Transcript Network Mobility (NeMo) - WINSLab

November 17, 2009
Lee, Sooyong
[email protected]
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Introduction
Background
Motivation
Proposed Approach
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Implementation and Experimental Result
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Overview
Host movement Detection using L2 Information
CRN Discovery
Advance Reservation
Localized State Update
Experimental Testbed Configuration
Average Data Transmission Rate
Application: MPEG Video Streaming
Simulation Study
Conclusion
References
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Need for QoS Guarantees in Mobile Internet
Increasing demand for real-time multimedia services for mobile users
VoIP, Video streaming, Video Conferencing, IPTV etc.
Multimedia application characteristics
Require large bandwidth
Highly sensitive to delay and jitter
Loss-tolerant for the most part
Limitations on QoS guarantees in Mobile Internet
Characteristics of Wireless Links
Limited bandwidth
Error-prone wireless links
Service instability due to host mobility
Handoff latency
Traffic redirection overhead
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Mobility Management Protocols
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
Pre-call Mobility, mid-call Mobility
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
(SCTP)
Multi-stream features
Mobile IP
Mobile IPv4/IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IP,
Proxy Mobil IP etc.
Other supporting technology
IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover
Layer 2.5
Provide link layer information to upper layer
mobility management protocols
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IEEE 802.21 MIH
IETF Internet QoS Architecture
Integrated Service (IntServ)
Per-flow based resource reservation for real-time applications
Service Models: Guranteed service, Controlled load, best-effort
Priority queues for packet scheduling and admission control in each router
Differentiated Service (DiffServ)
Coarse-grained QoS differentiation
Packet labeling based on service classes (TOS field in IP packet)
Service level agreement (SLA) among ISPs
Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP)
Signaling protocol for IntServ
Reservation of network resources in hop-by-hop fashion
Receiver-initiated signaling
Soft-state: non-permanent control state will expire unless refreshed
One-to-one or many-to-many multicast QoS reservation
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RSVP extensions for QoS guarantees in Mobile Internet
MRSVP [1], HMRSVP [2], SARAH [3]
Shortcomings of RSVP itself
Scalability Problem
Per-flow based
Support IP-multicast which has not been widely deployed
Lack of Flexibility
Support only two QoS model (IntServ and DiffServ)
Not allow Packet Fragmentation
Only using unreliable protocols (UDP and IP)
Not support mobility
Security Concerns
Combining path discovery and signaling message delivery
Not provide solid security framework
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Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS)
New General Signaling Protocol
suite proposed by IETF
(RFC 4080, 2005)
NSIS Protocol Suite Features
Two Layer Architecture (NSIS
Signaling Layer Protocol and
NSIS Transport Layer Protocol)
Session-based signaling
Interact with both reliable and
unreliable Transport protocols
(TCP, UDP, SCTP, DCCP etc.)
Support Various QoS Models
(IntServe, DiffServ, 3GPP,
Y.1541 etc.)
Provide Security mechanism
Bidirectional Reservation
Support Mobility
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<Logical Components in an NSIS-aware node [8]>
NSIS Signaling Scenario [8]
NSIS entities: peer relationship
Each entity may store softstate information about peers
Type of NSIS Entities
NSIS initiator (NI)
NSIS forwarders (NFs)
NSIS responder (NR)
<NSIS signaling scenario between host and edge node>
Not all routers along the data
path need to be NSIS-aware
QoS NSLP Operation
Supports both sender-initiated
and receiver-initiated
reservations
Message Types
QUERY, RESERVE,
RESPONSE, NOTIFY
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<Basic a) sender-initiated and b) receiver-initiated protocol
operation>
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Comparison of RSVP and NSIS [8]
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NSIS Tunnel Signaling [9]
The tunneling path is considered as non-NSIS-aware cloud.
When errors occur on the tunnel, the tunnel messages only drop off.
state management complexity increases
(a) Sender Initiated
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(b) Receiver Initiated
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RSVP extensions for Mobile Internet
Difficult to deploy due to shortcomings of RSVP
Mobility-related features of NSIS
Not yet fully validated
Problems of conventional NSIS [9]
Session re-establishment after handoff procedure
(100 ms delay only for this)
Overhead of complex mechanisms for discovering Crossover Node in Mobile
IP tunnel
Applicable NSIS in mobile access networks
To reduce latency due to signaling session re-establishment
To address Mobile IP tunneling problems
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Cross-layer Design
Host Movement detection using L2 Information through Layer 2 API
Mobility Control modules in QoS NSLP Layer
No Modifications in GIST Layer
Advance reservation, CRN Discovery, Localized State Update modules
<Existing NSIS Protocol Stack>
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<Proposed NSIS Protocol Stack>
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Overall Procedure
Before a Handoff (
)
Step 1. Receiving L2 beacon frame
from new AR, MN notifies with
Handoff_Init
Step 2. Each QNE on old path
determines whether it is CRN or
not
Step 3. If a QNE is the CRN, it
reserves resources on the new
path in a passive way
After a Handoff (
)
Step 4. MN notifies its handoff
completion toward the new path
and each QNE on new path
activate passive reservation
Step 5. CRN requests state update
on the common path
Step 6. CRN teardown old session
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Step 1. Cross-layer Interaction with Layer 2 (Link Layer)
Movement Prediction with Signal Strength of Access Points
Initiate Advance reservation Procedure at Cell Scan Threshold (CST)
Trigger handoff at Cell Switching Point (CSP)
Activate Passive reservation on the new path when Mobile IP handoff completes
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Step 2. CRN Discovery
QoS NSLP NOTIFY message with Handoff Initiation (HO_INIT) flag
Message includes Changed Message Routing Information (MRI) – flow ID
Look up Routing table for determining whether it is CRN or not
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An Example
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Step 3. Advance Reservation
QoS NSLP stateless RESERVE and RESPONSE message
Stateless message does not install QoS State immediately
→ Just prepare resource reservation
→ For other kinds of traffic
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Step 4. Activation of Advance Reservation
After L3 (Mobile IP) handoff completes
NOTIFY message with Handoff Done (HO_DONE) flag initiate activation of
passive reservation
Activate passive reservation on the new path after a handoff
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Step 5. Local State Update
NOTIFY message with Route change (RT_CHG) flag is sent along common path
between CRN and CN
Message includes new Message Routing Information (MRI) of which the
destination address is new AR’s IP address
Step 6. Old Path Teardown
CRN teardowns previous signaling session on the old path
→ To avoid Invalid NR problem and waste of network resources
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Testbed Configuration
OS: Linux kernel 2.6.17
Mobile IP: HUT Dynamics 0.8.1
Traffic Scheduling: HTB/SFQ
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Delay factors of handoff that affects the service disruption
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Average Data Transmission Rate
250 KBs (2 Mbps) reserved
200 data packets per sec, each packet 1316 bytes
Link capacity: 94.1 (wired) vs. 4.9 (wireless) Mbps
→ 93.5 Mbps background traffic
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Experimental Scenario
On aforementioned testbed
Background traffic generation:
MGEN tool
Maximum throughput of wired
network: 94.1 Mbps
Wired subnet A: non-congested
Wired subnet B: congested
93.5 Mbps background traffic
1.7 Mbps video traffic
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Comparison of video streaming rate variations
Video Quality disruption time with conventional NSIS [9]: 7 seconds
Video Quality disruption time with proposed scheme: 13 ms (Negligible!)
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Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of each MPEG video frame
PSNR < 30.0 dB: video frame severely disrupted
PSNR = 78.13 dB: no quality loss in video frame
Average PSNR value variation after a handoff
NSIS with advance reservation: 69.1 dB  68.7 dB
Conventional NSIS: 69.6 dB  49.59 dB
(a) NSIS with Advance Resource Reservation
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(b) Conventional NSIS
<Simulation Environment>
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Parameters
Values
MAC
IEEE 802.11b
Data rate
11Mbps
Number of ARs
7X7 (49)
Cell Coverage (radius)
250m
Overlapped area
150m
Beacon Interval
100ms
Mobile nodes speed
1.5 m/s ~ 25m/s
Traffic model
Poisson traffic
Performance metrics
Reservation session blocking ratio
probability that a reservation requests for a wireless cell is blocked due to
lack of network resources
Reservation session loss ratio
probability that an MN loses its active reservation path after a handoff due to
lack of network resources
Reservation session completion ratio
probability that an MN can complete the reservation session successfully
without suffering from any reservation blocking or session loss
Latency of reservation activation after handoff
Versus hop count from the new AR and CRN
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Contributions
Exploits shortcomings of RSVP with new signaling protocol NSIS
Lightweight, more flexible, scalable, more secure
Adapting Various Kinds of QoS Models
No Concern of Mobile IP Tunneling
No need to send and receive signaling message over IP-in-IP tunnel explicitly
No additional S/W needed
Just some modifications of NSIS Protocol with existing NSIS features
Simplification of advance signaling process
Optimized reservation path establishment is not needed
Performance enhancement
Minimized additional re-establishment delay after handoff
→ Fast Signaling session recovery after a handoff in order to support time
sensitive multimedia communications
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