Transcript Week3 - avyg86.dsl.pipex.com

Slide 03.1
Learning outcomes
• Explain the relationship between software,
hardware and communications components of
information systems
• Evaluate the suitability of different technology
components for information management
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.2
Management issues
• How do we select the appropriate technology
for our organization?
• What is the meaning and relevance of
different technology standards associated with
the Internet?
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.3
Why we need to understand hardware
•
•
•
•
Talking to suppliers about solutions
Selecting the most cost-effective solutions
Troubleshooting our own ‘kit’
Reducing the total cost of ownership of
hardware (See also Chapter 11)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.4
Techno Babble
• In 2003, IT recruitment consultant Computer People conducted a
survey into the extent of the problem of IT jargon. 1,000 office
workers across various industries were surveyed to examine
perceptions of IT personnel and to explore how communication
between IT professionals and their non-IT colleagues could be
improved.
• Over two thirds (67%) of office workers said they felt 'bewildered'
and 'inadequate' due to not understanding IT professionals' 'tech
jargon'.
• Over half (56%) of those surveyed said that IT professionals
'speak another language' with two fifths (40%) saying that they
feel IT staff are unaware of the confusion that tech jargon causes.
Source: Computer People
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.5
Different technology scales
1. Organizational technology infrastructure.
Includes different types of computer systems
2. Computer system components.
Different parts of PCs and other systems
3. Networking and telecommunications links.
Linking information systems
4. Inter-organizational technology infrastructure.
Standards used to support e-business
between partners
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.6
Technology infrastructure model
Figure 3.1 A five-layer model of technology infrastructure
Source: Adapted from Chaffey (2004)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.7
Client/server architecture
• The client/server architecture consists of
client computers such as PCs sharing
resources such as a database stored on more
powerful server computers. Processing can be
shared between the clients and the servers.
• Client/server architecture is significant since
most modern networked information systems
are based on this structure.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.8
Three-tier client-server architecture
Figure 3.2 A typical three-tier client server architecture
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.9
Reasons for client / server
• Distributes processing potentially giving better
performance
• Not vitally dependent on central mainframe
• Enables local data storage for convenience
• Empowers end-users to develop their own
applications
• Enables remote working, e.g. sales
representatives
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.10
Problems to be managed with client/server
•
•
•
•
•
Cost of ownership
Instability
Performance
Lack of user focus
Lack of control of locally developed
applications and data – for example, is data
on local hard-disk backed up
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.11
Different forms of clients
• Desktop – system unit is horizontal, vertically
in a tower or mini tower configuration.
• Portable or Laptop.
• Handheld.
• Windows terminal or network computer.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.12
The First Personal Computer
Figure 3.3 The first Personal Computer
Source: Rune’s PC Museum (http://pc-museum.com/rcm-001.jpg) [email protected]
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.13
A PDA
Figure 3.4 A personal digital assistant
Source: Hewlett-Packard Company, Inc., Palo Alto CA (www.hp.com)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.14
Alternative computing architectures
Figure 3.5 Five alternative computing architectures
Source: BIM
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.15
Developments in server types
•
•
•
•
•
•
Blade servers – Compact ‘high density’ servers comprising
microprocessors and memory on a single circuit board.
Clustering – Servers are connected to increase stability and
performance. If one server fails, another will take over, if there is a high
load then this will be shared between servers.
Storage area network (SAN) – Server clustering is used to connect and
manage networked storage devices.
Grid computing – The need for powerful servers is reduced by this
approach which shares the power of client machines to solve
computational problems – the clients are effectively joined to become a
powerful server. The best known application of grid computing is SETI
(Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (http://setiathome.berkeley.edu))
in which over 5 million people are sharing unused processor time of their
PCs in the search for signals from outer space.
Mainframes – Mainframes are still widely used in large organizations.
Can deliver a better cost/performance ratio than PCs in a large
organization.
Mini-computers – Likewise, mini-computers such as the IBM AS/400 are
still widely used for the cost/performance and stability they bring to
businesses.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.16
A typical e-commerce systems architecture for an e-tailer
Source: Chaffey (2002)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.17
The main components of a PC
Figure 3.6 The main components of a PC
Source: www.tomshardware.com
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.18
Processor defined
• The processor of a computer is so-called since it
processes instructions supplied by the program code
within the operating system and applications
software.
• An analogy with the human brain is often made since
it controls the other computer components in the
same way the brain controls the other parts of the
body.
• Another analogy is with the driver of a vehicle who
responds to various inputs to control the car.
• But neither the brain nor a human controlling a
vehicle are really analogous to the processor working
together with systems and applications software.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.19
Selection criteria for processors
1. Manufacturer. Today, the two main PC processor
manufacturers are Intel and Advanced Micro Devices
(AMD). Other manufacturers such as Hitachi and
Motorola make processors for other types of
computer.
2. Processor architecture. See next slide.
3. Clock speed. The clock speed gives an indication
of how fast a chip can process instructions. See next
slide.
4. System bus, Chipset and motherboard. The
microprocessor is only one part of a wider range of
chips known as a chipset which is located on the
motherboard – a large piece of circuitboard inside
the computer. Intel has many different chipset and
motherboard combinations.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.20
Intel processor development
Name
Date
Transistors
Microns
Clock speed
MIPS
8080
1974
6,000
6
2 MHz
0.64
8088
1979
29,000
3
5 MHz
0.33
80286
1982
134,000
1.5
6 MHz
1
80386
1985
275,000
1.5
16 MHz
5
80486
1989
1,200,000
1
25 MHz
20
Pentium
1993
3,100,000
0.8
60 MHz
100
Pentium II
1997
7,500,000
0.35
233 MHz
300
Pentium III
1999
9,500,000
0.25
450 MHz
510
Pentium 4
2000
42,000,000
0.18
1.5 GHz
1,700
Source: Intel
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.21
Intel Pentium processor
Figure 3.7 Intel Pentium microprocessor (a) Microprocessor (b) Microprocessor
circuitry
Source: Intel Corporation (http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/photos/p4_photos.htm)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.22
ATI Graphics card
Figure 3.8 ATI Radeon 9800 graphics card with 128 Mb RAM
Source: ATI Technologies, Inc., Ontario, Canada (www.ati.com)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.23
Moore’s Law
Figure 3.9 Moore’s Law
Source: http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.24
RAM Defined
• Computer memory is used to store data and programs.
• There are two types of computer storage. Temporary or
volatile storage where data is only saved when a
device is switched on and permanent storage where the
data is saved even when a device is powered down.
• Temporary storage is best known through the acronym
RAM, standing for Random Access Memory.
• RAM is used to store the operating system, applications
and current data or documentation and is linked closely
to the processor to which instructions and data are
supplied from RAM.
• RAM is similar to our short term memory – it is used for
issues we are currently thinking
about.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.25
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Figure 3.10 RAM (Random Access Memory)
Source: Kingston Technology Company, Fountain Valley, California (http://www.kingston.com/press/primages/contents/asp)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.26
ROM Defined
• Each computer also contain Read Only Memory or
ROM which is permanent storage which is used to
store the BIOS which is activated when a computer is
first switched on before the operating system is
loaded from the hard-disk or other permanent media.
• When you switch a PC on, the first text screen will
always refer to the BIOS (Binary Input and Output
System) loading.
• The BIOS is effectively constant; but it can be
upgraded if required. This form of ROM is a standard
component on each computer and does not affect the
performance of the system, so it is not specified in
PC purchase.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.27
Storage capacities
• Byte – made up of 8 bits used to represent a
single character or digit
• Kilobyte – 1,024 Bytes
• Megabyte – 1,024 Kilobytes
• Gigabyte – 1,024 Megabytes
• Terabyte – 1,024 Gigabytes
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.28
Bits and Bytes
Storage
capacity
Approximate Power of
bytes
2
Exact Bytes
Byte
Exactly 1
byte
-
Kilobyte
A thousand
bytes
210
1 (eight bits, can represent
one digit or character)
1,024
Megabyte
A million
bytes
220
1,048,576 bytes (1,024 Kb)
Gigabyte
A thousand
million bytes
230
1,073,741,824 (1,024 Mb)
Terabyte
A trillion
bytes
240
1,099,511,627,776 bytes
1,024 Gb)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.29
Understanding storage capacities
Label for
volume (size)
?
Gigabyte
?
?
?
Approx
numeric
amount
(bytes)
?
1,000,000,000
?
?
?
Example
data amount:
A database
for a large
company
A database for
a small
company
A high
resolution
photo
A low
resolution
photo
A character
Example
storage
amount:
1 ?b
capacity
server
120 ?b
hard disk
512 ?b
Memory
Old style
720 ?b
hard disk
100 ?b to
store
numbers in
mobile
phone
Activity
Complete the table below filling in the gaps shown by ?
Label for volume (size): Byte, Terabyte, Kilobyte, Megabyte
Numeric amount: 1, 1,000,000:1,000,000,000,000 1,000
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.30
Why is RAM important to
system performance?
Figure 3.11 The relationship between Virtual Memory and RAM
Source: BIM
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.31
Permanent storage defined
• Permanent storage is used to store the operating
system, applications and data. Unlike RAM, the
storage is persistent or non-volatile storage – the
data is retained after the hardware is ‘powered down’.
Some say permanent storage is equivalent to our
long-term memory. But the human analogy breaks
down since these memories are not retained when
we are ‘powered down’!
• There are a wide variety of permanent storage
devices and these can be classified according to the
type of storage media and the form of the storage
device. The main media types for permanent storage
are magnetic, optical, tape and solid-state. The
media may be readily removable from the computer
or it is a fixed part of the system.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.32
A hard-disk drive
Figure 3.12 Hard disk drive
Source: Seagate Technology LLC (http://www.seagate.com/newsinfo/newsroom/photo/D2h3.html)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.33
Optical drive – a DVD rewriter
Figure 3.13 Optical drive – a DVD Rewriter
Source: Pioneer North American, Inc., Long Beach, California (http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/product/detail/
0,,2076-17573091-23143977.00html)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.34
Types of optical storage
• Read-only – traditional CDs and DVD used for music
and film.
• Recordable (denoted by CDR and DVDR) – The
media can be written to, but once they reach their
capacity space cannot be cleared by deleting existing
files.
• Rewritable (denoted by CDRW and DVDRW) – the
media can be written to repeatedly.
• CDs can hold around 640 to 700 Mb.
• DVDs can hold either 4.7 or 7.95 Gb depending on
whether they are double or single-sided.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.35
A memory key (stick)
Figure 3.14 Memory key or stick
Source: Kingston Technology Company, Fountain Valley, California (http://www.kingston.com/press/primages/contents/asp)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.36
Factors in storage media selection
•
•
•
•
Capacity of device or media.
Speed of reading and writing media.
Cost of device.
Cost of removable media. This is a relatively
low cost compared to the cost of the device.
• Need for permanent or removable media. In
some cases where a removable device is
needed such as removable hard disk then this
can add to the cost of the device.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.37
Output devices defined
There are two main output devices for a computer
system which are used to interact with applications
and data.
The first is the monitor or display which is, of course,
used for interacting with the system, the second is
the printer which is used for keeping hard copy.
Output devices
Used for viewing outputs from a system
Hard copy
Printed output from a system, distinct from soft or
electronic copy
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.38
Monitor selection criteria
• Form: Text (VDU)
raster/graphics (vector) based
• Resolution (pixels)
– VGA 640 by 480
– SVGA 800 by 600 (design for many web sites)
– XGA 1024 by 768
• Size: 14”, 15”, 17”, 21”
• Colour depth: 16, 256, 15 million etc.
• Choose a good graphics card which enables higher
resolutions than those chosen above.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.39
A CRT monitor
Figure 3.15 A CRT monitor from ViewSonic®
Source: ViewSonic Corporation, Walnut, California (www.viewsonic.com)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.40
A flat-screen monitor
Figure 3.16 A flat-screen monitor
Source: ViewSonic Corporation, Walnut, California (www.viewsonic.com)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.41
Monitor selection critiera
• Type
– Character, graphics (raster) or graphics
(vector) based
– Laser printer vs Inkjet
• Resolution
– Measured in dots per inch
• Colour depth
• Throughput
– Measured in pages per minute
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.42
Multi-function ink-jet printer
Figure 3.17 Multi-function ink-jet printer
Source: Dell, Inc., Round Rock, Texas (www.dell.com)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.43
Laser printer
Figure 3.18 Xerox Docutech laser printer with a capacity of 500,000 sheets per
month
Source: Xerox Corporation (www.xerox.com)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.44
Data input devices
• Data is captured or input by different hardware
tools or devices that rely on movement, light
or sound e.g.
– Keyboard, mouse
– Scanner
– Barcode reader
– Voice recognition
– Finger print readers for security
• Direct Digital Input
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.45
Selection factors input devices
• Mice and keyboard are commodities, so cost
reduction is key. But:
• Can cause repetitive strain injury in staff if
poor quality (and other issues of ergonomics)
• Wireless keyboards and mice can appear
neater, but require batteries, so more often
used at home rather than business
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.46
Microsoft® wireless keyboard and mouse
Figure 3.19 Microsoft® wireless keyboard and mouse
Source: Microsoft
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.47
Computer network defined
The purpose of a computer network is to transfer
data between different computers or hardware
devices.
The client/server model introduced earlier requires a
computer network to transfer data between the client
and server computer. The server may also be
connected to other hardware devices such as a
network printer or a backup system using a network.
Computer network
A communication system that links two or more
computers and peripheral devices to enable transfer
of data between these computer.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.48
LANs and WANs
Computer networks are constructed on different scales. Small-scale
networks known as local-area networks (LANs) can be set up in
an office, a small business or even at home. Larger-scale
networks which may span a city, country, the world or space are
known as wide-area networks. These effectively link together
different LANs.
Local-area network (LAN)
A computer network that spans a limited geographic area such as
a single office or building.
Wide-area network
Computer networks covering a large area which connects
businesses in different parts of the country or different countries.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.49
Advantages and disadvantages of networks
Advantages
Disadvantages
1. Facilitates sharing of information
1. Organization becomes overdependent on networks for access to
information and applications
2. Reduces duplication of information
2. Cost of initial setup, usage and maintenance
3. More rapid information transfer including
real-time information access
3. Reduced security of information as information is exposed to
increased risk of internal and external access, modification and
deletion
4. Reduces hardware requirements through
sharing of devices
4. Can facilitate information overload as e-mails and documents are
more easily distributed
5. Enables software to be managed centrally
and reduces need for local copies of software
6. Assists in information security by requiring
log-in for access to certain data
7. Enable transformation of business through
e-business applications
8. The Internet provides potential to reach
new international markets or new customer
groups at a relatively low cost
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.50
Selecting home/SME Internet connectivity
•
•
•
•
•
•
Data transmitted digitally over phone lines can use a range of
techniques.
Digital telephone exchanges support an integrated services digital
network (ISDN) standard that allows data transfer rates that are up to
five times faster than the traditional POTS (‘Plain Old Telephone
Service’).
An ISDN telephone line provides two separate ‘channels’ allowing
simultaneous voice and data transmissions.
The introduction of Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
services makes use of existing telephone lines to provide very high data
transfer rates. ADSL is known as asymmetric since download data
transfer rates are different (higher) than upload rates.
Such high speed services are known as broadband services. When
used to access the Internet they make practical the transmission of larger
volumes of data used for downloading music, for example, see On
Demand Distribution (www.ondemanddistribution.com) which is used to
feed many music download services in Europe or streaming video (see
for example BBCi Broadband, www.bbc.co.uk/broadband).
Leased lines or secure virtual private networks (VPNs) with higher speed
access using the T1 standard are used by larger organizations.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.51
Transmission speed
• The speed at which data can be transferred from A to
B is governed by the channel capacity, which is
measured in bits per second (bps). Transmission of a
single bit in a second is equivalent to one baud, a
binary event.
• Rates are usually measured in terms of thousands of
bits/second (Kbit/sec), millions of bits/second
(Mbit/sec) or billions of bits per second (Gbit/sec).
• A general term often used for describing capacity is
bandwidth. The technical definition of bandwidth is
that it is a measure of capacity given by the
difference between the lowest and highest
frequencies available for a given medium.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.52
Speed of home Internet access
• POTS – 56Kb/sec modem
• ISDN – 256 or 512 Kb/sec
• ADSL – First introduced mainly at 512 Kb/sec,
but 256 Kb/s, 1 Mb/s and 2 Mb/s options now
common
– Monthly capacity may be capped, e.g. 1, 15 Gb
• Satellite – similar to ADSL
• Upload and download maximum figures differ
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.53
Other telecommunications components
Modem
Modulator-demodulator used to convert data between digital and
analogue form when transmitting data over telephone lines
Hubs
Used to connect groups of computers to a network
Bridges and routers
Device used to connect networks and control the flow of data
between them
Firewall
Hardware used to increase security of part of a network through
preventing unauthorized access from beyond the network
Repeaters
Device used to increase efficiency of transmission over long
distances
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.54
EDI defined
Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the
computer-to-computer exchange of structured
data, sent in a form that allows for automatic
processing with no manual intervention. This
is usually carried out over specialist EDI
networks.
DTI (2003)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.55
Activity – Internet infrastructure components
Write down all the different types of hardware
and software involved from when a user types
in a web address such as www.google.com to
the web site being loaded
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.56
Internet infrastructure components
Figure 3.20 Physical and network infrastructure components of the Internet
Source: Chaffey (2004)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.57
Internet timeline
Figure 3.21 Internet timeline
Source: Chaffey (2004)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.58
Information exchange between
a web browser and web server
Figure 3.22 Information exchange between a web browser and web server
Source: Chaffey (2004)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.59
The TCP/IP Protocol
Figure 3.23 The TCP/IP Protocol
Source: Chaffey (2004)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.60
What is the World Wide Web?
• The World Wide Web, or ‘web’ for short,
provides a standard method for exchanging
and publishing information on the Internet.
• If we take the analogy of television, then the
Internet is the equivalent to the broadcasting
equipment such as masts and transmitters,
and the World Wide Web is equivalent to the
content of different TV programmes.
• The medium is based on standard document
formats such as HTML (Hypertext Markup
Language)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.61
HTML and XML
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
A standard format used to define the text and
layout of web pages. HTML files usually have
the extension .HTML or .HTM.
• XML or eXtensible Markup Language
• A standard for transferring structured data,
unlike HTML which is purely presentational.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.62
Example HTML formatting code
• HTML code
<P> This text is <B>bold </B></P>
<P>This text is <I>italic</P>
<P>This text is <U>underlined</U></P>
In browser:
This text is bold
This text is italic
This text is underlined
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.63
Example HTML hyperlinking code
HTML code
<A HREF="index.htm"> Go to home page
</A><BR>
<A HREF="http://www.bbc.co.uk ">Go to the
BBC web site</A>
Browser:
Go to home page
Go to the BBC web site
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.64
URLS and domain names
Web addresses are structured in a standard way as follows:
http://www.domain-name.extension/filename.html
What do the following extensions or global top level domains stand
for?
– .com
– .co.uk, .uk.com
– .org or .org.uk
– .gov
– .edu, .ac.uk
– .int
– .net
– .biz
– .info
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.65
Metcalfe’s Law
Metcalfe’s law was first stated by Bob Metcalfe, who
was co-founder and former chief executive of
networking company 3Com. He was reputed to have
said in presentations made for the company:
‘The power of the network increases exponentially by
the number of computers connected to it. Therefore,
every computer added to the network both uses it as
a resource while adding resources in a spiral of
increasing value and choice.’
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.66
Metadata
• Metadata
A definition of the structure and content of a
collection of data or document. ‘Data about
data’.
• HTML has a limited capability for describing
documents through HTML meta-tags. These
are presented at the start of the document in
the header area.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.67
HTML Metadata example
<HEAD>
<TITLE>An intranet document example</TITLE>
<META name="author" content="Dave Chaffey">
<META name="keywords" content="phone directory,
address book">
<META name="description" content="An online phone
book">
<META name="date" content="2005-1106T08:49:37+00:00">
</HEAD>
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.68
XML Metadata example
• <rdf:Description>
• <dc:title>E-business and E-commerce
Management</dc:title>
• <dc:creator>Dave Chaffey</dc:creator>
• <dc:format>Book</dc:format>
• <dc:identifier>ISBN
0273683780</dc:identifier>
• </rdf:Description>
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.69
1. Examples of XML applications
Intel
In 2003 Intel publicly announced plans to end EDI business
processes company-wide by 2006 and rely on RosettaNet as a
key enabler to their future e-business strategy.
To date, Intel has implemented RosettaNet as the company’s
standard for business-to-business integration with 89 of its trading
partners in 17 different countries.
The company processed more than 10 percent of its revenues
and supplier purchases in 2002 using RosettaNet e-business
technology standards. Intel transacted more than US$3 billion in
customer orders and US$2 billion in supplier purchases on
RosettaNet, increasing by approximately seven times the total
amount of business processed via RosettaNet connections in one
year.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.70
2. Examples of XML applications
• Nokia
RosettaNet is the primary enabler for Nokia’s system-to-system
integration with its demand supply network allowing the company
to automate the extreme challenge of processing over 10 million
components per hour. Currently, the major business groups within
Nokia, including suppliers, contract manufacturers, logistics and
customers, are involved in RosettaNet implementations across the
globe.
• Sony
In 2002, Sony centralized its vendor managed inventory system
(VMI) by connecting with over 90 suppliers using the RosettaNet
standard. Like Intel, Sony intends to replace EDI with RosettaNet.
Sony’s EDI replacement will initially cover their mass-production
procurement, but in the longer term RosettaNet will replace EDI
for all aspects of Sony’s business.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.71
The evolution of mobile access technologies
Figure 3.25 The evolution of mobile access technologies
Source: Chaffey (2004)
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.72
Wireless technologies
• Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
WAP is a technical standard for transferring
information to wireless devices, such as mobile
phones.
• 3G
Third generation of mobile phone technology with
high speed data transfer enabling video calling.
• i-Mode
A mobile access platform widely used in Japan that
enables display of colour graphics and content
subscription services.
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005
Slide 03.73
Text message growth
Figure 3.26 Number of text messages sent monthly in the UK, 1998 to 2003
Source: Mobile Data Association
Chaffey and Wood Business Information Management © Pearson Education Limited 2005