Transcript Networking TCP/IP

Network Protocols
©Richard L. Goldman
September 18, 2001
Protocol
• A common set of rules that defines how two
devices will communicate with each other.
• Protocols Define:
– Syntax
• Format of the data
• Coding schemes used
– Semantics
• Connection and error handling control
– Timing
• Speed and sequence
• A Group of protocols that work together is called a
protocol suite or protocol stack.
Routable vs. Non-Routable Protocols
• Non-routable protocols
– Can only transfer data between devices within a single
LAN.
– Use hardware address (MAC)
– Operate at the Data Link layer
• Routable protocols
– Can transfer data between different LANs
– Use logical addresses
– Operate at the Network layer
Common LAN Network Protocols
• TCP/IP
– Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
• IPX/SPX
– Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequence Packet Exchange
(Novell)
• NetBIOS
– Network Basic Input Output System
• NetBEUI
– NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface
• AppleTalk
– Apple Macintosh Computers
Transmission Media
• Each protocol must use some type of transmission media to
communicate with other devices on the network.
• Common Transmission media:
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–
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–
–
–
–
–
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Category Cable (Cat.1-7)
Coaxial Cable
Fiber optic Cable
Microwave
SSR (Spread Spectrum Radio)
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) – IEEE 802.11b
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) - WAN
Local Area Networking Technology
• The LAN network technology controls how the data
is electrically transmitted on the particular media of
a LAN.
• The protocols for LAN network technology are
contained within the ROMs of network devices such
as a NIC used in a personal computer.
• Common Networking technology:
– Ethernet
– Token Ring
Interconnection Protocols
• X-ON/X-OFF
– X-ON when ready to receive
– X-OFF when not ready to receive
– No error detection
• Xmodem
– File transfer protocol
– Uses Stop-and-Wait ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)
– Half-duplex
• Kermit
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File transfer protocol
PC to mainframe (Both PC and mainframe must run Kermit)
Asynchronous
Uses CRC
• X.PC
– Converts asynchronous data into packets for X.25 networks
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
TCP/IP
• TCP/IP is a routable protocol.
• Routable protocol alow data to be routed to
computers on different networks.
• TCP/IP is the protocol of the Internet and is
used by networks that want to directly
access to the Internet.
OSI Model
4 Process
/Application
TCP/IP
Software
6 - Presentation
Software
Software
7 - Application
DoD - ARPAnet
4 Application
5- Session
4 - Transport
3 Host-to-Host
3 Transport
3 - Network
2 Internet
2 Internet
1 Network
Access
Hardware
1 Network
Access
Hardware
2 - Data Link
1Hardware
- Physical
•TCP/IP is a 4 level protocol that was patterned after the DoD protocol used in
the ARPAnet network.
Common TCP/IP Subprotocols and Services
TCP
UDP
IP
FTP
TFTP
HTTP
POP
SMTP
NNTP
ARP
RARP
SNMP
ICMP
IGMP
Telnet
DNS
DHCP
Transmission Control Protocol
User Datagram Protocol
Internet Protocol
File Transfer Protocol
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Hypertext Transport Protocol
Post Office Protocol
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Network News Transfer Protocol
Address Resolution Protocol
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
Simple Network Management Protocol
Internet Control Message Protocol
Internet Group Management Protocol
Terminal Emulation
Domain Name System
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• The TCP/IP subprotocols each perform
specific functions that can be mapped to the
layers of the OSI model
TCP/IP Subprotocols
OSI Model
7 - Application
TCP/IP
Application
6 - Presentation
5- Session
FTP
TFTP
SMTP
POP
HTTP
DNS
NNTP
SNMP
Telnet
4 - Transport
Transport
TCP
UDP
3 - Network
Internet
IP
ICMP
ARP
IGMP
2 - Data Link
Network Access
PPP
SLIP
Cat 1-7
Coax
1 - Physical
Ethernet
Token Ring
DSL
etc.
TCP/IP Example #1 – Internet Browser on Ethernet Network
OSI Model
7 - Application
TCP/IP
4 Application
Internet Explorer
6 - Presentation
HTTP
(Port 80)
5- Session
4 - Transport
3 Transport
3 - Network
2 Internet
IP
2 - Data Link
1 Network
Access
Ethernet
1 - Physical
TCP
Cat-5
TCP/IP Example #2 – E-mail on Ethernet Network
OSI Model
7 - Application
TCP/IP
4 Application
Outlook
6 - Presentation
SMTP
POP
(Port 25) (Port 110)
5- Session
4 - Transport
3 Transport
3 - Network
2 Internet
IP
2 - Data Link
1 Network
Access
Ethernet
1 - Physical
TCP
Cat-5
TCP/IP Example #3 – File Transfer over DSL
OSI Model
7 - Application
TCP/IP
4 Application
6 - Presentation
Internet Explorer
FTP
(Port 20) (Port 21)
Data
Control
5- Session
4 - Transport
3 Transport
3 - Network
2 Internet
IP
2 - Data Link
1 Network
Access
PPP
1 - Physical
TCP
DSL
SPX/IPX
Protocol Suite
• IPX/SPX is a routable protocol developed
by Novell for Netware networks.
• While IPX/SPX is routable, it is not
supported by the Internet and can only be
used within private networks.
• IPX/SPX uses NetBIOS to perform Session
layer functions.
IPX/SPX Subprotocols and Services
SPX
IPX
SAP
NCP
Sequence Packet Exchange
Internetwork Packet Exchange
Service Advertising Protocol
Netware Core Protocol
NetBIOS Network Basic Input Output System
RIP
Routing Information Protocol
IPX/SPX
OSI Model
Software
Software
7 - Application
IPX/SPX
6 - Presentation
NCP
SAP
RIP
5- Session
NetBIOS
4 - Transport
SPX
3 - Network
IPX
2 - Data Link
Transmission
Protocol &
Hardware
Media
1 Hardware
- Physical
Novell’s
IPX/SPX
uses
NetBIOS to
complete its
suite of
protocols.
NetBIOS/NetBEUI
Protocols
NetBIOS/NetBEUI
NetBIOS Network Basic Input Output System
NetBEUI NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface
NetBIOS & NetBEUI
OSI Model
6 - Presentation
Software
Software
7 - Application
NetBIOS & NetBEUI
NetBEUI
5- Session
NetBIOS
4 - Transport
3 - Network
2 - Data Link
1Hardware
- Physical
Transmission
Protocol &
Hardware
Media
AppleTalk
Protocol Suite
AppleTalk
• Apple’s protocol used to network Apple
Macintosh computers Apple printers.
• Very slow and only suited for small networks.
• Designed to runs over Apple’s LocalTalk network
(230Kbps).
• Versions of AppleTalk are available to run on
other types of networks:
– Ethernet (EtherTalk)
– Token ring (TokenTalk)
– FDDI (FDDITalk).
• Windows NT, Novel NetWare, have services to
support AppleTalk.
AppleTalk Subprotocols
AFP
ASP
ATP
NBP
RTMP
ZIP
DDP
Apple Share
AppleTalk Filing Protocol
AppleTalk Session Protocol
Appletalk Transaction Protocol
Name Binding Protocol
Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
Zone Information Protocol
Datagram Delivery Protocol
OSI Model
6 - Presentation
Software
Software
7 - Application
AppleTalk
Apple Share
AFP
5- Session
ASP
4 - Transport
ATP - NBP, RTMP, ZIP
3 - Network
DDP
2 - Data Link
1Hardware
- Physical
Hardware
LocalTalk
Review - PC Networking Protocols
OSI Model
DoD - ARPAnet
TCP/IP IPX/SPX NetBIOS &
AppleTalk
NetBEUI
NetBIOS
Software
NCP
SAP
4 Process 4 Application
RIP
/Application
Software
Software
5- Session
Software
6 - Presentation
Software
Software
7 - Application
NetBEUI
Apple Share
AFP
ASP
NetBIOS
4 - Transport
3 TransportSPX
3 Host-to-Host
3 - Network
2 Internet 2 Internet IPX
ATP
DDP
2 - Data Link
1Hardware
- Physical
Transmission
Transmission
1 Network1 Network
Protocol &Protocol &
Access
Access
Hardware Hardware Hardware
Hardware
Media Hardware
Media LocalTalk
Mainframe Protocols
Types of Mainframe Protocols
• Mainframe networking uses very different
kinds of protocols and are not mapped to
the OSI model.
• The three main types of mainframe
protocols are:
– Character-oriented
– Byte-count oriented
– Bit-oriented
Character-oriented Protocol
• Synchronous block transmission
• Half-duplex
• Uses 8-bit byte control characters
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ACK +Acknowledgement
NAK -Acknowledgement
ENQ Enquiry
DLE Data Link Escape
SYN Synchronization
STX
SOH
ETX
ETB
EOT
Start of Text
Start of Header
End of Text
End of Transmission Block
End of Transmission
• BSC (BISCYNC)
– Binary Synchronous Communications protocol
– Industry standard – IBM
Byte-count Oriented Protocol
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Improvement on BNC
Add a header to each block with control information
Eliminates need for ACK
Eliminates transparency problems
• DDCMP
– Digital Data Communication Message Protocol
Bit-oriented Protocols
• Uses a strictly defined frame with each bit in each
field containing specific information.
• Supports half-duplex and full-duplex networks
Bit-oriented Protocols - List
• SDLC
– Synchronous Data Link Control - IBM
• BDLC
– Burroughs Data Link Control
• UDLC
– Universal Data Link Control - Sperry
• CDCDLC
– Control Data Corporation Data Link Control
• HDLC
– High-Level Data Link Control – ISO Standard
• ADCCP
– Advanced Data Communication Control Procedure – ANSI Standard
• X.400 and X.500
– E-mail message and directory services
• TCP/IP
– Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
• X.25
– Packet switching – analog circuits