Transcript File - Mr. G.`s Room

Class Notes
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File management is the activity we perform to manage our
workspace to ensure that we can find the necessary data or
information when we need it.
Typical file management tasks include:
 Creating and saving files
 Creating folders (also called directories)
 Renaming folders and files
 Copying or moving folders and files
 Deleting folders and files
 Completing the above tasks between different drives (i.e.
creating a back-up on a diskette)
 Creating read only files
 Keyboard Shortcuts can be used in all Microsoft
programs
 Ctrl-C “Copy”, Ctrl-V “Paste”, Ctrl-X “Cut”, Ctrl-Z “Undo”,
Ctrl-A “Select all”
When you start to organize your workspace
you need to determine the type of information
you will be creating and saving (i.e. Science
notes, history projects, personal letters) and
creating your folders or directories accordingly.
Type of Information Suggested Folder
Name
Eg: Science notes and labs
science
History notes and reports
history
Personal letters
personal
Rules for Naming files and folders:
 Files and folders can have names up to 255
characters including spaces.
 Special characters such as \ / : * ? ” < > | are
not allowed.
File Naming
 Files have 2 parts in their name:
Name indicating content (up to 255 characters long)
 Extension: characters after the “.”
 The extension determines the type of file, and which
program will best open the file
i.e.
.docx indicates an MS Word file
.mp3 indicates an audio file
.html indicates a web page
* Most programs automatically add the extension for
you when you save the file.
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COPYING AND MOVING FILES AND FOLDERS (2
METHODS) Using Windows Explorer
RIGHT mouse button
 Using the right mouse button, drag the file/folder to
the new destination and release and click MOVE HERE
or COPY HERE.
Drag & Drop (Left mouse button)
 Within The Same Drive: To MOVE: Drag the file/folder
to the new destination and release (drop it). Only works
when you are moving within the same drive. To COPY:
Hold down the Ctrl- key to copy it when dragging to
the other folder.
 Across Drives: To COPY: Drag the file/folder to the
new destination and release (drop it). Automatically
works when you are copying from one drive to the
other (g: to removable). To MOVE: Use Ctrl-X and CtrlV or right mouse button technique
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Ergonomics/Health & Safety
Security
Ethics
Legal Issues
Environmental Issues
The term ergonomics refers to the
relationship between workers and
their working environment.
To ensure a suitable working environment,
consider the following:
adequate lighting
 adequate ventilation
 monitors with screens free from flicker, interference
and glare
 an adjustable chair
 suitably positioned keyboard
 provision for frequent breaks away from the
computer
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Why worry about ergonomics?
Modifying your:
technique and
 your work environment
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can be helpful in reducing Repetitive
Stress Injuries like carpal tunnel
syndrome—which is a wrist or hand
injury caused by extended periods of
keyboarding—and Eye Strain.
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Eyes stay focused on copy material not on
keyboard or screen.
Correct fingering used consistently on
alphabetic keys. Fingers rest lightly on home
row
Wrists are elevated, not resting on anything
Steady rhythm
Good posture: sitting back in chair, back
straight, feet flat on floor
Chair height: allows you to create a 90º angle
with your forearm and upper arm when
fingers are placed over the home row
Choose a good chair and computer desk.
 Chair should have adjustable height, lower back
support, and arm rests.
 Desk should have a keyboard shelf at the
proper height - this will avoid reaching up for
the keyboard.
Position your monitor correctly.
 The monitor should be 2 to 2½ feet away, and a
little below eye level.
 Position your monitor so that bright
lights/sunlight do not reflect off of the screen.
 Tilt the monitor face upwards (approx. 10°)
 Keep your screen clean.
Sit up straight and keep your feet flat on the
floor in front of you.
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Forearms and thighs are parallel to the floor.
Keep your wrists straight.
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Hands should be in a straight line with your
forearms as you type.
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Do not rest your wrists on anything as you
type.
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Resting the wrist puts excessive strain on the
hands and fingers.
Rest your eyes occasionally to avoid eyestrain.
Avoid pounding the keys or gripping the mouse.
An example of an
ergonomically
correct computer
setup:
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The forearms and thighs are
parallel to the floor,
the keyboard is in easy
reach without bending or
flexing the wrists,
the monitor is positioned to
reduce eye and neck strain.
Set your GUI for healthy viewing.
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Use quiet color settings (neutral or cool
shades). Avoid staring at bright colours for
long periods of time.

Choose the large icon setting if it is easier for
you to see the interface.
Take a break when sitting for long periods of
time
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10 minutes after every 50 minutes
Saving
 Save frequently, a PC’s memory is temporary
 Even saved files can be vulnerable to
destruction from hardware failure or fire
 Essential that organizations keep back-ups of
valuable information, in another physical
location if possible
Passwords & User IDs
 Used to gain access to the computer system in
an organization
 Chosen by user and never divulged
 Changed frequently
 Not too obvious
Firewall
 The purpose of a firewall:
Track and restrict unauthorized outside
user
 Control access to authorized network
users
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Anti-Virus program
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A virus is a program or piece of code that is loaded onto your
computer without your knowledge and runs against your wishes.
Use McAfee, Norton Security or AVG to scan and eliminate viruses.
AVG is free to download and use.
Virus Characteristics
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All computer viruses are manmade
A simple virus that copies itself over and over again is relatively easy
to produce.
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An even more dangerous type of virus is one capable of transmitting
itself by attaching to a legitimate program
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Quickly uses all available memory and brings the system to a halt
Through e-mails or executable files on web sites
A virus can be harmless or it can destroy data files, erase an entire
hard disk or even make your computer inoperable
Ethical Use of Computers
Ethics are the standards of honesty, morality and
fairness. These standards relate to using
computers. It is your responsibly to respect the
property, rights and privacy of others in the
way you use computers at home and at school.
Acceptable Use Agreements
A good policy guides the desirable use of the
computer system by:
 protecting school resources,
 limiting liability,
 Promoting safe behaviour by clarifying rights
and expectations of both students and staff
members.
Spam is generally e-mail advertising for some
product sent to a mailing list or newsgroup.
 In addition to wasting people's time with
unwanted e-mail, spam also eats up a lot of
network bandwidth
Hate & Discrimination Promotion
The evolution of the Internet into the World
Wide Web, with its easily accessible and
inviting graphic interface, has provided people,
including extremists, with new ways to
communicate with each other and with a vast
new potential audience, using not only words,
but also pictures, graphics, sound, and
animation.
Technology Access and Equity
 Access to technology and being proficient in its use
is an important key to one's economic status
 Digital divide refers to the gap between those
with regular, effective access to digital and
information technology, and those without this
access
 It encompasses both physical access to technology
hardware and, more broadly, skills and resources
which allow for its use
 Groups of people who are divided by this issue are
(rich/poor), (able/disabled) or (urban/rural)
Intellectual Property is a product someone creates based upon
his or her thought or ideas. Some examples:
● a picture or clip art collection ● computer animations
● computer games
● software
●
music
Plagiarism is
 stealing and passing off the ideas or words of another as
your own
 using another's production without crediting the source
Copyright laws exist to protect those who create an idea or
product. Most copyrighted material may not be copied
without consent of the owner.
If you copy software without permission and then distribute it,
you’re committing software piracy. Some programs have
built-in security codes to protect against illegal use.
Software Agreements have been established to
protect copyrighted material. When you
purchase software you are subject to the terms
of the agreement established by the owner.
 You are legally bound to honour software
license agreements
Types of agreements:
 Freeware, shareware, single machine, site and
network licenses
Hacking is the unauthorized use of a computer
system or program.
 Hackers may breaking into a system just for
fun, others may be trying to unlawfully access
a computer program to change or steal data.
 Hacking is an invasion of privacy which is
against the law and is punishable by the law
Digital Dumping: Disposal of Obsolete Equipment
What to do with old electronic equipment?
 Most charitable groups won’t take it – it’s too old.
 The city dump won’t take it –your old machine is
full of toxic substances.
 You don’t want it sitting in the closet for eternity.
 If you’re lucky, you may have an program in your
area that will take it for “ecycling,” removing toxic
chemicals for proper disposal and valuable metals
for reuse.
What really happens to your old computer or
broken printer or fried cell phone?
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tons of these and other electronic items are loaded onto
barges and shipped off to developing countries, where the
recycling processes are so substandard that they actually
contribute to air and water pollution.
Whatever isn’t salvageable ends up in their landfills.
North American recyclers say it’s not cost efficient to fix
broken items, so they often donate these goods to
developing nations to help “bridge the digital divide.”
Many countries, though, report that up to 75% of this
equipment is not usable, nor do they have the technology to
repair or recycle it properly.
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File Defragmentation: Re-organizes files on a
disk to speed up processing
Data Clean up: Compresses (and cleans up)
data
System Restore: Undo harmful changes to your
computer and restore settings and
performance to an earlier version before the
trouble began
Data Recovery: Recover erased files
Virus Protection and Firewall protection
The significance of the Internet and particularly
the World Wide Web cannot be underestimated!
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Information is available instantly to the masses
Communication has few physical barriers (anytime,
anywhere)
Billions of users
Knowledge is POWER and now that is widely
available to those that want it
No one organization owns the Internet and so what
is available is not controlled or limited
That provides opportunities for everyone: Business,
Governments, Education & Research, Personal
The INTERNET is a worldwide network of computers.
 Created for the U.S. Department of Defense as a tool
for military communications, command, and
control, and exchanges of data with defense
contractors.
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1969 Advanced Research Projects Agency of US
Dept. of Defense (ARPA) connected computers at
universities to create network that would survive
nuclear disaster. Network called ARPANET.
National Science Foundation (NSF) created NSFnet
(higher capacity network) and linked it to
ARPANET
The Internet came about
through combination of
ARPANET, NSFnet, and other
networks.
 Internet timeline:
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* backbones = main communication pipelines
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Computer equipment on the internet consists
of SERVERS, CLIENTS or ROUTERS
The SERVERS are like electronic filing cabinets
that simply store information and pass it on
when requested. They can be file servers; mail
servers; or Web servers.
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There are something like 20 million servers on the
Internet.
The CLIENTS connect to the servers through
an ISP (Internet Service Provider) so you can
read your messages, look at a web site or
download information
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There are far more clients on the Internet than
servers—probably reaching a billion by now!
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When two computers on the Internet
swap information back and forth on
a more-or-less equal basis, they are
known as peers. If you use an
instant messaging program to chat
to a friend, and you start swapping
files, you’re taking part in what’s
called peer-to-peer (P2P)
communication.
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Apart from clients and servers, the
Internet is also made up of ROUTERS,
whose job is really just to make
connections between different systems.
The router is like a switchboard that
directs your request to the worldwide
network
It starts, stop and directs traffic(bits)
over the internet.
ISP like Rogers
& Bell
Telephone lines or
Cable lines
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TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol)
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IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)
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Rules & procedures (software) to control timing & data
format so computers can communicate.
Every computer on Internet has unique 4 part numeric
address (ex. 205.46.117.104). Address contains routing
information that identifies location
DNS Address (Domain Name System Address)
is the IP address using words.
 2 parts: individual name + domain & sub-domains
 ex. microsoft.com
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.com
.edu
.gov
.mil
.net
.org
.on.ca
.fr
.us
commercial business (for profit)
education
government
military
gateway or host
other organization (usually nonprofit)
Ontario, Canada
France
United States
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E-Mail
WWW (web pages)
News
Chat
FTP (file transfer protocol)
Bulletin Boards
Entertainment (gaming)
The WWW is not the same as the Internet. The
Internet is a world-wide computer network. The
WWW is just one software system running on the
Internet.
VIDEO
To view a web page you need:
 Browser: Software that displays graphics and text
of a specified site (IE/Firefox).
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL): Special address
that tells the browser where to go.
http://www.cnn.com/feedback/comments.html
http
Protocol or rules used to transfer
this type of data over the
internet. (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol)
www
Address is found on WWW
cnn
Domain name
com
Type of Domain
feedback
Directory or folder name
comments.html Filename
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Web Sites are divided into pages with one page
(usually the first) of the site designated as the
Home Page.
Web pages contain internal and/or external
hyperlinks. These links allow the reader to
click on the highlighted word/phrase/image
and jump to another location in the document
or another file located anywhere on Internet.
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To access the Internet your browser sends a
request to the SERVER, usually an Internet Service
Provider like Rogers or Bell using your computer’s
MODEM
Communication occurs over phone lines or cables
or satelllites
Your information is not sent all at once but broken
up into smaller packets
Each packet contains some information PLUS the
sender’s and receiver’s address or IP address
The router determines how the packets are sent
(the quickest route)
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Most common use of the Internet
E-mail programs send text + attachments
(graphics, sound, video, etc.)
Offline: Pegasus, MS Outlook, Thunderbird
 Online: Gmail, HotMail, YahooMail
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E-mail normally involves communication
between two people, but can also be sent to
multiple users (distribution list)
Can send to people without others knowing
(BCC: blind carbon copy)
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Keep messages short and to the
point.
Always include a subject with your
message that briefly indicates its
content.
Do not send abusive messages to
others.
Be careful what you say about
others, as your messages reflects
upon you.
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Do not be critical of others’ spelling
or grammatical errors, you’ll make
them too.
DO NOT USE CAPITAL LETTERS
as this is the Internet equivalent of
shouting.
You can’t take it back: after email is
sent, it’s gone, and it’s a permanent
record of what you said.
Consider the following criteria:
What do you know about the author?
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What indicates they are an expert
Can you contact him/her?
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Email?
Why check? Anyone can publish anything!
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Can you check the information?
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Links to other sites?
Why check? no web standards exist to ensure
accuracy
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What is the purpose of the website?
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Educate, entertain, persuade?
Does the website try to persuade you to one
side of an issue?
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Is it opinion or is it strictly facts?
Why check? People could be trying to persuade
you to do things that might not be right!
You’re not hearing both sides of the story.
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Is the information current?
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When was it last updated?
Does it cover the topic in enough depth?
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Are links relevant and appropriate?
Why check? Older information may not still be
accurate. You may not be getting the full
picture.
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Is the site organized in a clear and logical
manner?
Is it easy to read and find things?
 Are you able to search or use menues easily?
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Why check? Your time is valuable, don’t waste
it on a website that takes too long to find
things.
Go to:
http://dhmo.org
Go to:
http://lib.nmsu.edu/instruction/evalexpl.html
Click on:
Secondhand Smoke: The Big Lie
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Authority & Accuracy:
Advocacy and Objectivity
Currency and Coverage
Style and Functionality
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A stand-alone computer system works well for
normal use on an individual basis. This refers
to regular student use, common household
requirements, and perhaps even home office or
low-end business needs. However, as tasks
become more complex and more users are
involved, connecting PCs to create a network is
frequently used as a solution to improve
efficiency.
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A network is a system of interconnected
computers that communicate with each other
and share:
Applications
 Data
 Hardware Components
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Simultaneous (all at the same time) access to
programs and data
Sharing of peripherals (i.e. printers and
scanners)
Easy communication with others using e-mail
Easy back-up of important data
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Need for increased security to protect the
network (Users must login using unique ID
and password)
Higher maintenance due to larger number of
users
Possible loss of privacy through hacking
More complex – need network administrator
Vandalism
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Server: computer that has large storage
capacity that holds all shared storage and
programs
Shared peripherals: printer, scanner
PCs
Specialized
Network
Software programs that
manage the
resources on the
network
All joined
through wired or
A network can be setup as:
 LAN (Local Area Network) – A network of
computers located relatively near each other
and connected by a cable or wireless.
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WAN (Wide Area Network) – Two or more
LANs connected together, generally across a
wide geographical area using high-speed or
dedicated phone lines.
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A router is necessary to join the LANs within a
WAN
Star – Places a hub
(server) in the center
of the network
nodes.
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Groups of data are
routed through the
central hub to their
destination.
Broken path affects
only one device.
Network goes down
only if hub is lost.