Transcript Fundamentos de Redes

Internet of Things
(IoT)
…The meaning of things
lies not in the things
themselves, but in our
attitude towards them.
Antoine de Saint-Exupery
Extracted from Cluster of European Research Projects on1 the
Internet of Things (CERP-IoT)
Definitions (1)

“Thing” could be defined as a real/physical or digital/virtual
entity that exists and move in space and time and is capable of
being identified.
Things are commonly identified either by assigned identification
numbers, names and/or location addresses.

Internet of Things (IoT) is an integrated part of Future Internet
and could be defined as a dynamic global network
infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on
standard and interoperable communication protocols where
physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical attributes,
and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are
seamlessly integrated into the information network.
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Definitions (2)
In the IoT, “things” are expected to become active participants in
business, information and social processes:
 They are enabled to interact and communicate among
themselves and with the environment;
 They exchange data and information “sensed” about the
environment;
 They react autonomously to the “real/physical world” events
and influencing it by running processes that trigger actions and
create services;
 With or without direct human intervention.
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Parentheses - Web Service

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) defines a Web service
as:
a software system designed to support interoperable
machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an
interface described in a machine-processable format
(specifically Web Services Description Language - WSDL).
Other systems interact with the Web service in a manner
prescribed by its description using Simple Object Access
Protocol (SOAP) messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with
an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related
standards.
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(Web Service)
A directory called UDDI (Universal Description,
Discovery and Integration) defines which software
system should be contacted for which type of data.
So when one software system needs one particular
report/data, it would go to the UDDI and find out
which other system it can contact for receiving that
data. Once the software system finds out which
other system it should contact, it would then
contact that system using a special protocol
called SOAP . The service provider system would
first of all validate the data request by referring to
the WSDL file, and then process the request and
send the data under the SOAP protocol.
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Definitions (3)
In addition to the term "Web Service", the term "Internet of
service (IoS)" arises:
 ”IoS-based service” identify services provided through the
Internet. IoS-based services are distinct from previous services:
 Service is not limited to IT-based services but also to realworld or day-to-day services;
 Stakeholders of such services, from the provisioning and
consumption side, are not only IT professionals but also nonprofessional users.
 IoS-based services serve a dual purpose since they can be
utilized directly by consumers, but they can also be invoked by
technical systems to access business functionality.
 IoS-based services will combine and correlate business,
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operational and IT aspects into service descriptions.
Definitions (4)
Internet of Media (IoM) will address the challenges in scalable
video coding and 3D video processing, dynamically adapted to
the network conditions that will give rise to innovative
applications such as massive multiplayer mobile games, digital
cinema and in virtual worlds placing new types of traffic
demands on mobile network architectures.
The vision of Future Internet based on standard communication
protocols considers the merging of computer networks, Internet of
Media (IoM), Internet of Services (IoS), and Internet of Things
(IoT) Internet of Energy (IoE), Internet
of Business/Enterprises (IoB), Internet of People (IoP) into a
common global IT platform of seamless networks and networked
“things”.
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Toward Ubiquitous Computing

This future network of networks will
be laid out as public/private
infrastructures and dynamically
extended and improved by terminals
created by the “things” connecting to
one another.

We envisage that the Internet of
Things will allow people and things to
be connected Anytime, Anyplace,
with Anything and Anyone, ideally
using Any path/network and Any
service.
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History

The term Internet of Things was proposed by Kevin Ashton in
1999 though the concept has been discussed since at least
1991. The concept of the Internet of Things first became
popular through the Auto-ID Center at MIT and related market
analysis publications.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was seen as a
prerequisite for the Internet of Things in the early days. If all
objects and people in daily life were equipped with identifiers,
they could be managed and inventoried by computers.

http://www.iotbrasil.com.br/new/brazilian-iot-forum-history/
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Previsão de Mercado
Previsão de Mercado para
RFID
Previsão de Mercado para
Wireless sensors
(source:
http://www.IDtech.com)
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Application Scenarios (1)

Smart Urban Planning: Interactive Street Sensing gathers data
about the city. Sensors on every lamppost in the city measure
data about noise, traffic, environment, crowds, temperature –
literally anything. Data is transmitted and processed and
information is presented as dynamic infographics, showing
interesting detail about the city as a living organism, e.g. how it
is used by people, flow of traffic and impact on the
environment;

Smart Urban Waste Management: an easier and more
environmentally friendly way of collecting waste. This can be
achived by identifying and emptying bins and containers when
they are close to their fill level but not overflowing at private
households, enterprises and public areas.
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Application Scenarios (2)


Ageing Population: For example, body sensor networks can be
used as direct feedback during athletic exercises or may reveal
that a person suffered a dangerous fall. The latter case is in
particular relevant to elderly people that face those situations;
in case of an emergency the IoT application would contact a
responsible person with time and location information of the
person concerned such that further action can be taken as soon
as possible.
Emergency response: Sensors in the car detect a serious
collision and send a signal to the emergency services. Several
other calls, apart from the collided cars, confirm the accident.
The onboard sensors of the two cars immediately detected the
accident and the event was fused with geo-location information
and transmitted to the local emergency authority to guide them
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to the accident site.
Application Scenarios (3)


Mobile Payment: An identification of an object combined with
location information is a powerful means of tracking objects,
people and animals. Ex: Greg is taking the bus to work and
checks out the next bus to arrive on his mobile. He will be
charged based on the number of zones he crosses. Once he gets
off the bus a message displays the cost of the trip. And payment
is performed automatically via his mobile phone.
Smart Product Management: By employing different
technologies such as RFIDs, sensor networks and intelligent
accounting software, a supermarket manager will be able to
keep track of his inventories without having to count manually ;
everything will be automated. In addition, the software will be
able to produce statistics on which products are favoured by the
customers.
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Application Scenarios (4)

Intelligent Shopping : Pointing the RFID reader on the mobile
phone at the products , Anna gets additional information about
the products such as origin and expiry date. The device alerts
Anna that it’s not suitable for her daughter because of her
allergies. While she places the products in the shopping trolley,
the bill is updated in real time. Checkout and payment happens
automatically, to avoid the lengthy queues at the checkout.

Home Automation, Smart Renewable Energy (Smart Grid),
Smart Events, Smart Orchard .....
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On the other hand...


The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) expressed concern
regarding what is, in their view, the ability of IoT to erode
people's control over their own lives. The ACLU wrote that
"There’s simply no way to forecast how these immense powers
-- disproportionately accumulating in the hands of corporations
seeking financial advantage and governments craving ever more
control -- will be used. Chances are Big Data and the Internet of
Things will make it harder for us to control our own lives, as we
grow increasingly transparent to powerful corporations and
government institutions that are becoming more opaque to us.”
A different criticism is that the Internet of Things is being
developed rapidly without appropriate consideration of the
profound security challenges involved and the regulatory
changes that might be necessary.
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Essential Components




Things: device and everyday
objects.
Environment: Things retrieves
information from the environm.
User Interfaces: users interact
with things via some interface;
Services: applications and
services providing funcionality;
Environm
Interfaces
Things
Services
Devices are integrated with the
virtual world of the Internet.
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Main Features
Collect and transmit Data: sense the
environment, gather data and
transmit to another device.
 Actuate based on triggers: Actuate
based on conditions set by you.
 Receive information: from other
devices or the Internet.
 Communication Assistance: devices
can also forward data between other
nodes;
Web Platforms can store data - devices
usually have limited memory – and
also send data back to devices

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Major Components of IoT Devices (1)


Control Units: a small computer on a
single integrated circuit containing
processor core, memory and a
programmable I/O peripheral. It is
responsible for the main operation.
Sensor: devices that can measure a
physical quantity and convert it into a
signal, which can be read and
interpreted by the microcontroller unit.
Most sensors fall into 2 categories:
Digital or analog. An analog data is
converted to digital value that can be
transmitted to the Internet.
The Atmega328 chip
from Atmel
Humidity sensor connected
to a microcontroller 18
Major Components of IoT Devices (2)
Communication Modules: responsible
for the communication with the rest of
the IoT platform. The communication
between IoT devices and the Internet
is performed in two ways:
 A) There is an Internet-enable
intermediate node acting as a
gateway;
 B) The IoT Device has direct
communication with the Internet.
The communication between the main
control unit and the communication
module uses serial protocol (in most
cases). They share a pair or Rx/Tx ports

A Bluetooth module
connected to the Atmega168
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Major Components of IoT Devices (3)


Power Sources: In small devices the
current is usually produced by
sources like batteries,
thermocouples and solar cells.
Mobile devices are mostly
powered by lightweight batteries
that can be recharged for longer
life duration.
(Exception for RFID).
Probably the smallest
rechargeable consumer
battery.
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Communication Technologies (1)
Devices need to integrate a wireless (preferably) or wired
Communication system.
Major technologies:
 RFID – Radio Frequency Identificiation - the most
common, but cannot provide any direct or indirect
communication to the Internet.

Bluetooth – in the ISM band, creates PAN. Devices can
discover and communicate with each other without line of
sight. The low power consumption is important for IoT.
The major drawback is that it cannot provide direct
connectivity to the Internet (needs a gateway).
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Communication Technologies (2)
Major technologies:
 ZigBee : specifically developed to address low-cost, lowpower wireless networks for communications between
machines (also know as machine-to-machine or M2M
networks). In the ISM band, can provide 17 hours of
continuous operation. Better power eficiency and higher
range than Bluetooth, but still requires a gateway.

WiFi: Devices can connect directly to the Internet. Easy to
establish. One drawback is that this technology is more
power demanding than the others.
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Communication Technologies (3)
Major technologies:
 RFLinks : Radio Frequency Interfaces are quite cheap and
small and can provide communication range between
100m and 1 km (depending on the transmission power
and the antenna used). Data rates are low, Internet-enable
gateway is needed, do not provide any implementation of
the TCP/IP.
 Cellular Networks: A good option for connecting devices
directly to the Internet, without further infrastructure. The
communication protocols are complex (3G, 4G), requires
high power requirements specially if the reception signal is
low.
 Wired communication: Ethernet – high data rates, signal
availability, no mobility, but easy and popular
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Which one is the Best?
To decide what is the most appropriate communication
technology for your IoT network, consider mobility, network
range, data rate, power consumption, size and cost
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Open Issue – Standardization (1)
Scientific community are working to develop standards.
The main standards:
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Open Issue – Standardization (2)

EPCGlobal: it aims at supporting the global adoption of a
unique identifier for each tag, which is called Electronic
Product Code (EPC) and related industry-driven standards.

GRIFS: Global RFID Interoperability Forum for Standards is
among the most relevant Working Groups from European
Commitee for Standardization. They discuss communication
infrastructure, spectrum for RFID use, privacy and security
affecting RFID.
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Open Issue – Standardization (3)

M2M: ETSI M2M commitee discuss development and
maintenance of an end-to-end architecture for M2M (with
end-to-end IP philosophy behind it) – sensor network
integration, naming, addressing, location, QoS, security,
charging, management...

6LoWPAN – IETF discuss IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless
Personal Area Networks. A set of protocols that can be used
to integrate sensor nodes into IPv6 networks.
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Open Issue – Standardization (4)

ROLL – IETF group named Routing Over Low Power and Lossy
networks. They produced the RPL (pronounced ripple)
routing protocol draft including 6LoWPAN. Existing routing
protocols such as OSPF, IS-IS, AODV, and OLSR have been
evaluated by the working group and have in their current
form been found to not satisfy all of these specific routing
requirements.
Aspects to consider: time varying loss characteristics and
connectivity while permitting low-power operation with very
modest memory and CPU pressure in networks potentially
comprising a very large number (several thousands) of
nodes.
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Open Issue – Addressing and
networking (1)



Name identifier has 64-96 bits and IPv6 address has 128 bits.
Metodologies to integrate RFID identifiers and IPv6
addresses have been proposed.
The concept of Object Name Server (ONS) instead of DNS:
associates a reference to a description of the specific object
and the related RFID tag identifier.
TCP is inadequate: (1) 3 way handshake unnecessary: waste
energy; (2) Congestion control – it is difficult to suppose
congestion in wireless environment; the amount of data
exchanged in a single session is very small and the
congestion control is useless; (3) TCP maintains data in
buffer, devices have low memory and low battery to manage
memory. No solution have been proposed!
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Open Issue – Addressing and
networking (2)



The characteristics of the traffic exchanged by smart objects
are unknown. This is the basis for the design of the network
infrastrucutes and protocols.
When the traffic flows inside the wireless sensor network
itself, it is not a problem. When sensor nodes are part of the
Internet, different traffic characteristics arise, according to
different application scenarios.
It is an important issue as network providers must plan the
expansion of their infrastructure. How they can provide
QoS?
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Open Issue – Security (1)


IoT is vulnerable to attacks: wireless..., low computing
resources, cannot implement complex schemes for security.
Authentication and data integrity are must. Some solutions
have been proposed, but none solve the man-in-middle
attack:
A wants to authenticate other
systems elements and an attacker
wants to stole B identity. The
attacker will position two
transceivers B´ and A´. A believe
that B´ is B and make B believe that
A´is A. The signal transmitted by A
and B is replicated and cannot be
distinguished.
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Open Issue – Security (2)


HMAC has been used (keyed-hash message authentication
code). Some secret key shared between the tag and the
destination of the message, in combination with a hash
function to provide authentication. Password length is an
issue.
Privacy: To handle data collection process appropriate
solutions are needed in all the different subsystems
interacting with human beings in the IoT. An individual
cannot control what information is being collected about
themselves. (Be careful with Obama...)
The success of IoT depends also on the security!
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