02 Protocols and the OSI Layers
•
IP is a network-layer protocol and is responsible for logical
addressing—as a result, an IP address is referred to as a layer-3
address.
• TCP: The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a transport-layer
protocol that is responsible for breaking the data into manageable
packets and ensuring that the packets reach their destination. TCP
is considered a connection-oriented protocol, which means that it
relies on a session being first established. This is different from a
connectionless communication, which just sends the data out and if
it reaches the destination, great; if not, no big deal. With
connection-oriented protocols, a session is established through
introductions. (“Hi, I’m Glen Clarke. Nice to meet you, I am going to
send you some data.”) Connection-oriented protocols will monitor
that session to ensure that the packets have reached their
destination.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.02 Protocols and the OSI Layers
•
UDP:The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite and is the
brother of TCP. When you send data on a TCP/IP network and if you need a connectionoriented conversation, you have learned you would use the TCP protocol. But what
protocol do we use if we want to have a connectionless conversation? UDP. Both TCP and
UDP are layer-4 protocols. IP is used to deliver both types of data, but TCP and UDP
determine whether it is connection oriented or not.
•
NFS:The Network File System (NFS) is a protocol for file sharing that enables a user to use
network disks as though they were connected to the local machine. NFS was created by
Sun Microsystems for use on Solaris, Sun’s version of UNIX. NFS is still used frequently in
the UNIX and Linux worlds and is available for use with nearly all operating systems. NFS is
a protocol that is used universally by the UNIX community. Vendor and third-party
software products enable other operating systems to use NFS. It has gained acceptance
with many companies and can be added to nearly any operating system. In addition to file
sharing, NFS enables you to share printers. NFS is located in the application layer of the
OSI model and is considered a member of the TCP/IP protocol suite. The primary reason
to use the NFS protocol is to access resources located on a UNIX server or to share
resources with someone working on a UNIX workstation.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.02 Protocols and the OSI Layers
• SMB and Novell NCP: Microsoft’s Server Message Block (SMB) and
Novell’s NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) are protocols that are implemented
in redirectors. A redirector is software that intercepts requests, formats
them according to the protocol in use, and passes the message to a lowerlevel protocol for delivery. Redirectors also intercept incoming messages,
process the instructions, and pass them to the correct upper-level
application for additional processing.
• SMB and NCP are used primarily for file and printer sharing in Microsoft
and Novell networks, respectively, and are considered application-layer
protocols.
• SMTP :The Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) is the protocol that
defines the structure of Internet mail messages. SMTP uses a well-defined
syntax for transferring messages.
• An SMTP session includes initializing the SMTP connection, sending the
destination e-mail address, sending the source e-mail address, sending the
subject, and sending the body of the e-mail message.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.02 Protocols and the OSI Layers
• FTP and TFTP: The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standardized
method of transferring files between two machines. FTP is a
connection-oriented protocol, which means that the protocol
verifies that packets successfully reach their destinations.
• The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) has the same purpose and
function as FTP, except that it is not a connection-oriented protocol
and does not verify that packets reach their destinations. By not
verifying that data has been successfully transferred to its
destination and therefore requiring less overhead to establish and
maintain a connection, TFTP is able to operate faster than FTP. TFTP
has no authentication mechanism, whereas FTP can require a
username and password.
• DECnet: DECnet is a proprietary protocol developed by the Digital
Equipment Corporation for use primarily in WANs. You can run
DECnet on an Ethernet network, but it is done infrequently. DECnet
is a routable protocol.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.02 Protocols and the OSI Layers
• DLC: Data Link Control (DLC) is not a common
protocol. DLC, a nonroutable protocol, was
sometimes used to connect Windows NT
servers to printers.
• TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, AppleTalk, and DECnet are
routable protocols; NetBEUI and DLC are not.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.02 Protocols and the OSI Layers
• It is important to understand the protocols,
services, and applications that we deal with
every day and what layer of the OSI model
those products may be working with.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.03 802 Project Standards
• 802 Project Standards: The Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a large and
respected professional organization that is also
active in defining standards. The 802 committee
of the IEEE defines one set of standards dear to
the hearts of most network professionals. Twelve
subcommittees of the 802 committee define lowlevel LAN and WAN access protocols. Most of the
protocols defined by the 802 committee reside in
the physical and data link layers of the OSI model.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.03 802 Project Standards
• IEEE 802 Categories: As the use of LANs increased,
standards were needed to define consistency and
compatibility between vendors. The IEEE began a project in
February 1980, known as Project 802 for the year and
month it began. IEEE 802 is a set of standards given to the
various LAN architectures such as Ethernet, Token Ring, and
ArcNet by the LAN standards committee. The goal of the
committee was to define more of the OSI’s data link layer,
which already contained the LLC and MAC sublayers.
Several 802 subcommittee protocols are the heart of PC
networking. Although there are a number of 802 project
categories, a few of them are focused on for the exam and
• therefore will get a little more focus here in this section.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.03 802 Project Standards
• 802.3: Based on the original Ethernet network
from DIX (Digital-Intel-Xerox), 802.3 is the
standard for Ethernet networks today. The only
difference between 802.3 Ethernet and DIX
Ethernet V.2 is the frame type. The two Ethernet
networks can use the same physical network, but
devices on one standard cannot communicate
with devices on the other standard.
• Remember that Ethernet is defined by the IEEE
802.3 standard.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.03 802 Project Standards
• The 802.5 network introduced a unique access
method—token passing. The Token Ring IEEE
802.5 standard passes a special frame known
as the token around the network. This token is
generated by the first computer that comes
online on the Token Ring network.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.03 802 Project Standards
• 802.11: The IEEE 802.11 standard is the standard that addresses wireless
networking.
• This standard includes the wireless access point (WAP) devices and the
wireless
• network interface cards (NICs) that are used to send and receive
broadcasts from the cell or WAP device.
• The WAPs and wireless NICs can be set to use different frequencies to
allow for cell overlap. This technology does not include the same
technology used by cell phones to manage movement of PCs or mobile
devices. The wireless NIC is set to a specific frequency and must be
changed manually to be able to communicate with another cell. This
means that a PC cannot be moved from one cell area to another without
changing frequency, unless for some reason the cells operate on the same
frequency and have no overlap of coverage area.
• There are a few wireless standards that were developed in the IEEE 802.11
category, and those are listed as follows:
Basic Network Concepts:
2.03 802 Project Standards
• 802.11a Supports speeds of 54 Mbps at
frequencies ranging from 5.725 GHz to 5.850
GHz. 802.11a wireless components are not
compatible with 802.11b devices.
• 802.11b Supports speeds of 11 Mbps at
frequency ranges of 2.400 GHz to 2.4835 GHz.
802.11b wireless components are compatible
with 802.11g devices, which use an
enhancement of the 802.11b standard.
Basic Network Concepts:
2.03 802 Project Standards
• 802.11g Supports speeds of 54 Mbps at the same
frequency range as 802.11b, which allows devices
from the two standards to coexist. For example, I have
an 802.11b wireless access point, but I am connected
to it with my 802.11g wireless network card. I am
getting only the 11 Mbps transfer rate because it is the
lowest common denominator between the two
standards.
• 802.11n Is a new wireless project that runs at 5 GHz
or 2.4 GHz and is backward compatible with
802.11a/b/g standards. The goal of 802.11n is to
increase the bandwidth and the range. 802.11n has
data transfer rates of over 100 Mbps!
Basic Network Concepts:
2.03 802 Project Standards
Basic Network Concepts:
Certification Summary
• In this chapter, you have learned about some of the more popular
network protocols, such as NetBEUI, IPX/SPX, and TCP/IP. You have
learned about the advantages and disadvantages of these
protocols, which ones are routable, and which ones are
nonroutable.
• You also have learned that in order for all of the different
manufacturers of networking components to build technologies
that will work together, there had to be some standards defined.
There are two major standards that manufacturers follow:
• the 802 project models and the OSI model. In this chapter, you
looked at each layer of the OSI model and what functions they
perform. An easy way to remember the layers (application,
presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical)
• is with the sentence, “All People Seem To Need Data Processing.”
Basic Network Concepts:
Certification Summary
Two-Minute Drill
• Network Protocols: Packets and protocols are the fundamental building
blocks of data transmission over the network.
• Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) is
the protocol most commonly used with older versions of Novell NetWare.
• IPX/SPX is the fastest routable network protocol suite available.
• The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the most
common protocol used today. TCP/IP, a routable protocol, is the protocol
on which the Internet is built.
• The NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) is a transport protocol
commonly found in smaller peer-to-peer networks.
• NetBEUI is a nonroutable protocol.
• AppleTalk is a routable protocol used in Macintosh environments.
The OSI Model
• The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model is a seven-layer model that
Basic Network Concepts:
Certification Summary
• defines the function of network protocols and devices.
• The seven layers of the OSI model, from highest to lowest, are application,
presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical.
• SMTP, HTTP, Telnet, and FTP are all examples of application-layer (layer 7)
protocols.
• Compression and encryption are examples of functions that can be
performed at the presentation layer (layer 6).
• The session layer (layer 5) is responsible for the creation of sessions and
the management of those sessions.
• The transport layer (layer 4) is responsible for the reliability of the
transmission, including breaking the data down into manageable packets
and sizes using acknowledgments and packet sequence numbers to
ensure that data arrives at the destination and is pieced together in the
correct order. Examples of layer-4 protocols are TCP, UDP, and SPX.
• Layer 3, known as the network layer, performs logical addressing and
delivery functions. Examples of layer-3 protocols are IP and IPX.
Basic Network Concepts:
Certification Summary
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The data link layer, layer 2, is responsible for physical addressing and converting
the packets to electrical signals. Any device that works with MAC addresses runs at
this layer.
The first layer of the OSI model, located at the bottom, is known as the physical
layer and is responsible for carrying the signal. Your network media and
architectures are defined at this level.
An IP address is known as a layer-3 address and looks similar to 192.168.45.6.
A MAC address is known as a layer-2 address and looks similar to 00-02-3F-6B-2513.
A port address is known as a layer-4 address and looks similar to 80 (web server
port).
802 Project Standards
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The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has created
Project groups that define networking standards.
802.3 is the Ethernet (CSMA/CD) standard.
802.5 defines the Token Ring standard.
802.11 defines the wireless standard.