Transcript What is PPP? - College of DuPage

PPP
Accessing the WAN – Chapter 2
Modified by Tony Chen
07/20/2008
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Notes:

If you see any mistake on my PowerPoint slides or if
you have any questions about the materials, please
feel free to email me at [email protected].
Thanks!
Tony Chen
College of DuPage
Cisco Networking Academy
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Objectives

In this chapter, you will learn to:
– Describe the fundamental concepts of point-to-point serial
communication.
– Describe key PPP concepts.
– Configure PPP encapsulation.
– Explain and configure PAP and CHAP authentication.
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How Does Serial Communication Work?
 Most PCs have both serial and parallel ports.
 Computers use of relatively short parallel connections
between interior components, but use a serial bus to
convert signals for most external communications.
–With a serial connection, information is sent across one
wire, one data bit at a time.
•The 9-pin serial connector on most PCs uses two loops of
wire, one in each direction, for data communication, plus
additional wires to control the flow of information.
–A parallel connection sends the bits over more wires
simultaneously. In the 25-pin parallel port on your PC,
there are 8 data wires to carry 8 bits simultaneously.
•The parallel link theoretically transfers data eight times
faster than a serial connection.
 In reality, it is often the case that serial links can be
clocked considerably faster than parallel links, and
they achieve a higher data rate
–Two factors that affect parallel communications: clock
skew and crosstalk interference.
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Parallel connection: Clock Skew & Interference
 In a parallel connection, it is wrong to assume
that the 8 bits leaving the sender at the same
time arrive at the receiver at the same time.
 Clock Skew
–Some of the bits get there later than others. This
is known as clock skew.
–Overcoming clock skew is not trivial. The
receiving end must synchronize itself with the
transmitter and then wait until all the bits have
arrived. The process of reading, waiting, waiting
adds time to the transmission.
–This is not a factor with serial links, because most
serial links do not need clocking.
 Interference
–Parallel wires are physically bundled in a parallel
cable. The possibility of crosstalk across the wires
requires more processing.
–Since serial cables have fewer wires, there is less
crosstalk, and network devices transmit serial
communications at higher, more efficient
frequencies.
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Serial Communication Standards
 In a serial communication process.
–Data is encapsulated by the sending router.
–The frame is sent on a physical medium to the WAN.
–There are various ways to traverse the WAN,
–The receiving router uses the same communications
protocol to de-encapsulate the frame when it arrives.
 There are three key serial communication standards
affecting LAN-to-WAN connections:
–RS-232 - Most serial ports on personal computers conform
to the RS-232C standards.
•Both 9-pin and 25-pin connectors are used.
•It be used for device, including modems, mice, and printers.
–V.35 – It is used for modem-to-multiplexer communication.
•V.35 is used by routers and DSUs that connect to T1 carriers.
–HSSI - A High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) supports
transmission rates up to 52 Mb/s.
•HSSI is used to connect routers on LANs with WANs over highspeed lines such as T3 lines.
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Serial Communication: RS-232
 While this course does not examine the details of V.35 and
HSSI pinning schemes, a quick look at a 9-pin RS-232
connector used to connect a PC to a modem helps illustrate
the concept.
–Pin 1 - Data Carrier Detect (DCD) indicates that the carrier for the
transmit data is ON.
–Pin 2 - The receive pin (RXD) carries data from the serial device to
the computer.
–Pin 3 - The transmit pin (TxD) carries data from the computer to
the serial device.
–Pin 4 - Data Terminal Ready (DTR) indicates to the modem that
the computer is ready to transmit.
–Pin 5 - Ground
–Pin 6 - Data Set Ready (DSR) is similar to DTR. It indicates that
the Dataset is ON.
–Pin 7 - The RTS pin requests clearance to send data to a modem
–Pin 8 - The serial device uses the Clear to Send (CTS) pin to
acknowledge the RTS signal of the computer. In most situations,
RTS and CTS are constantly ON throughout the communication
session.
–Pin 9 - An auto answer modem uses the Ring Indicator (RI) to
signal receipt of a telephone ring signal.
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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 Bell Laboratories invented TDM to maximize the
amount of voice traffic carried over a medium.
 Compare TDM to a train with 32 railroad cars.
–Each car is owned by a different freight company,
and every day the train leaves with the 32 cars
attached.
–If the companies has cargo to send, the car is
loaded.
–If the company has nothing to send, the car
remains empty but stays on the train.
–Shipping empty containers is not very efficient.
–TDM shares this inefficiency when traffic is
intermittent, because the time slot is still allocated
even when the channel has no data to transmit.
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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 TDM divides the bandwidth of a single link into
separate channels or time slots.
–TDM transmits two or more channels over the
same link by allocating a different time interval (time
slot) for the transmission of each channel.
–TDM is a physical layer concept. It has no regard
of the information that is being multiplexed.
 The multiplexer (MUX) accepts input from
attached devices in a round-robin fashion and
transmits the data in a never-ending pattern.
–The MUX puts each segment into a single channel
by inserting each segment into a timeslot.
–A MUX at the receiving end separate data streams
based only on the timing of the arrival of each bit.
– A technique called bit interleaving keeps track of
the sequence of the bits so that they can be
efficiently reassembled into their original form upon
receipt.
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Statistical Time Division Multiplexing
 Statistical time-division multiplexing
(STDM) was developed to overcome this
inefficiency.
–STDM uses a variable time slot length allowing
channels to compete for any free slot space.
–It employs a buffer memory that temporarily
stores the data during periods of peak traffic.
–STDM does not waste high-speed line time
with inactive channels using this scheme.
–STDM requires each transmission to carry
identification information (a channel identifier).
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TDM Examples - ISDN and SONET
 An example of a technology that uses synchronous
TDM is ISDN.
–ISDN basic rate (BRI) has three channels consisting of
two 64 kb/s B-channels (B1 and B2), and a 16 kb/s Dchannel.
–The TDM has nine timeslots, which are repeated in the
sequence shown in the figure.
 On a larger scale, the industry uses the SONET or
SDH for optical transport of TDM data.
–SONET, used in North America, and SDH, used
elsewhere, for synchronous TDM over fiber.
–SONET/SDH takes n bit streams, multiplexes them,
and optically modulates the signal, sending it out using a
light emitting device over fiber with a bit rate equal to
(incoming bit rate) x n. Thus traffic arriving at the
SONET multiplexer from four places at 2.5 Gb/s goes
out as a single stream at 4 x 2.5 Gb/s, or 10 Gb/s.
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SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SONET - Synchronous optical networking
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TDM Examples - T-Carrier Hierarchy
 DS0: The original unit used in multiplexing
telephone calls is 64 kb/s, which represents one
phone call.
 T1: In North America, 24 DS0 units are
multiplexed using TDM into a higher bit-rate
signal with an aggregate speed of 1.544 Mb/s
for transmission over T1 lines.
–While it is common to refer to a 1.544 Mb/s
transmission as a T1, it is more correct to refer to
it as DS1.
–T-carrier refers to the bundling of DS0s.
–A T1 = 24 DSOs,
–A T1C = 48 DSOs (or 2 T1s), and so on.
 E1: Outside North America, 32 DS0 units are
multiplexed for E1 transmission at 2.048 Mb/s.
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Demarcation Point
 The demarcation point marks the point where your
network interfaces with the network owned by another
organization.
–This is the interface between customer-premises
equipment (CPE) and network service provider equipment.
–The demarcation point is the point in the network where
the responsibility of the service provider ends.
 The example presents an ISDN scenario.
–In the United States, a service provider provides the local
loop into the customer premises,
•The customer provides the active equipment such as the
channel service unit/data service unit (CSU/DSU) on which the
local loop is terminated.
•The customer is responsible for maintaining, replacing, or
repairing the equipment.
–In other countries, the network terminating unit (NTU) is
provided and managed by the service provider.
•The customer connects a CPE device, such as a router or
frame relay access device, to the NTU using a V.35 or RS-232
serial interface.
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DTE and DCE
 In order to be connecting to the WAN, a serial
connection has a DTE device at one end of the
connection and a DCE device at the other end.
–The DTE, which is generally a router.
•The DTE could also be a terminal, computer, printer,
or fax machine.
–The DCE, commonly a modem or CSU/DSU, is
the device used to convert the user data from the
DTE into a form acceptable to the WAN service
provider transmission link.
•This signal is received at the remote DCE, which
decodes the signal back into a sequence of bits.
•The remote DCE then signals this sequence to the
remote DTE.
 The connection between the two DCE devices is
the WAN service provider transmission network.
Cisco Internal T1 CSU/DSU
WIC-1DSU-T1
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DTE and DCE
 DTE and DCE Cable Standards
–Originally, the concept of DCEs and DTEs was based on
two types of equipment: terminal equipment that
generated or received data, and communication
equipment that only relayed data.
–We are left with two different types of cables:
•one for connecting a DTE to a DCE,
•another for connecting two DTEs directly to each other.
 The DTE/DCE interface standard defines the following
specifications:
–Mechanical/physical - Number of pins and connector type
–Electrical - Defines voltage levels for 0 and 1
–Functional - Specifies the functions that are performed by
assigning meanings to each of the signaling lines in the interface
–Procedural - Specifies the sequence for transmitting data
 The Serial Cables
–The original RS-232 standard only defined the
connection of DTEs with DCEs, which were modems.
–A null modem is a communication method to directly
connect two DTEs, such as a computer, terminal, or
printer, using a RS-232 serial cable. With a null modem
connection, the transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) lines are
crosslinked.
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DTE and DCE
 The DB-60 Connector
–The cable for the DTE to DCE connection is a
shielded serial cable. The router end of the serial
cable may be a DB-60 connector.
•The other end of the serial transition cable is
available with the connector appropriate for the
standard that is to be used.
 The Smart Serial Connector
–To support higher port densities in a smaller form
factor, Cisco has introduced a Smart Serial cable.
•The router interface end of the Smart Serial cable is
a 26-pin connector that is significantly more compact
than the DB-60 connector.
 The Router-to-Router
–When using a null modem, keep in mind that
synchronous connections require a clock signal.
–When using a null modem cable in a router-torouter connection, one of the serial interfaces
must be configured as the DCE end to provide the
clock signal for the connection.
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DTE and DCE: Parallel to Serial Conversion
 The terms DTE and DCE are relative with respect to
what part of a network you are observing.
–RS-232C is the recommended standard (RS)
describing the physical interface and protocol for
relatively low-speed, serial data communication between
computers and related devices.
•The DTE is the RS-232C interface that a computer uses to
exchange data with a modem or other serial device.
•The DCE is the RS-232C interface that a modem or other
serial device uses in exchanging data with the computer.
 Your PC also has a Universal Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter (UART) chip on the
motherboard. The UART is the DTE agent of your PC
and communicates with the modem or other serial
device, which, in accordance with the RS-232C
standard, has a complementary interface called the
DCE interface.
–The data in your PC flows along parallel circuits, the
UART chip converts the groups of bits in parallel to a
serial stream of bits.
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WAN Encapsulation Protocols
 On WAN connection, data is encapsulated into frames
before crossing the WAN link. The protocol depends on the
WAN technology and communicating equipment:
–HDLC - The default encapsulation type on point-to-point
connections, when the link uses two Cisco devices.
–PPP - Provides router-to-router and host-to-network
connections over synchronous and asynchronous circuits.
•PPP works with several network protocols, such as IP and IPX. PPP
also has built-in security mechanisms such as PAP and CHAP.
–Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) - A standard protocol for
point-to-point serial connections using TCP/IP.
•SLIP has been largely displaced by PPP.
–X.25/Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB) - X.25 specifies
LAPB, a data link layer protocol.
•X.25 is a predecessor to Frame Relay.
–Frame Relay - Frame Relay eliminates some of the timeconsuming processes (such as error correction and flow control)
employed in X.25.
–ATM - The cell relay in which devices send multiple service
types (voice, video, or data) in fixed-length (53-byte) cells.
•Fixed-length cells allow processing to occur in hardware, thereby
reducing transit delays.
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With SLIP, you have to know
the IP address assigned to you
by your service provider. You
also need to know the IP
address of the remote system
you will be dialing into. You
may also need to configure such
details as MTU (maximum
transmission unit), MRU
(maximum receive unit), etc.
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HDLC Encapsulation
 HDLC is a bit-oriented synchronous data link layer
protocol developed by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO).
–HDLC was developed from the Synchronous Data Link
Control (SDLC) standard proposed in the 1970s.
–HDLC provides both connection-oriented and
connectionless service.
–HDLC defines a Layer 2 framing structure that allows
for flow control and error control through the use of
acknowledgments.
–HDLC uses a frame delimiter, or flag, to mark the
beginning and the end of each frame.
 Cisco has developed an extension to the HLDC
protocol to solve the inability to provide multiprotocol
support.
–Cisco HLDC (also referred to as cHDLC) is proprietary
–Cisco HDLC frames contain a field for identifying the
network protocol being encapsulated.
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HLDC Frame Types
 Flag - The flag field initiates and terminates error checking.
–The frame always starts and ends with an 8-bit flag field. The
bit pattern is 01111110.
 Address - The address field contains the HDLC address of
the secondary station.
–This address can contain a specific address, a group address,
or a broadcast address.
 Control - HDLC defines three types of frames, each with a
different control field format:
–Information (I) frame: I-frames carry upper layer information and
some control information.
–Supervisory (S) frame: S-frames provide control information.
–Unnumbered (U) frame: U-frames support control purposes and
are not sequenced.
 Protocol - (only in Cisco HDLC) It specifies the protocol type
encapsulated within the frame (e.g. 0x0800 for IP).
 Data - The data field contains a path information unit (PIU)
or exchange identification (XID) information.
 Frame check sequence (FCS) - The FCS precedes the
ending flag delimiter and is usually a cyclic redundancy
check (CRC) calculation remainder.
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Configuring HDLC Encapsulation
 Cisco HDLC is the default encapsulation method
used by Cisco devices on synchronous serial lines.
–You use Cisco HDLC as a point-to-point protocol on
leased lines between two Cisco devices.
–If the default encapsulation method has been changed,
use the encapsulation hdlc command in privileged mode
to re-enable HDLC.
 If you are connecting to a non-Cisco device, use
synchronous PPP.
 There are two steps to enable HDLC encapsulation:
–Step 1. Enter the interface configuration mode of the
serial interface.
–Step 2. Enter the encapsulation hdlc command to
specify the encapsulation protocol on the interface.
 The output of the show interfaces serial command
displays information specific to serial interfaces.
When HDLC is configured, "Encapsulation HDLC"
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Troubleshooting a serial interface
 Show ip int brief (sh ip int b)
Router# show ip interface brief
Interface
Ethernet0
Serial0
IP-Address
131.108.1.11
198.135.2.49
OK?
YES
YES
Method
manual
manual
Status
up
administratively down
Protocol
up
down
Serial x is down, line protocol is down
Serial x is up, line protocol is down
Serial x is up, line protocol is up (looped)
Serial x is up, line protocol is down (disabled)
Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is down
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Troubleshooting a serial interface (cont.)

Five possible problem states can be identified in the interface
status line of the show interfaces serial display:
–Serial x is down, line protocol is down
–Serial x is up, line protocol is down
–Serial x is up, line protocol is up (looped)
–Serial x is up, line protocol is down (disabled)
–Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is down
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Troubleshooting a serial interface (cont.)

Five possible problem states can be identified in the
interface status line of the show interfaces serial display:
–Serial x is down, line protocol is down
–Serial x is up, line protocol is down
–Serial x is up, line protocol is up (looped)
–Serial x is up, line protocol is down (disabled)
–Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is down
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
 The show controllers command is
another important diagnostic tool when
troubleshooting serial lines.
 In the figure, serial interface 0/0 has a
V.35 DCE cable attached.
–show controllers serial command.
•If the electrical interface output is shown as
UNKNOWN instead of V.35, EIA/TIA-449, or
some other electrical interface type, the likely
problem is an improperly connected cable.
•If the electrical interface is unknown, the
corresponding display for the show interfaces
serial <x> command shows that the interface
and line protocol are down.
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface: Activity
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Troubleshooting a Serial Interface: Activity
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What is PPP?
 Recall that HDLC is the default serial encapsulation method
when you connect two Cisco routers.
–Cisco HDLC can only work with other Cisco devices.
 However, when you need to connect to a non-Cisco router,
you should use PPP encapsulation.
 PPP includes many features not available in HDLC:
–The link quality management feature monitors the quality of the
link. If too many errors are detected, PPP takes the link down.
–PPP supports PAP and CHAP authentication.
 PPP contains three main components:
–HDLC protocol for encapsulating datagrams over point-to-point
links.
–Extensible Link Control Protocol (LCP) to establish, configure,
and test the data link connection.
–Family of Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for establishing
and configuring different network layer protocols.
•PPP allows the simultaneous use of multiple network layer protocols.
•Some of the more common NCPs are Internet Protocol Control
Protocol, Appletalk Control Protocol, Novell IPX Control Protocol,
Cisco Systems Control Protocol, SNA Control Protocol, and
Compression Control Protocol.
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PPP Layered Architecture
 PPP and OSI share the same physical layer, but PPP
distributes the functions of LCP and NCP differently.
 At the physical layer, you can configure PPP on:
–Asynchronous serial
–Synchronous serial
–HSSI
–ISDN
 PPP does not impose any restrictions regarding
transmission rate other than those imposed by the
particular DTE/DCE interface in use.
 Most of the work done by PPP is at the data link and
network layers by the LCP and NCPs.
–The LCP sets up the PPP connection and its
parameters
–The NCPs handle higher layer protocol configurations,
and the LCP terminates the PPP connection.
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PPP Architecture - Link Control Protocol Layer
 The LCP sits on top of the physical layer and has a
role in establishing, configuring, and testing the datalink connection.
–The LCP establishes the point-to-point link.
–The LCP also negotiates and sets up control options on
the WAN data link, which are handled by the NCPs.
 The LCP provides automatic configuration of the
interfaces at each end, including:
–Handling varying limits on packet size
–Detecting common misconfiguration errors
–Terminating the link
–Determining when a link is functioning properly or when
it is failing
 PPP also uses the LCP to agree automatically on
encapsulation formats (authentication, compression,
error detection) as soon as the link is established.
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PPP Architecture - Network Control Protocol Layer
 PPP permits multiple network layer protocols to
operate on the same communications link. For
every network layer protocol used, PPP uses a
separate NCP.
–For example, IP uses the IP Control Protocol
(IPCP),
–IPX uses the Novell IPX Control Protocol
(IPXCP).
 NCPs include functional fields containing
standardized codes (PPP protocol field numbers
shown in the figure) to indicate the network layer
protocol that PPP encapsulates.
–Each NCP manages the specific needs required
by its respective network layer protocols.
–The various NCP components encapsulate and
negotiate options for multiple network layer
protocols.
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PPP Frame Structure
 A PPP frame has six fields as shown in the figure.
 The LCP can negotiate modifications to the standard PPP frame structure.
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Establishing a PPP Session
 The three phases of establishing a PPP session:
–Phase 1: Link establishment and configuration
negotiation –
•The LCP must first open the connection and negotiate
configuration options.
–Phase 2: Link quality determination (optional) –
•The LCP tests the link to determine whether the link
quality is sufficient to bring up network layer protocols.
–Phase 3: Network layer protocol configuration
negotiation –
•After the LCP has finished the link quality determination
phase, the appropriate NCP can separately configure the
network layer protocols, and bring them up and take them
down at any time.
 The link remains configured for communications
until explicit LCP or NCP frames close the link, or
until some external event occurs.
–This happen because of the loss of the carrier,
authentication failure, link quality failure, the expiration
of idle-period timer, or administrative closing the link.
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Establishing a Link with LCP
 LCP operation uses three classes of LCP frames to
accomplish the work of each of the LCP phases:
–Link-establishment frames establish and configure a
link (Configure-Request, Configure-Ack, Configure-Nak,
and Configure-Reject)
•During link establishment, the LCP opens the connection
and negotiates the configuration parameters.
•The Configure-Request frame includes a variable number of
configuration options needed to set up on the link.
–Link-maintenance frames manage and debug a link
(Code-Reject, Protocol-Reject, Echo-Request, EchoReply, and Discard-Request)
•Echo-Request, Echo-Reply, and Discard-Request - These
frames can be used for testing the link.
–Link-termination frames terminate a link (TerminateRequest and Terminate-Ack)
•The link remains open until the LCP terminates it. If the
LCP terminates the link before the NCP, the NCP session is
also terminated.
•The device initiating the shutdown sends a TerminateRequest message. The other device replies with a
Terminate-Ack.
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LCP Packet
 Each LCP packet is a single
LCP message consisting of
–Code field identifying the type
of LCP packet,
•The code field of the LCP packet
identifies the packet type
according to the table.
–Identifier field so that requests
and replies can be matched,
–Length field indicating the size
of the LCP packet
–Data: Packet type-specific data.
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PPP Configuration Options
 PPP can be configured to support:
–Authentication using either PAP or CHAP
–Compression using either Stacker or
Predictor
–Multilink which combines two or more
channels to increase the WAN bandwidth
 To negotiate the use of these PPP
options, the LCP link-establishment
frames contain Option information in the
Data field of the LCP frame.
 This phase is complete when a
configuration acknowledgment frame
has been sent and received.
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NCP Process
 After the LCP has configured and authenticated the
basic link, the appropriate NCP of the network layer
protocol being used.
–There are NCPs for IP, IPX, AppleTalk, and others.
 IPCP Example
–After LCP has established the link, the routers
exchange IPCP messages, negotiating options specific
to the protocol.
–IPCP negotiates two options:
•Compression - Allows devices to negotiate an
algorithm to compress TCP and IP headers and
save bandwidth.
•IP-Address - Allows the initiating device to specify
an IP address to use for routing IP over the PPP link,
or to request an IP address for the responder. Dialup
network links commonly use the IP address option.
–When the NCP process is complete, the link goes into
the open state and LCP takes over again.
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NCP Explained: Activity
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PPP Configuration Options
 PPP may include the following LCP options:
–Authentication - Peer exchange authentication
messages.
•Two choices are Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP).
–Compression - Increases the effective throughput on
PPP connections by reducing the amount of data in the
frame that must travel across the link.
•Two compression are Stacker and Predictor.
–Error detection - Identifies fault conditions.
•The Quality and Magic Number options help ensure a
reliable, loop-free data link.
–Multilink - Cisco IOS Release 11.1 and later supports
multilink PPP.
•This alternative provides load balancing over the router
interfaces that PPP uses.
–PPP Callback - To enhance security, Cisco IOS
Release 11.1 and later offers callback over PPP.
•The client makes the initial call, requests that the server call
it back, and terminates its initial call.
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PPP Configuration Commands
 Example 1: Enabling PPP on an Interface
–To set PPP as the encapsulation method used by a serial or ISDN interface,
use the encapsulation ppp interface configuration command.
–R3#configure terminal
–R3(config)#interface serial 0/0
–R3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
•You must first configure the router with an IP routing protocol to use PPP
encapsulation. If you do not configure PPP on a Cisco router, the default encapsulation
for serial interfaces is HLDC.
 Example 2: Compression
–You can configure point-to-point compression on serial interfaces after you
have enabled PPP. Because this option invokes a software compression
process, it can affect system performance. If the traffic already consists of
compressed files (.zip, .tar, or .mpeg, for example), do not use this option.
–R3(config)#interface serial 0/0
Why?
–R3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
–R3(config-if)#compress [predictor | stac]
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PPP Configuration Commands
 Example 3: Link Quality Monitoring
–LCP provides an optional link quality determination phase.
–If the link quality percentage is not maintained, the link is deemed to be of poor
quality and is taken down.
–This example configuration monitors the data dropped on the link and avoids
frame looping:
–R3(config)#interface serial 0/0
–R3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
–R3(config-if)#ppp quality 80
 Example 4: Load Balancing Across Links
–Multilink PPP (also referred to as MP, MPPP, MLP, or Multilink) provides a
method for spreading traffic across multiple physical WAN links while providing
packet fragmentation and reassembly, proper sequencing, multivendor
interoperability, and load balancing on inbound and outbound traffic.
–Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
–Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
–Router(config-if)#ppp multilink
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Verified a Serial PPP Encapsulation Configuration
 Use the show interfaces serial
command to verify proper
configuration of HDLC or PPP
encapsulation.
–When you configure HDLC, the
output of the show interfaces serial
command should show
"encapsulation HDLC".
–When you configure PPP, you can
check its LCP and NCP states.
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Troubleshooting the Serial Encapsulation Configuration
 Debug displays information about various
router operations and the related traffic
generated or received by the router, as well as
any error messages.
–It is a very useful and informative tool, but you
must always remember that Cisco IOS treats
debug as a high priority task.
–It can consume a significant amount of
resources, and the router is forced to processswitch the packets being debugged.
–Debug must not be used as a monitoring tool-it
is meant to be used for a short period of time for
troubleshooting.
 Use the debug ppp command to display
information about the operation of PPP.
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Output of the debug ppp packet Command
 A good command to use when troubleshooting serial
interface encapsulation is debug ppp packet.
–The example in the figure is output from the debug ppp
packet command as seen from the Link Quality Monitor
(LQM) side of the connection.
–This display example depicts packet exchanges under
normal PPP operation.
 Look at each line in the output and match it to the
meaning of the field.
–PPP - PPP debugging output.
–Serial2 - Interface number associated with this debugging
information.
–(o), O - The detected packet is an output packet.
–(i), I - The detected packet is an input packet.
–lcp_slqr() - Procedure name; running LQM, send a Link Quality
Report (LQR).
–lcp_rlqr() - Procedure name; running LQM, received an LQR.
–input (C021) - Router received a packet of the specified packet type
(in hexadecimal). A value of C025 indicates packet of type LQM.
–state = OPEN - PPP state; normal state is OPEN.
–magic = D21B4 - Magic Number for indicated node; when output is
indicated, this is the Magic Number of the node on which debugging
is enabled. The actual Magic Number depends on whether the packet
detected is indicated as I or O.
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Output of the debug ppp negotiation Command
 The figure shows the output of the debug ppp
negotiation command in a normal negotiation, where
both sides agree on network control program (NCP)
parameters. In this case, protocol type IP is proposed
and acknowledged.
–The first two lines indicate that the router is trying to bring
up the LCP and will use the indicated negotiation options
(Quality Protocol and Magic Number). The value fields are
the values of the options themselves. C025/3E8 translates
to Quality Protocol LQM. 3E8 is the reporting period (in
hundredths of a second). 3D56CAC is the value of the
Magic Number for the router.
–ppp: sending CONFREQ, type = 4 (CI_QUALITYTYPE),
value = C025/3E8
–ppp: sending CONFREQ, type = 5 (CI_MAGICNUMBER),
value = 3D56CAC
–The next two lines indicate that the other side negotiated
for options 4 and 5 and that it requested and acknowledged
both. If the responding end does not support the options,
the responding node sends a CONFREJ. If the responding
end does not accept the value of the option, it sends a
CONFNAK with the value field modified.
–ppp: received config for type = 4 (QUALITYTYPE) acked
–ppp: received config for type = 5 (MAGICNUMBER) value
= 3D567F8 acked (ok)
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Output of the debug ppp error Command
 You can use the debug ppp error command to display
protocol errors and error statistics associated with PPP
connection negotiation and operation.
–These messages might appear when the Quality Protocol
option is enabled on an interface that is already running PPP.
 Look at each line in the output and match it to the
meaning of the field.
–PPP - PPP debugging output.
–Serial3(i) - Interface number associated with this debugging information;
indicates that this is an input packet.
–rlqr receive failure - Receiver does not accept the request to negotiate
the Quality Protocol option.
–myrcvdiffp = 159 - Number of packets received over the time period
specified.
–peerxmitdiffp = 41091 - Number of packets sent by the remote node
over this period.
–myrcvdiffo = 2183 - Number of octets received over this period.
–peerxmitdiffo = 1714439 - Number of octets sent by the remote node
over this period.
–threshold = 25 - Maximum error percentage acceptable on this
interface. You calculate this percentage using the threshold value
entered in the ppp quality percentage interface configuration command.
A value of 100 minus number is the maximum error percentage. In this
case, a number of 75 was entered. This means that the local router must
maintain a minimum 75 percent non-error percentage, or the PPP link
closes down.
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PPP Authentication Protocols
 PPP defines an extensible LCP that allows
negotiation of an authentication protocol for
authenticating its peer before allowing network layer
protocols to transmit over the link.
–PAP is a very basic two-way process.
•There is no encryption-the username and password are
sent in plain text. If it is accepted, the connection is allowed.
–CHAP is more secure than PAP. It involves a threeway exchange of a shared secret.
 The authentication phase of a PPP session is
optional.
–If used, you can authenticate the peer after the LCP
establishes the link.
–If it is used, authentication takes place before the
network layer protocol configuration phase begins.
–The authentication options require that the calling side
of the link enter authentication information. This helps to
ensure that the user has the permission of the network
administrator to make the call.
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Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
 PPP can performs Layer 2 authentication in
addition to other layers of authentication
–PAP provides method for a remote node to
establish its identity using a two-way handshake.
–the ppp authentication pap command is used,
•the remote node repeatedly sends a usernamepassword pair across the link until the sending node
acknowledges it or terminates the connection.
–Using PAP, you send passwords across the link
in clear text and there is no protection from
playback or repeated trial-and-error attacks.
 There are times when using PAP is justified.
–Client applications that do not support CHAP
–Incompatibilities between different vendor
implementations of CHAP
–Situations where a plaintext password must be
available to simulate a login at the remote host
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Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
 Once authentication is established with PAP, it
essentially stops working. This leaves the network
vulnerable to attack.
 CHAP conducts periodic challenges to make sure
that the remote node still has a valid password value.
–The password value is variable and changes
unpredictably while the link exists.
 After the PPP link establishment phase is complete,
–The router sends a challenge to the remote node.
–The remote node responds with a value calculated
using a one-way hash function using MD5.
–The local router checks the response against its own
calculation of the expected hash value. If the values
match, the initiating node acknowledges the
authentication. Otherwise, it immediately terminates the
connection.
–Because the challenge is unique and random, the
resulting hash value is also unique and random.
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PPP Encapsulation and Authentication Process
 You can use a flowchart to help
understand the PPP authentication
process when configuring PPP.
–If an incoming PPP request requires no
authentication, then PPP progresses to the
next level.
–If an incoming PPP request requires
authentication, then it can be
authenticated using either the local
database or a security server.
–Successful authentication progresses to
the next level,
–An authentication failure will disconnect
and drop the incoming PPP request.
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PPP Encapsulation and Authentication Process
 Router R1 wishes to establish an PPP CHAP
connection with Router R2.
 Step 1. R1 negotiates the link connection
using LCP with router R2 and the two
systems agree to use CHAP authentication
during the PPP LCP negotiation.
 Step 2. Router R2 generates an ID and a
random number and its username as a
CHAP challenge packet to R1.
 Step 3. R1 will use the username of the
challenger (R2) and cross reference it with
its local database to find its associated
password. R1 will then generate a unique
MD5 hash number using the R2's
username, ID, random number and the
shared secret password.
 Step 4. Router R1 then sends the
challenge ID, the hashed value, and its
username (R1) to R2.
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PPP Encapsulation and Authentication Process
 Step 5. R2 generates it own hash value using
the ID, the shared secret password, and the
random number it originally sent to R1.
 Step 6. R2 compares its hash value with the
hash value sent by R1.
–If the values are the same, R2 sends a link
established response to R1.
–If the authentication failed, a CHAP failure
packet is built from the following components:
•04 = CHAP failure message type
•id = copied from the response packet
•"Authentication failure" or some such text
message, which is meant to be a userreadable explanation
 Note that the shared secret password must be
identical on R1 and R2.
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The ppp authentication Command
 To specify the order in which the CHAP
or PAP protocols are requested on the
interface, use the ppp authentication
interface command.
–You may enable PAP or CHAP or both.
•After you have enabled CHAP or PAP
authentication, or both, the local router
requires the remote device to prove its identity
before allowing data traffic to flow.
•If both methods are enabled, the first method
specified is requested during link negotiation. If
the peer suggests using the second method or
simply refuses the first method, the second
method is tried.
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Configuring PPP with Authentication
 The procedure outlined in the table describes how to
configure PPP encapsulation and PAP/CHAP
authentication protocols.
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Configuring PPP with Authentication
 PAP
–The figure is an example of a two-way PAP
authentication configuration. Both routers authenticate
and are authenticated, so the PAP authentication
commands mirror each other.
•[Tony]: The term “two-way” used here is not the same term
used in “two-way” handshake. This “two-way” here means
R1 challenge R3 and R3 also challenge R1.
–The PAP username and password that each router
sends must match those specified with the username
name password password command of the other router.
 CHAP
–CHAP periodically verifies the identity of the remote
node using a three-way handshake.
•The hostname on one router must match the username the
other router has configured.
•The passwords must also match.
•This occurs on initial link establishment and can be
repeated any time after the link has been established.
The router name and password are exactly the same, because they are case-sensitive
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Troubleshooting the serial encapsulation configuration
 The debug ppp authentication command
displays the authentication exchange
sequence.
 Figure illustrates the Left router output
during CHAP authentication with the router
on the right when debug ppp
authentication is enabled. With two-way
authentication configured, each router
authenticates the other. Messages appear
for both the authenticating process and the
process of being authenticated. Use the
debug ppp authentication command to
display the exchange sequence as it occurs.
 Figure highlights router output for a twoway PAP authentication.
 The debug ppp command is used to display
information about the operation of PPP. The
no form of this command disables
debugging output.
–Router#debug ppp {authentication | packet
| negotiation | error | chap} Router#no
debug ppp {authentication | packet |
negotiation | error | chap}
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One-Way and Two-Way Authentication
 CHAP is defined as a one-way authentication method. However, you
use CHAP in both directions to create a two-way authentication. Hence,
with two-way CHAP, a separate three-way handshake is initiated by
each side.
 In the Cisco CHAP implementation, by default, the called party must
authenticate the calling party (unless authentication is completely turned
off). Therefore, a one-way authentication initiated by the called party is
the minimum possible authentication. However, the calling party can
also verify the identity of the called party, and this results in a two-way
authentication.
 One-way authentication is often required when you connect to nonCisco devices.
 For one-way authentication, configure the ppp authentication chap
callin command on the calling router.
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One-Way and Two-Way Authentication

If you want to operate with non-Cisco routers that do not support authentication by the calling router or
device, you must use the ppp authentication chap callin command. When using the ppp authentication
command with the callin keyword.

the username and password that is allocated by the ISP may not be the remote router's hostname. In such a
situation, the ppp chap hostname command is used to specify an alternate username that will be used for
authentication.
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk713/tk507/technologies_configuration_example09186a0080094333.shtml
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One-Way and Two-Way Authentication
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debug ppp negotiation

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/471/debug_ppp_negotiation.html
Debug ppp negotiation includes:
–LCP (Mandatory Phase)
–Authentication (Optional Phase) (debug ppp authentication)
–NCP (Mandatory Phase)
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Troubleshooting a PPP Configuration with Authentication
 Authentication is a feature that needs to be
implemented correctly or the security of your serial
connection may be compromised.
–Never assume your authentication configuration works
without testing it.
 Debugging allows you to confirm your configuration
and correct any deficiencies.
–The command is debug ppp authentication.
•Line 1 says that the router is unable to authenticate on
interface Serial0 because the peer did not send a name.
•Line 2 says the router was unable to validate the CHAP
response because USERNAME 'pioneer' was not found.
•Line 3 says no password was found for 'pioneer'.
•In the last line, the code = 4 means a failure has occurred.
Other code values are as follows:
–1 = Challenge
–2 = Response
–3 = Success
–4 = Failure
•id = 3 is the ID number per LCP packet format.
•len = 48 is the packet length without the header.
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Chapter Summary
 In this chapter, you have learned to:
–Describe the fundamental concepts of point-toTony Chen COD
point serial communication.
Cisco Networking Academy
–Describe key PPP concepts.
–Configure PPP encapsulation.
–Explain and configure PAP and CHAP
authentication.
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