Transcript Chapter 9 - CIS Home Page

McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter
9
Introduction to Network Server
Operating Systems
Networking Basics
Basic Server Concepts
Server Roles—Past and Present
Sharing and Protecting Resources
Learning Objectives
• Explain the basic concepts of networking
• Describe basic server concepts
• Describe the common roles of network servers
• Share and protect network resources
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
• Why Network PCs?
• Resource Sharing
• Resources include files, folders, modems, printers,
CD and DVD players/recorders, and backup devices
• Resources may also include services, such as e-mail
and fax
• Communicating
• E-mail
• List servers, newsgroups
• Chat rooms
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
• Why Network PCs? (continued)
• Network Resource Management
• Data Backup
• Single-Server Security
• Multi-Server Security
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
• Networks Small to Large
• LANs
• Geographically the smallest
• Room, floor of a building, entire building, business
or academic campus
• Common network technology
• Usually the fastest speeds
• LAN speeds in millions or billions of bits per second
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
• Networks Small to Large (continued)
• MANs
• Cover an entire metropolitan area
• Usually high-speed fiber-optic cable
• Operating in the billions of bits per second
• A MAN may be somewhere between you and
the Internet
• Community of LANs to connected to each
other and to the Internet
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
• Networks Small to Large (continued)
• WANs
• Cover the largest geographic area
• Two or more networks connected over long distances
• Connected networks make up an internetwork
• The most famous is the Internet
• WAN speeds range from thousands of bits per second up
into the millions of bits per second
• Low-end WAN uses a 56-Kbps modem
• Internet backbone uses high-end WAN connections
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
• Logical Network Organization
• Peer-to-Peer Networks
• Data and resources distributed
• No central authority responsible for security
• An administrator must make the individual
resource available as a share
• Microsoft term for peer-to-peer is “workgroup”
• Microsoft recommends workgroups for 10 or fewer
• A small network with high security needs should
not be organized as a workgroup/peer-to-peer
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
• Logical Network Organization (continued)
• Server-Based Networks
• The most common network administrative
organization
• Each PC interacts with one or more servers
• Servers are dedicated to providing network
services
• A Microsoft server-based network with central
administration is called a domain
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
Step-by-Step 9.01
Peer-to-Peer or Server-Based Network?
Page 445
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
• Network Pieces and Parts
• Physical Components
• Network Interface and Media
• Network interface card (NIC) or modem
• Media may be metal wires, fiber-optic cable, or air
• Other Network Connection Devices
• Hubs and switches
• Bridges and routers
• Firewalls
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
• Software Components
• Drivers
• Network Operating Systems (NOSs)
• Services
• Protocols
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Basic Server Concepts
• The Two Sides of the Equation
• Server and client are the two sides of the
equation
• A service enables a system to share its
resources
• Peer-to-peer computers are both client and
server
• A networked computer may play many roles
at once
• A special client is required for each resource type
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Basic Server Concepts
• The Two Sides of the Equation (continued)
• Client requests resource and works with it
locally
• A server performs tasks to provide the
services
• Processing is distributed
• The relationship is client/server networking
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Basic Server Concepts
• The OSs Supporting the Services
• Windows Server Operating Systems
• Windows NT Server 4.0 products
• Windows NT Server 4.0
• Windows NT Server 4.0 Enterprise Edition
• Microsoft discontinued sales on January 1, 2005
• Windows 2000 Server products
• Windows 2000 Server
• Windows 2000 Advanced Server
• Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Basic Server Concepts
• The OSs Supporting the Services (continued)
• Windows Server 2003
• Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition
• Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition
• Windows Server 2003 Web Edition
• Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Basic Server Concepts
• The OSs Supporting the Services (continued)
• UNIX Server Operating Systems
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•
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Many versions of UNIX for many hardware platforms
Powerful and stable
Server of choice for network infrastructure services
Popular on servers that host large databases shared
by thousands of users
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Basic Server Concepts
• The OSs Supporting the Services (continued)
• UNIX Server Operating Systems (continued)
• Specialized database-specific software has been
developed for UNIX
• Deeply entrenched in insurance, medicine, banking,
manufacturing, and on web servers.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Basic Server Concepts
• The OSs Supporting the Services (continued)
• Linux Server Operating Systems
• Growing in popularity within organizations
of all sizes
• Becoming more accepted in the small business
and home markets
• Open operating system, available by itself for free
• Vendors bundle it and charge a fee for add-ons
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Basic Server Concepts
• The OSs Supporting the Services (continued)
• Linux Server Operating Systems (continued)
• A cost-effective alternative for sharing files,
applications, printers, modems, and Internet
services
• Linux is competing with all other server OSs
• Linux is distributed according to the Open Source
standard (www.opensource.org)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Basic Server Concepts
• The OSs Supporting the Services (continued)
• Novell Server Operating Systems
• In the 1980s, Novell, Inc. produced hardware and
software for corporate networks
• They continued to update their flagship product,
the NetWare network operating system
• NetWare once had a nearly 70%share of the
market
• Lost market share, but are gaining again
• Latest version is Open Enterprise Server (OES)
• OES is just one server product offered by Novell
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles in the Past
• Early 1980s LANs focused on file and printer sharing
• Mission-critical network services in large organizations
were provided by mainframe computers
• Users worked at dedicated terminals connected to the
mainframes over proprietary networks
• Typical early LAN was not connected to the corporate
network
• One or two servers would meet the needs of an entire
department
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles in the Past (continued)
• PC-based servers improved and now have capabilities
rivaling the mainframe systems
• Number of roles played by these servers has increased
• The mantra of IT professionals has become
"interoperability"
• Network services have moved off proprietary networks
• All the interconnected networks of a single organization
is an enterprise network
• An organization's data may be anywhere on the enterprise
network—even on a mainframe
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today
• Many additional server roles
• Single-purpose or multiple purpose servers
• Roles may be elaborate services that are added
to a network operating system
• A service is often an extra-cost option
• Source of an added service may be the same
vendor as the OS, or a third-party vendor
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• Directory Service Server
• Maintains the directory service database
• Domain controllers are servers running the
Active Directory service
• Active directory accounts can be administered
remotely or locally
• An administrator uses the Active Directory Users
and Group console to manage accounts
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• File and Print Server
• A file server allows users to connect to it to
store files
• A print server allows users to connect to print
• These two roles are combined in file and printer
• File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks
• The client side is called Client for Microsoft
Networks
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• File and Print Server (continued)
• Most NOSs have a file and print service as a
base service that does not have to be added to
the NOS
• The most common reasons for using a file server
•
•
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•
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
It is easier to physically ensure the security of a server
Data can be made available to multiple users
Data can be used in a collaborative effort
Data can be centrally backed up
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• File and Print Server (continued)
• share (verb) – to make a network resource available
• share (noun) – the point at which network user can
access a resource
• A computer with shared resources is a server
• A computer used to access network resources is a
client
• A PC can be both a server and client at the same
time
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• File and Print Server (continued)
• A desktop operating system does not have some of
the same capabilities and services as a server OS
• Server OSs can handle many simultaneous connections
• Server OSs can take advantage of very high-end
server computers with many processors, high-speed
disk drives, and gigabytes of RAM memory
• Servers attached to high-speed networks provide
file and print services on large enterprise networks
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• E-Mail Servers
• In the early days of PC networks, the electronic
delivery and management of messages was the
turf of the mainframe systems
• LAN networks grew, became more capable,
reliable, and interconnected
• E-mail function gradually migrated to LAN servers
• Mail server (or e-mail server) transmits, receives,
and stores electronic mail
• E-mail – messages transmitted electronically
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• E-Mail Servers (continued)
• Mail servers used within organizations, as well
as on the Internet
• Communicate via e-mail seamlessly within
organizations and over the Internet
• For many individuals, e-mail is the most compelling
reason to have Internet access from home
• In a Microsoft network, the e-mail server is Exchange
• In a NetWare environment, the e-mail server is
GroupWise
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• Data Backup Servers
• Centralized data backup is an important network
service
• Data frequently backed up to removable media
and stored off-site
• In a simple scenario, users save all of their data
to one or more network servers
• Each server is then backed up nightly
• The backup task is moving from the desktop to
the server
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• Data Backup Servers (continued)
• A tape backup system may be on each server
• Centralized backup systems back up many servers
• Backup services run on Windows, Novell, or UNIX
• Internet-based backup services:
•
•
•
•
•
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
CapSure
Connected
Xdrive
Clunk Click
1stForData
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• Application Server
• An intermediary program between users running
client software and a back-end business application
or database
• Client-side component may be on a PC, or it may
be a simple web browser on a minimally configured
network computer called a thin client
• Thin client model is replacing client-server application
• Internet-based application service providers are called
(ASPs)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• Web Servers
• Host web pages on the Internet and in private
networks
• Content previously made available by other
means is now published on the company intranet
• An intranet is a private network using Internet
technologies, such as web servers
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• Web Servers
• For many years, users connecting to the Internet
could see only text content
• The Internet existed, but not the Web
• The Web came about thanks to the efforts of Tim
Berners-Lee, designer of the hypertext markup
language (HTML)
• HTML is now the language of the World Wide Web
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Server Roles—Past and Present
• Server Roles Today (continued)
• Web Servers (continued)
• An Internet browser uses HTTP to interpret HTML
• A URL starts with “HTTP” to indicate use of this
protocol
• Microsoft and Novell offer web server add-ons for their
operating systems
• Apache Server is used on up to 60% of all web servers
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
• Adding Computers to a Microsoft Domain
• Some computers can join a domain
• Windows NT family of OSs can join a domain
• A computer needs an account in the domain database
• A computer joins the domain
• Some computers cannot join a domain
• Windows 9x and Windows XP Home cannot join
• Users of 9x can log onto the domain and assign
permissions to local shares to domain accounts
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
• Adding Computers to a Microsoft Domain (continued)
• Some computers cannot join a domain (continued)
• Users of Windows XP Home cannot log onto the domain
• Users of either OS can access domain shares
• More benefits of domain membership
• Centralized management of the desktop computer
• When a computer joins a domain, certain group accounts
in the domain become members of local groups
• Domain Administrators become members of local
Administrators group
• Domain Users become members of the Local Users group
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
Step-by-Step 9.02
Adding a Computer to a Domain
Page 462
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
• Creating User and Group Accounts
• Users and Group Membership
• Domain Users
• Individual accounts with identifying information
• Up to 20 characters in the username
• Windows NT Domain Groups
• Local
• Global
• Active Directory Domain Groups
• Domain Local
• Global
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
Step-by-Step 9.03
Creating User Accounts
Page 466
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
• Creating User and Group Accounts (continued)
• Passwords
• Windows desktop OSs allow blank passwords
by default
• Always use a password on a networked computer
• Enforce with local password policies
• Windows Server 2003 requires complex passwords
• Domain password policy affects all domain users
• Administrators set local or domain password
policies
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
• Creating User and Group Accounts (continued)
• Passwords (continued)
• Use the strongest password possible
• Windows allows mixed case and a mix of alpha,
numeric, and other symbols Create strong passwords
• Remember your password
• Do not use your name or any common words
• Change your password frequently
• Do not write your password on your office
calendar, etc.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
• Creating Shares
• Setting File-Level Permissions
• NTFS file permissions are the last defense
• Set permissions at the most restrictive
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
• Creating Shares (continued)
• Creating a Share and Setting Share-Level Permissions
• Local files and folders are not visible over a network
until a share is created above them
• A file share is the point at which a network user can
access files
• A file share must point to a folder
• Once created, permissions can be set
• The share default permissions on desktop Windows
and some server versions = Everyone full control
• Windows 2003 default = Everyone Read
• Everyone group is every user connected to the network
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
• Creating Shares (continued)
• Creating a Share and Setting Share-Level Permissions
(continued)
• First set NTFS permissions on the folders and files
that will be under the share
• Then create the share
• Remove the Everyone group from share permissions
• Share permissions should be equal to or greater than
the NTFS permissions on underlying folders and files
• Combining share permissions and NTFS permissions
results in the most restrictive of the two sets
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Networking Basics
Step-by-Step 9.04
Setting Permissions and Sharing Folders
Page 468
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basics of Networking
• PCs are networked for resource sharing,
communicating, and network resource
management.
• The single-server security model works when
just one or a very few servers are required.
• The many-server security model centralizes
security management for a large number of
servers.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basics of Networking
• A computer network consists of two or more
computers connected by communications
media in order to share resources, communicate, and centralize management of resources.
• A LAN is limited geographically to a room, a
floor of a building, an entire building, or a
campus that is all connected with a common
network technology, usually at the fastest
speeds (10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, or 10 Gbps).
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basics of Networking
• A MAN is a network that covers a metropolitan area, usually connected by a highspeed fiber-optic cable, and that runs at
speeds measured in gigabits per second.
• A WAN is two or more networks connected
over long distances using phone lines or
satellite communications with speeds normally ranging from thousands of bits per second
to millions of bits per second.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basics of Networking
• A peer-to-peer network (a workgroup in
Microsoft terminology) has no central
authority responsible for security, and the
management of resources becomes more
difficult as the number of PCs increases.
• A server-based network provides a central
place for keeping and controlling resources.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basics of Networking
• A client is the software that requests
services from server software.
• A Microsoft server-based network with
central administration is called a domain.
• Network hardware components include
network interface, media, hubs, switches,
bridges, routers, and firewalls.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basics of Networking
• Network software components include
network operating systems, device drivers,
services, and protocols.
• Network communication protocols suites
include TCP/IP (by far the most common),
NetBEUI (very rarely used today), Apple's
AppleTalk (replaced by TCP/IP), and Novell's
IPX/SPX (also being replace by TCP/IP).
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basic Server Concepts
• A server is a computer on a network that
provides a service to other computers.
• A client is a computer on a network that
accesses the service of the server.
• Microsoft’s major server versions in use
today include Windows NT 4.0, Windows
2000, and Windows Server 2003.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basic Server Concepts
• Windows NT 4.0 is still running on many
servers today. Its server products include
the Server and Enterprise editions.
• Windows 2000 Server products include
Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000
Advanced Server, and Windows 2000
Datacenter Server.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basic Server Concepts
• Windows Server 2003 products include
Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition,
Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition,
Windows Server 2003 Web Edition, and
Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basic Server Concepts
• UNIX runs on a variety of platforms and is
offered by vendors such as IBM, Compaq,
Caldera, Hewlett-Packard, and Sun. It has
long been the server of choice for hosting
network infrastructure services. It remains
the top choice for servers that host large
databases shared by hundreds or thousands
of users, especially in industries such as
insurance, medicine, banking, and
manufacturing.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basic Server Concepts
• The many versions of Linux, distributed by
vendors such as Red Hat, Novell, HewlettPackard, the Gentoo Foundation, and
MandrakeSoft SA, are growing in popularity
within organizations, competing with all
other server operating system in many arenas.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basic Server Concepts
• Novell’s NetWare server OS dominated
the LAN server market in the 1980s, but
declined in the 1990s, although Novell
introduced Novell Directory Services
(NDS) in 1994, years ahead of Microsoft’s
competing Active Directory.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Basic Server Concepts
• Currently, NetWare is just one server
product line offered by Novell. They
have added two Linux Server products:
SuSE Enterprise, for a broad range of
computers up to mainframes, and SuSE
Standard, for basic small business or
departmental servers.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Server Roles—Past and Present
• File and printer sharing was the earliest role
for servers. It is still a huge function of servers.
• A server that transmits, receives, and stores email is called a mail server.
• A server that maintains a directory service
database is a directory service server. A
Microsoft Active Directory server is called a
domain controller.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Server Roles—Past and Present
• In a Microsoft network, the e-mail server is
called Exchange. In a NetWare environment,
the e-mail server is GroupWise. Both of these
products do much more than simply manage
e-mail.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Server Roles—Past and Present
• Centralized data backup has long been
an important network service, and several
vendors sell centralized backup systems
that use a dedicated backup server, large
tape archiving systems, and specialized
client software.
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Chapter Summary
Server Roles—Past and Present
• A large number of Internet-based backup
services allow subscribers to back up data
over the Internet to their servers.
• An application server is a program that acts
as an intermediary between users running
client software and a large back-end business
application or database.
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Chapter Summary
Server Roles—Past and Present
• Web servers are found on the Internet, hosting
millions of web pages, and they are also found
on private networks, replacing file servers in
some cases.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Sharing and Protecting Resources
• Effective sharing and protection of network
resources requires careful planning.
• The network administrator implements the
plan for sharing and protecting network
resources.
• An administrator’s server-side tasks include
adding a computer to a domain, creating user
accounts and groups, and creating file and
print shares.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Sharing and Protecting Resources
• A Windows 9x or Windows XP Home
computer cannot join a domain, but a user
at a Windows 9x computer can log onto a
domain, while one using Windows XP Home
cannot.
• An administrator’s client-side tasks include
connecting to resources and testing network
security.
• A Windows Active Directory domain has
several types of security accounts.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Chapter Summary
Sharing and Protecting Resources
• Administrators save time and effort by
organizing users into groups that have
common resource needs.
• Groups in Windows NT domains and
Active Directory domains are similar but
vary in scope and membership.
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Chapter Summary
Sharing and Protecting Resources
• Planning for effective use of user accounts
and group accounts is complex but worthwhile.
• After users and groups have been created,
create shares to give users access to the
resources they need. If a share is on an NTFS
volume, set NTFS permissions on the underlying files and folders before creating the share.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
9-71
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Summary
Sharing and Protecting Resources
• When you create a new share, immediately
set the permissions on the share. You should
usually remove the Everyone group from the
permissions list.
• Once shares have been created, network
clients can connect to the shares from their
computers.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
9-72
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.