Transcript Basic networking

NETWORKING
BASIC NETWORKING
WHAT IS A NETWORK?
 Consist of two or more computer that are
linked in order to share resources, exchange
files or allow electronic communications.
LINKED THRU:
 Cables
 Telephone lines
 Radio waves
 Satellites
 Infrared light beams
BASIC TYPES OF NETWORKS:
 LAN
 MAN
 WAN
LAN – Local Area Network
Confined to a relatively small area or limited
to a geographic area
MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
 Covers larger geographic area such as cities or
schools
WAN –Wide Area Network
 Connect larger geographic areas such as world
Dedicated Transoceanic Cabling or satellite
-used to connect the network
OSI
MODEL
OSI Model
 APPLICATION SET
 LAYER 7 PRESENTATION
-layer that actually interacts with the
operating system or application
whenever the user chooses to transfer
files, read messages, or perform other
network-related activities
OSI Model
 APPLICATION SET
 LAYER 6 PRESENTATION
-takes the data provided by the application
layer and converts it into standard format
that the other layers can understand
OSI Model
 APPLICATION SET
 LAYER 5 SESSION
-establishes, maintains and ends
communication with the receiving device
Recap: of OSI Model
 APPLICATION SET
 LAYER 4 TRANSPORT
-maintains flow control of data and provides
for error checking and recovery of data
between the devices
Recap: of OSI Model
 APPLICATION SET
 LAYER 3 NETWORK
-the way that the data will be sent to
recipient device is determined . Logical
protocols, routing and addressing are handled
here.
OSI Model
 APPLICATION SET
 LAYER 2 DATA
-the appropriate physical protocol is assigned
to the data
OSI Model
 APPLICATION SET
 LAYER 1 PHYSICAL
-the actual hardware. The physical
characteristic of the network such as
connections , voltage level and timing
NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
WHAT IS A TOPOLOGY
 Two types of topology:
 Physical
 Refers to the layout of cables, computer
and other peripherals
 Logical
 Method used to pass the information
between the computers
TYPES OF PHYSICAL TOPOLOGIES
 Bus
 Hub/Star
 Ring
Bus Topology
 Consists of main run of cable with a terminator at
each end.
 All nodes are connected to the linear cable.
STAR Topology
 Designed with each node connected directly to a
central network hub or concentrator.
RING Topology
 Computers are connected on a single circle of cable
 No terminated ends
UNSHIELDED
TWISTED PAIR
PRIMARY LAN MEDIA
 CONDUCTED




Unshielded Twisted Pair
Shielded Twisted Pair
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic
 WIRELESS




Microwave Radio
Broadcast Radio
Spread Spectrum Radio
Infrared Light
UTP CABLE
 Is the most certainly by far the most popular
network cable around the world.
UTP CATEGORIES
 Category 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
-a specification for the type of copper wire
and jacks.
-refers to the revision of the specification and
in practical terms refers to the number of
twists inside the wire
Category 1
-typically a telephone wire
-not capable of supporting computer network traffic
and is not twisted.
Category 2-7
-network wire specifications
-can support computer network and telephone traffic
CATEGORY
DATA RATE
1
1 Mbps
Traditional telephone and ISDN-Modem
2
4 Mbps
Token Ring
3
10 Mbps
Token Ring and 10BASE-T
4
16 Mbps
Token Ring
5
100 Mbps
10 Mbps Ethernet, 1000 Mbps Fast Ethernet and Token
Ring
5e
1000 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet
6–7
1000 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet
USAGE
WIRING THE UTP
CABLES
2 POPULAR WIRING SCHEMES
 T-568A
 Supposed to be the standard for new installation
 T-568B
 An acceptable alternative
MODULAR PLUG
 Rj-45
-standard connector used in utp
cables except category 1
-8 conductor cables with 8 pins
Rj-11
-modular plug used in category 1
-used in telephone wire
T-568A
PIN
WIRE COLOR
1
WHITE GREEN
2
GREEN
3
WHITE ORANGE
4
BLUE
5
WHITE BLUE
6
ORANGE
7
WHITE BROWN
8
BROWN
T-568B
2 TYPES OF CABLE FOR
10/100BASE-T
 STRAIGHT THRU CABLE
 Used in peer-to-peer networking
 Used in connecting from PC to Hub
 Used in connecting two hubs with an uplink port
 CROSS-OVER CABLE
 Used in connecting PC to PC networking
 Used to connect two hubs in the absence of uplink
port
STRAIGHT THRU CABLE
 Both end of the cable uses the same wiring
schemes either:
 T568 A <<<<->>>> T568A
 T568B <<<<->>>> T568B
CROSS-OVER CABLE
 end of the cable has dissimilar wiring schemes
 T568 B <<<<->>>> T568A or vice-versa
ETHERNET CABLE SUMMARY
SPECIFICATION
CABLE TYPE
MAXIMUM LENGTH
10BaseT
Unshielded Twisted Pair
100 meters
10Base2
Thin Coaxial
185 meters
10Base5
Thick Coaxial
500 meters
10BaseF
Fiber Optic
2000 meters
100BaseT
UTP
100 meters
100BaseTX
UTP
220 meters
TOOLS AND MATERIALS:
 UTP Cable Cat5
 Crimper
 Cable Tester
 Wire stripper
 Modular Plug –RJ45
CRIMPER
 is a tool designed to crimp or connect a
connector to the end of a cable. For example,
network cables and phone cables are created
using a crimping tool to connect the RJ45and RJ-11 connectors to the end of the
cable
NETWORK CABLE TESTER
 is an electronic device used to verify the
electrical connections in a cable or other
wired assembly
Wire Stripper
 simple manual wire stripper is a pair of
opposing blades much like scissors or wire
cutters
NETWORKING
DEVICES
NETWORKING DEVICES
 NIC
 HUBS
 SWITCHES
 ROUTER
 MODEM
NIC – Network Interface Card
 Required to a PC to make them ready for network
use
FACTORS TO CONSIDER:
 Speed of your hub, switch –Ethernet or fast Ethernet
 Type of connection you need –Rj-45 for twisted or BNC
for coaxial
 Bus Architecture
HUB
 Sometimes used to refer to any piece of
network equipment that connects PC’s
together but actually serve as repeater.
 Use to extend a network
SWITCH
 Reduces the amount of the unnecessary
traffic
 Divide the network into smaller, less
congested sections
Routers
 checks the data packet for its destination
address and protocol format details
 forward data packets across computer
networks
Modems
 (modulator-demodulator) is a device that
modulates an analog carrier signal to
encode digital information, and also
demodulates such a carrier signal to decode
the transmitted information.
 The goal is to produce a signal that can be
transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce
the original digital data
TYPES OF LAN
2 MAJOR TYPES OF LAN
 PEER-TO-PEER
 CLIENT/SERVER
PEER-TO-PEER
 Network set up that allow users to share
resources and files located on their
computer and to access shared resources
found on other computer.
 All computer are considered equal
 No dedicated server needed
ADVANTAGES:
 Less Initial expense
 Easy to set up
DISADVANTAGES:
 Decentralized
 Unsecured
CLIENT/SERVER
 Network set up that allow the network to
centralize functions and applications in one or
more dedicated file server.
ADVANTAGES
 Centralized
 Resources and data security are controlled through a
server
 Scalability
 Any or all elements can be replaced individually as need
increaser
 Flexibility
 New technology can be easily integrated into the system
 Interoperability
 All components work together
 Accessibility
 Server can be accessed remotely and across multiple
platforms
DISADVANTAGES
 Expense
 Requires initial investment in dedicated server
 Maintenance
 Large networks will require a staff to ensure efficient
operation
 Dependence
 When server goes down, operation will cease across
the network
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
 Coordinates the activities of multiple
computers across a network.
 Acts as a director to keep the network
running smoothly
Examples of NOS
 Appleshare
 LANtastic
 Microsoft Windows NT Server
 Microsoft Windows for Workgroup
 Novell Netware
APPLESHARE
 Apple Computer’s networking solution.
 Includes both server and workstation
software
LANtastic
 Powerful, inexpensive program with good
interface for DOS and Windows
 Best security for industries
MICROSOFT WINDOWS FOR WORKGROUP
 Peer to peer networking version of windows
 Allows client only workstation and server only
workstations
MICROSOFT WINDOWS NT SERVER
 An enhanced version of Windows NT that
provides a powerful client/server network
operating system.
 Contains all of the features of Windows NT
including capabilities as an application server
and multitasking.
Novell Netware
 Most popular client/server operating program
available on the market
 Has a file by file compression which allows
system to hold more online data by
compressing files that are frequently
accessed or used.
COMMON PROTOCOLS
 Ethernet
 Local Talk
 Token Ring
 FDDI
 ATM
ETHERNET
 By far the most widely used
 CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) –
access method used by the ethernet
FAST ETHERNET
 Requires the use of different, more expensive
network concentrators/hubs and network
interface cards.
GIGABIT ETHERNET
 Primarily used for backbones on a network
 Transmission speed is 1Gbps
 Used fiber optic cabling and copper
LOCALTALK
 Network protocol that was developed by
Apple Computer, Inc. for Mac computers.
 Uses CSMA/CA (CSMA with collision
Avoidance)
FDDI
 Fiber Distributed Data Interface
 Used primarily to interconnected two or more
local area networks often large distances
 Access method used is token ring.
ATM
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
 Network protocol that transmits data at a
speed of 155 Mbps and higher.
IP ADDRESS
 Internet Protocol
 Is a unique identifying number of a machine
and normally expressed in decimal format as
a dotted number.
 Four groups of numbers separated by dots
and each group is called octets.
NETWORK CLASSESS
CLASS TYPE
NETWORK RANGE
DEFAULT SUBNET MASK
Class A
1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
255.0.0.0
Class B
128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
255.255.0.0
Class C
192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
255.255.255.0
Class D
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
n/a
Class E
240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
n/a
PRIVATE CLASS IP ADDRESSES
Class
Private Start
Address
Private End
Address
A
10.0.0.0
10.255.255.255
B
172.16.0.0
172.31.255.255
C
192.168.0.0
192.168.255.255
CLASS D & E
-RESERVED FOR MULTICAST
-MAINLY USED ON RESEARCH
-SHOULD NOT BE USED BY ORDINARY
NODES ON THE INTERNET
IP ADDRESSING NOTATION
 IPv4
 Consist of four bytes (32 bits) known as octets.
 Uses dotted decimal for human readability purposes
Ex. 00001010 00000000 00000000 00000001
Written as: 10.0.0.1
IP ADDRESSING NOTATION
 IPv6
 Consist of 16 bytes (128 bits) long rather than four
bytes (32 bits).
 Pairs are separated by a colon and each bytes in
turns is represented as a pair of hexadecimal
numbers
 Ex. E3D7:0000:0000:0000:51F4:9BC8:COA8:6420
LOOP BACK IP ADDRESS
 127.0.0.1 is the loop back IP Address
 A test mechanism of network adapters
 Use test the behavior of network interface
ZERO ADDRESS
 Unable to communicate properly on the internet
Benefits of Network
Addressing:
 Can improve security (by isolating critical nodes)
and can reduce network traffic (by preventing
transmissions between nodes that do not need to
communicate with each other).
IP ADDRESS ASIGNMENT
 STATIC IP ADDRESS
 Does not change over time unless changed manually
 Remain the same consistently
 Manually assigned by the network administrator

 DYNAMIC IP ADDRESS
 Keeps on changing
 Used when having a consistent IP address is not
necessary
 Assigned by the ISP
 Automatically obtained from the network
IP SECTIONING