Transcript Ethernet Address

SWE 344
Internet Protocols & Client Server
Programming
Analyzing Network Packets
Network Packets
•
The network packets (that we capture) contain several
layers of information to help the data get transported
between the two network devices.
•
Each layer of information contains bytes arranged in a
predetermined order, specifying parameters specific for the
protocol layer.
•
Most packets that we will use in IP network programming
will contain three separate protocol layers of information,
along with the actual data being transmitted between
network devices.
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The Ethernet Layer
• The first layer of the network packet is called the
Ethernet header.
•
Three types of Ethernet protocol packets on our
network: Ethernet 802.2, Ethernet 802.3, and
Ethernet version 2.
• The Ethernet 802.2 and 802.3 protocols are IEEE
standard protocols defined for Ethernet layer traffic.
Ethernet version 2 is a legacy protocol that is not a
standard protocol per se, but it is the most common
protocol used on Ethernet networks.
•
Almost all devices (including Windows systems) use
the Ethernet version 2 protocol to transmit IP
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packets by default.
Ethernet header data in the Packet Details
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The Ethernet Layer
 The Ethernet version 2 header shows the Media Access Card (MAC)
addresses that are used to identify individual devices on the
Ethernet network, along with an Ethernet protocol number that
identifies the next layer protocol contained in the Ethernet packet.
Each Ethernet packet conforms to a predetermined layout:
•
•
•
•
•
A
A
A
A
A
6-byte destination Ethernet (or MAC) address
6-byte source Ethernet (or MAC) address
2-byte next-layer protocol identifier
data payload of 46 to 1500 bytes
4-byte checksum
 The data payload must contain a minimum of 46 bytes to ensure
that the Ethernet packet is at least 64 bytes long. (This helps
prevent collisions, because sending shorter packets could cause a
collision on the network)
 The checksum value supplies a rudimentary error checking
mechanism for the data on the network. If the packet becomes
corrupt in transit, the checksum will not compute properly, and the
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packet is marked as bad.
Ethernet Address
 The Ethernet addresses of devices are assigned by the network
card vendor and should not be changed (even though in some
instances software allows you to override that address).
 Each device on an Ethernet network must have a unique MAC
address. The MAC address consists of two parts:
• A 3-byte vendor identifier, or Organizationally Unique
Identifier (OUI)
• A 3-byte device serial number unique to the vendor
 The resulting 6-byte network address uniquely identifies the
network card on the network, no matter how large the network is.
 The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigns vendors
MAC addresses to ensure there is no duplication.
 The assigned numbers are published in Internet Request For
Comments (RFC) documents (the most recent Assigned Numbers
RFC is RFC 1700). The IANA also maintains a web page
(www.iana.org) that contains the most current Ethernet vendor
information.
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lists a few vendor identifiers for MAC
addresses
Identifier
00000C
00001D
00002A
00005E
000065
0000A2
0000A6
0000A9
0000AA
0000C0
0000E2
0020AF
008064
Vendor
Cisco
Cabletron
TRW
IANA
Network General
Wellfleet
Network General (internal
assignment, not for
products)
Network Systems
Xerox machines
Western Digital
Acer Counterpoint
3COM
Wyse Technology / Link
Technologies
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lists a few vendor identifiers for MAC
addresses
0080C2
0080D3
00AA00
00DD00
00DD01
020701
02608C
080002
080009
08000B
080011
08001A
08001B
08001E
080020
08002B
08004C
IEEE 802.1 Committee
Shiva
Intel
Ungermann-Bass
Ungermann-Bass
Racal InterLan
3Com IBM PC; Imagen;
Valid; Cisco
3Com (formerly Bridge)
Hewlett-Packard
Unisys
Tektronix, Inc.
Data General
Data General
Apollo
Sun machines
DEC
Encore
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Ethernet Address
 After the 3-byte vendor portion, a 3-byte unique
serial number is added to produce the unique 6byte address.
 You may see Ethernet addresses referenced in
several ways; here are some of the traditional
formats:
•
As a single value: 0020AFBCCEC3
•
Using colons: 00:20:AF:BC:CE:C3
•
Using hyphens: 00-20-AF-BC-CE-C3
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Ethernet Protocol Type
• The other important part of the Ethernet header is
the Protocol Type field.
• The difference between the Ethernet version 2
packet and the Ethernet 802.2 and 802.3 packets
occurs in the Protocol Type field.
• The 802.2 and 802.3 packets both contain a 2-byte
value in the same location of the packet, and they
both use the value to indicate the total size of the
Ethernet packet.
• The Ethernet version 2 protocol uses those same 2
bytes to define the protocol type used in the next level
packet that is contained within the Ethernet packet 10
Ethernet Protocol Values
Value
Protocol
0800
IP
0806
ARP
0BAD
Banyan VINES
8005
HP Probe
8035
Reverse ARP
809B
AppleTalk
80D5
IBM SNA
8137
Novell
8138
Novell
814C
Raw SNMP
86DD
IPv6
876B
TCP/IP compression
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The IP Layer
The next protocol layer in the Analyzer capture packet is the IP
packet. The packet details frame shows the IP layer section of the
Analyzer capture for a specific packet. As you can see, the IP protocol
defines several additional fields of to the Ethernet protocol
information.
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Table below describes the IP fields found in the Analyzer capture
Field
Version
Header Length
Type of Service
Total Length
Identification
Flags
Fragment offset
Bits Description
4 IP header version format (current
version is 4)
4 The length of the header part of
the IP packet, in octets
8 The Quality of Service (QoS) type
desired for the packet
16 The length of the total IP packet,
in octets
16 An ID value that uniquely
identifies the individual IP packet
3 Indicate whether the IP packet
can be fragmented, or if there
are more fragments
13 Location of the fragment in the IP
packet
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Time to Live (TTL)
Protocol
Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options
8
The maximum time the
packet is allowed to remain
in the network (in seconds)
8
The protocol type of the next
level data
16 A checksum of the IP header
data
32 The IP address of the
sending device
32 The IP address of the
receiving device
variabl Optional fields that further
e
define the IP packet
characteristics
The value of each field can be seen in the Analyzer packet details
frame. Fields that contain more than one type of information,
such as the Type of Service and Flags fields, can be expanded to
show all of the values in the field.
The following sections describe some of the more important
fields of the IP packet that you might have to watch for in your
traces.
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Address Fields
While Ethernet addresses are good for uniquely identifying devices on a
LAN, they do not help at all for identifying remote devices. It is
impossible to look at an Ethernet address and determine what network it
is on. To help uniquely identify the devices on separate networks, the IP
addressing scheme uses particular bits of the 32-bit address to identify
address features. The IP address is divided into three parts:
1. A preset number of high bits used to identify the packet address
scheme used
2. A predetermined network address
3. A device address on the network
From 1 to 4 high bits identify how the network and device addresses are
determined within the total 32 bits of the IP address. The network
address identifies the unique network where the device is located. Every
network should have a unique IP network address assigned to it. IP
routers can use the network address information to decide the routing of
individual IP packets to the proper remote network, even when they are
located across the Internet. The device address uniquely identifies the
device within the network address. No two devices with the same
network address can have the same device address.
By default the IP address specification uses the 4 high bits to define four
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classes of network addresses, as shown in the following table:
IP Network Address Classes
High Bits
Network
Address
Host
Address
Type
0
7 bits
24 bits
Class A
10
14 bits
16 bits
Class B
110
21 bits
8 bits
Class C
1110
0 bits
28 bits
Class D
16
The 32-bit IP address is almost always broken down into four 8-bit
(1 byte) segments, which can then be represented by decimal
numbers with periods between them, called dotted decimal notation.
This is the IP address format you are likely most used to seeing. The
decimal numbers are ordered with the network address part on the
left side and the host part on the right side.
Using the dotted decimal notation of the IP address, the network
class ranges become as follows:
Class A
0.x.x.x–127.x.x.x
Class B
128.x.x.x–191.x.x.x
Class C
192.x.x.x–223.x.x.x
Class D
224.x.x.x–254.x.x.x, which has
been further divided into two
sections:
IP multicast addresses:
224.x.x.x–239.x.x.x
Experimental networks:
240.x.x.x–255.x.x.x
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To complicate things even more, individual class
networks can be further divided into other
networks, or subnets. Each subnet must use a
common network address scheme to identify it
among the other subnets in the class network. To
identify the network part of the IP address, a subnet
mask is defined for a particular subnet. The subnet
mask identifies the bits of the IP address that are
used to define the network address part, and the
bits used to define the host address.
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Example
By default, a class B network address would have a subnet mask of
255.255.0.0, indicating that the upper 16 bits (or first two decimal
numbers) are devoted to the network address. The lower 16 bits (or
second two decimal numbers) are used to define individual host
addresses on the network. Thus, in a default class B network, hosts
130.100.1.6 and 130.100.10.5 are on the same network. Using
subnets, however, you can add extra bits to the network address to
create subnets of the class B network.
For example, if the class B network address 130.100. uses a subnet
mask of 255.255.255.0, the third octet also becomes part of the
network portion of the address. Thus the individual subnets become
130.100.x.0, where x can be anything from 0 to 255. This causes
address 130.100.1.6 to be a separate network from address
130.100.10.5 because the third octets are different.
The hosts on the subnet network can have addresses ranging from
130.100.x.1 to 130 .100.x.254 (the host address of all 1s,
192.168.x.255, is reserved as a subnet broadcast address). This allows
for a single class B address to contain up to 256 subnets, all supporting
different networks. This technique is used most often for large building
LANs as well as campus LANs to help divide the total number of devices
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on a network to a manageable number.
Fragmentation Flags
One of the many complexities of IP packets is their size. The maximum
size of an IP packet can be 65,536 bytes. This is a huge amount of data
for an individual packet. In fact, most lower-level transports (such as
Ethernet) cannot support carrying a large IP packet in one piece
(remember, the Ethernet data section can only be 1,500 bytes long). To
compensate for this, IP packets employ fragmentation to divide the IP
packet into smaller parts for transport to the destination. When the pieces
arrive at the destination, the receiving software must have a way to
recognize the fragmented packet and reassemble the pieces back into a
single IP packet.
Fragmentation is accomplished using three fields of the IP packet, the
fragmentation flags, the fragment offset, and the identification fields. The
fragmentation flags consist of three 1-bit flags:
• A reserved flag, which must be zero
• A Don’t Fragment flag, which indicates that the IP packet may not be
fragmented
• A More Fragment flag, which indicates that this packet is an IP fragment
and more fragments are on the way
The IP Identification field uniquely identifies each IP packet. All the fragments of any packet will
have the same identification number. This tells the receiving software which packets need to be
joined together to create the original IP packet. The fragment offset field indicates the location
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for the fragment in the original packet.
Type of Service Field
The Type of Service field identifies a Quality of Service (QoS) type for
the IP packet, to mark an individual IP packet (or a stream of IP
packets) as having a particular priority. In the past this field was not
used much. However, recently there has been a push for using this
field to prioritize real-time data such as video and audio streams. This
will help routers and other network devices to give real-time data
packets a higher priority of service to reduce the delay in their
transmission. In most network traffic, the Type of Service field will be
set to all zeros, indicating normal, routine data. However, with the
increased use of IP for transporting real-time data, you may encounter
applications that use the Type of Service field to prioritize packets.
The Type of Service (ToS) field contains 8 bits of information, divided
into the following subfields:
•
•
•
•
•
3
1
1
1
2
bits used as a precedence field
bit used to denote normal or low delay
bit used for normal or high throughput
bit used for normal or high reliability
bits reserved for future use
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Programming with TCP and UDP
TCP Programming Features
The most important thing to remember about using TCP is that
it is a connection-oriented protocol. Once a connection exists
between two devices, a reliable data stream is established to
ensure that data is accurately moved from one device to the
other. Although with TCP your applications do not need to
worry about lost or out-of-order data, there is one huge
consideration when you are programming with TCP: the
buffers.
Because TCP must ensure the integrity of the data, it keeps all
sent data in a local buffer until a positive acknowledgement of
reception is received from the remote device. Similarly, when
receiving data from the network, TCP must keep a local buffer
of received data to ensure that all of the pieces are received in
order before passing the data to the application program.
Because of the separate TCP buffer, data moving between your
program and the destination program on the remote host is
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handled somewhat differently than what you might expect.
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The TCP subsystem on the Windows OS is responsible
for accepting data from your application and the
incoming data from the remote device. Instead of
being immediately sent out on the network, the data
will sit in the buffer for a set amount of time. In the
meantime, your application may send more data to
the remote host, which in turn will also be added to
the buffer (as shown by the data1 and data2 data
packets). When the TCP subsystem is ready to send
the data to the remote device, it will attempt to send
all of the contents of the buffer, not just individual
pieces, so both the data1 and data2 buffers are sent
as a single packet. The receiving host then receives a
single packet of data, comprising both the data1 and
data2 buffers. It is up to the application program to
determine if this is really two separate chunks of data
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or one large chunk of data.
What does this mean to you as a network programmer? When you
send data in messages to a remote device, the remote device won’t
necessarily receive the data in the same number of message units.
The TCP subsystem will place all of the individual messages of data
into the TCP buffer. Depending on the rate at which you are sending
data and the rate at which the receiving device is receiving data,
those messages (or at least some of them) may get pushed together
in the data stream. This “feature” of TCP communications surprises
many a novice network programmer.
Because TCP does not preserve data message boundaries, you must
compensate for that in your network programs. There are two ways to
handle this:
1.Create a protocol that requires a one-for-one response to each data
message sent from the host
2.Design a data message marker system to distinguish data message
boundaries within the data stream
3.Both techniques require a fair amount of forethought before coding
begins. Most Internet protocols that use TCP implement the first
way of separating data. FTP and similar protocols implement a
command/response system where the client sends one message
command at a time and waits for the response for each command
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from the remote host.
UDP Programming Features
UDP was created to solve the message boundary
problem of TCP. UDP preserves data boundaries of
all messages sent from an application to the
network. Because UDP was specifically designed not
to worry about reliable data transport, it does not
need to use local buffers to keep sent or received
data. Instead, each message is forwarded as a single
packet as it is received from the application
program. Also, each message received from the
network is forwarded to the application program as a
single message. UDP preserves the message
boundary in the network packet.
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Apart from UDP’s capability to preserve message boundaries, it has
another problem. Because UDP does not guarantee data delivery, your
application must perform that function if it is concerned about the data
getting to its destination. Just because a device sends a UDP data
packet doesn’t necessarily mean that the receiving device received it.
You must ensure that your program can deal with missing data packets.
One way around this is to always expect some type of answer from the
remote host after you send out a data packet (the command/response
method). When no answer is received, you should assume that your
data packet did not make it through the network to the remote device.
This makes sending data via UDP a four-step process:
1. Send data to the remote device.
2. Start a timer, set for a predetermined period of time.
3. Wait for a response from the remote device. When it arrives, stop
the timer and go on with your program.
4. If the timer expires before you receive a response, go back and
repeat step 1. After you have repeated step 1 a set number of times
(the retry count) without an answer, assume that you cannot
communicate with the remote host.
5. Although sending data using UDP is somewhat easier as far as
message boundaries go, it is a lot more complicated than TCP
because you need to do your own checking for lost data packets. 28
Finding IP Address Information
One of the biggest challenges of network programming is dealing with
network configurations of individual workstations and servers. When
sending data across the network, you often need to determine the IP
network information for the system running your program. The Windows OS
family offers many ways to determine IP configuration information, both
manually and from within a program. This section demonstrates a few of the
ways that you can use to determine IP configuration information both
manually and within your C# programs.
Using ipconfig
C:\>ipconfig Windows NT IP Configuration
Ethernet adapter El90x1:
IP Address. . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.6
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1
PPP adapter NdisWan5:
IP Address. . . . . . . . . : 0.0.0.0
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . : 0.0.0.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . :
C:\>
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To obtain more detailed information about a device, use the /all
switch for the ipconfig command, as shown here:
C:\>ipconfig /all
Windows NT IP Configuration
Host Name . . . . . . . . . :
shadrach.blum.lan
DNS Servers . . . . . . . . :
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.3
Node Type . . . . . . . . . :
Broadcast
NetBIOS Scope ID. . . . . . :
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . : No
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . : No
NetBIOS Resolution Uses DNS :
No Ethernet adapter El90x1:
Description . . . . . . . . : 3Com
EtherLink PCI
Physical Address. . . . . . : 00-50DA-10-78-67
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
IP Address. . . . . . . . . :
192.168.1.6
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . :
255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . :
192.168.1.1
PPP adapter NdisWan5:
Description . . . . . . . . : NdisWan
Adapter
Physical Address. . . . . . : 00-0000-00-00-00
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
IP Address. . . . . . . . . : 0.0.0.0
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . : 0.0.0.0
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Default Gateway . . . . . . :
Using the Registry
IP Info in the Registry
The Registry consists of individual keys that store one or more
data items. Each key stores information for an entity on the
system, such as a network card. Each data item has a value that
defines the data information. The Registry key organization is
similar to a directory/ subdirectory structure. A key may contain
data as well as several subkeys. Each subkey itself may contain
data and additional subkeys; the structure can go several levels
deep.
The Windows Registry comprises six base keys from which all
other keys are built:
• CLASSES ROOT
• CURRENT CONFIG
• CURRENT USER
• DYN DATA
• LOCAL MACHINE
• USERS
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Within this subkey, the information for each network
interface is stored as a separate subkey, named
sequentially starting with 0000. Each subkey contains
data values that define the IP information for an
individual network device
Network Information Registry Data Names
Data Name
Description
IPAddress
The IP address assigned to this
interface
DefaultGateway
The IP router assigned to this
interface
IPMask
The subnet mask used to define the
network address used on this
interface
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looking for network information on a
Windows NT, 2000, or XP system
The first step is to find the Registry keys of all the network devices configured
on the system. Windows NT, 2000, and XP systems have a single Registry
key that lists all network interfaces configured on the system. This key is
listed under the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM) root key. The actual
subkey is as follows:
HKLM\Software\Micrososft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\NetworkCards
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Using C# to Search the Registry
Microsoft.Win32.Registry The Microsoft.Win32.Registry
namespace contains all the base classes needed to access the base
Registry key names:
• Current_User,
• Local_Machine,
• Classes_Root,
• Current_Config,
• Dyn_Data, and Users.
You must use one of the base Registry key names to build your
specific Registry subkey.
Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey The Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey
namespace contains the classes and methods necessary to query
and modify Registry keys and data. The OpenSubKey() method
allows you to open a subkey of a known key and access any data
values contained in the subkey. Once you have the appropriate
subkey, you can use the GetValue() method to get the data values
assigned to the subkey.
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Example
The following program will find the network devices installed on a
Windows NT, 2000, or XP system using the system Registry, and
display the IP information for each device.
using System;
using Microsoft.Win32;
class CardGrab {
public static void Main ()
{
RegistryKey start = Registry.LocalMachine;
RegistryKey cardServiceName, networkKey;
string networkcardKey = "SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\
WindowsNT\\CurrentVersion\\NetworkCards";
string serviceKey = "SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\";
string networkcardKeyName, deviceName;
string deviceServiceName, serviceName;
RegistryKey serviceNames = start.OpenSubKey(networkcardKey);
if (serviceNames == null)
{ Console.WriteLine("Bad registry key");
return;
}
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deviceServiceName=(string)cardServiceName.GetValue("ServiceName");
deviceName = (string)cardServiceName.GetValue("Description");
Console.WriteLine("\nNetwork card: {0}", deviceName);
serviceName = serviceKey + deviceServiceName +
"\\Parameters\\Tcpip"; networkKey = start.OpenSubKey(serviceName);
if (networkKey == null)
{ Console.WriteLine(" No IP configuration set"); }
else
{ string[] ipaddresses = (string[])networkKey.GetValue("IPAddress");
string[] defaultGateways =
(string[])networkKey.GetValue("DefaultGateway");
string[] subnetmasks = (string[])networkKey.GetValue("SubnetMask");
foreach(string ipaddress in ipaddresses)
{ Console.WriteLine(" IP Address: {0}",ipaddress); }
foreach(string subnetmask in subnetmasks)
{ Console.WriteLine(" Subnet Mask: {0}", subnetmask); }
foreach(string defaultGateway in defaultGateways)
{ Console.WriteLine(" Gateway: {0}", defaultGateway); }
networkKey.Close(); } }
start.Close(); } }
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END
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