Transcript slide-set - Roger Clarke`s Home-Page

ePublishing Business Models in the P2P Era
Roger Clarke
Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, Canberra
Visiting Professor in eCommerce, Uni. of Hong Kong
Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law & Policy, U.N.S.W.
Visiting Professor, Dept of Computer Science, ANU
http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/EC/...
P2P-BM-Bergen {.html, .ppt}
Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration
Bergen – 22 May 2006
Copyright
2005-06
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1
ePublishing Business Models in the P2P Era
Themes
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What, and why, is P2P? (15)
The Political Economy of P2P and Music (8)
Can old Business Models survive? (4)
Are new Business Models emerging? (14)
2
Client-Server Architecture
mid-1980s Onwards, esp. mid-1990s
Onwards
Internet-Mediated
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Key Developments Since the Mid1990s
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Workstation Capacity (now rivals Hosts)
Workstation Diversity (vast, expanding)
desktops, laptops, handhelds, smartcards, ...
phones, PDAs, cameras, ...
carburettors, fridges, ...
RFID tags, ...
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Broadband Connectivity (now
widespread)
This enables dispersion and replication
of devices capable of providing services
Wireless Connectivity (rapidly increasing)
This enables Mobility
which means Devices change networks
which means their IP-addresses change
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P2P – The Motivation
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Take advantage of resources that are available
at the edges of the Internet
In order to do so, make each participating program
both a Client and a Server
and hence each workstation acts as a host as well,
e.g.
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a music playstation can be a mixer too
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your PDA can host part of a music catalogue
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your PC can host part of a music repository
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P2P Architecture
Cooperative Use of Resources at the Edge
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P2P Differentiated from Client-Server
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Functions of a P2P Server
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Manage Comms with other devices
Manage Directories:
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of Objects (e.g. files)
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of Services (e.g. currency conversion,
or credit-card payment processes)
Manage Repositories of Objects
Manage Services
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Important Characteristics of P2P
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Collaboration is inherent
Clients can find Servers
Enough Devices with Enough Resources act as
Servers for discovery, and as Servers for services
‘Single Points-of-Failure’ / Bottlenecks / Chokepoints
are avoided by means of networking dynamics
'Free-Riding' / 'Over-Grazing' of the 'Commons'
is restrained through software and psych.
features
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Why P2P Is Attractive
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Much-Reduced Dependence on individual devices
and sub-networks (no central servers)
Robustness not Fragility (no single point-of-failure)
Resilience / Quick Recovery (inbuilt redundancy)
Resistance to Denial of Service (D)DOS Attacks
(no central servers)
Much-Improved Scalability (proportionality)
Improved Servicing of Highly-Peaked Demand
(more devices on the demand-side implies
there are also more server-resources)
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Technical Concerns about P2P
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Address Volatility: old addresses may not work
(hence trust based on repetitive dealings is difficult)
Absence of Central Control (hence risk of
anarchy)
Inadequate Server Participation (over-grazing)
Security Challenges:
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Malware, embedded or infiltrated
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Surreptitious Enlistment (at least potential)
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Vulnerability to Masquerade
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Vulnerability to Pollution Attacks (decoys)
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P2P Applications
1. Of Long Standing
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ARPANET services generally, from 1969
Message Transfer Agents, since 1972 (SMTP),
which perform both server and client functions
USENET since 1979, now Internet Netnews
Fidonet file/message transfer system, since 1984
Domain Name System (DNS), since 1984,
a collaborative scheme, each server also a client
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Recently-Emerged P2P Applications
2. Processing Services (cf. Grid
Computing)
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Pattern-Searching of Data (e.g. SETI@home)
Data-Space Searching, in particular as part of
a collaborative key-discovery process
(e.g. EFF's DES cracking project)
Numerical Methods, large-scale / brute-force
(e.g. fluid dynamics experiments, meteorology)
Gaming, multi-player, networked
Message Transfer:
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conferencing/chat/instant messaging
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cooperative publishing
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Recently-Emerged P2P Applications
3. Access to Digital Objects
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Software:
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Fixes/Patches
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Releases
Virus Signatures
Announcements, e.g. of
technical info, business info,
entertainment ‘info’,
sports results, promotional
messages, advertisements
News Reports, by news
organisations, and by
members of the public
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Emergency Services Data
Backup and Recovery
Data
Games Data, e.g. scenes
and battle configurations
Archived Messages, for
conferencing/chat/IM, and
cooperative publishing
Learning Materials,
in various formats
Entertainment Materials,
in various formats
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P2P Networks and Protocols
BitTorrent network: ABC, Azureus, BitAnarch, BitComet, BitSpirit, BitTornado, BitTorrent, BitTorrent++, BitTorrent.Net, G3 Torrent,
mlMac, MLDonkey, QTorrent, SimpleBT, Shareaza, TomatoTorrent (Mac OS X) [2], TorrentStorm
eDonkey network: aMule (Linux, Mac OS X, others), eDonkey2000, eMule, LMule, MindGem, MLDonkey, mlMac, Shareaza, xMule,
iMesh Light, ed2k (eDonkey 2000 protocol)
FastTrack protocol: giFT, Grokster, iMesh (and its variants stripped of adware including iMesh Light), Kazaa by Sharman Networks
(and its variants stripped of adware including: Kazaa Lite, K++, Diet Kaza and CleanKazaa), KCeasy, Mammoth, MLDonkey, mlMac,
Poisoned
Freenet network: Entropy (on its own network), Freenet, Frost
Gnutella network: Acquisitionx (Mac OS X), BearShare, BetBug, Cabos, CocoGnut (RISC OS) [3], Gnucleus Grokster, iMesh, gtkgnutella (Unix), LimeWire (Java), MLDonkey, mlMac, Morpheus, Phex Poisoned, Swapper, Shareaza, XoloX
Gnutella2 network: Adagio, Caribou, Gnucleus, iMesh, MLDonkey, mlMac, Morpheus, Shareaza, TrustyFiles
Joltid PeerEnabler: Altnet, Bullguard, Joltid, Kazaa, Kazaa Lite
Napster network: Napigator, OpenNap, WinMX
Applejuice network: Applejuice Client, Avalanche, CAKE network: BirthdayCAKE the reference implementation of CAKE,
Direct Connect network: BCDC++, CZDC++, DC++, NeoModus Direct Connect, JavaDC, DCGUI-QT, HyperCast [4], Kad Network
(using Kademila protocol): eMule, MindGem, MLDonkey, LUSerNet (using LUSerNet protocol): LUSerNet, MANOLITO/MP2P
network: Blubster, Piolet, RockItNet, TVP2P type networks: CoolStreaming, Cybersky-TV, WPNP network: WinMX
Other networks: Akamai, Alpine, ANts P2P, Ares Galaxy, Audiogalaxy network, Carracho, Chord, The Circle, Coral[5], Dexter, DietAgents, EarthStation 5 network, Evernet, FileTopia, GNUnet, Grapevine, Groove, Hotwire, iFolder[6], konspire2b, Madster/Aimster,
MUTE, Napshare, OpenFT (Poisoned), P-Grid[7], IRC @find and XDCC, used by IRC clients including: mIRC and Trillian, JXTA,
Peersites [8], MojoNation, Mnet, Overnet network, Peercasting type networks: PeerCast, IceShare - P2P implementation of
IceCast, Freecast, Scour, Scribe, Skype, Solipsis a massively multi-participant virtual world, SongSpy network, Soulseek, SPIN,
SpinXpress, SquidCam [9], Swarmcast, WASTE, Warez P2P, Winny, AsagumoWeb, OpenExt, Tesla, soribada, fileswapping, XSC
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-topeer#Networks.2C_protocols_and_applications
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P2P Multi-Protocol Applications
eMule (Edonkey Network, Kad Network) (Microsoft Windows, Linux)
aMule (eDonkey network) (Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Windows and Solaris
Op Environmt)
Epicea (Epicea, BitTorrent, Edonkey Network, Overnet, FastTrack, Gnutella) (Microsoft Windows)
GiFT (own OpenFT protocol, and with plugins - FastTrack, eDonkey and Gnutella)
and xfactor (uses GiFT) (Mac OS X)
Gnucleus (Gnutella, Gnutella2) (Microsoft Windows)
Hydranode (eDonkey2000) (Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS X)
iMesh (Fasttrack, Edonkey Network, Gnutella, Gnutella2) (Microsoft Windows)
Kazaa (FastTrack, Joltid PeerEnabler) (Microsoft Windows)
Kazaa Lite (FastTrack, Joltid PeerEnabler) (Microsoft Windows)
KCeasy (Gnutella, Ares, giFT)
MindGem (Edonkey Network, Kademlia)
MLDonkey (BitTorrent, eDonkey, FastTrack, Gnutella, Gnutella2, Kademlia)
(MS Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Palm OS, Java)
mlMac (BitTorrent, eDonkey, FastTrack, Gnutella, Gnutella2)
Morpheus (Gnutella, Gnutella2) (Microsoft Windows)
Poisoned (FastTrack, Gnutella)
Shareaza (BitTorrent, eDonkey, Gnutella, Gnutella2) (Microsoft Windows)
WinMX (Napster, WPNP) (Microsoft Windows)
XNap (OpenNAP, GiFT, Limewire, Overnet, ICQ, IRC) (Java)
Zultrax (Gnutella, ZEPP)
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-topeer#Networks.2C_protocols_and_applications
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The Predominant Use 1998-2005
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Consumer Sharing of Entertainment Materials:
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recorded music, in MP3 and other formats
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video, as bandwidths increase
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Copyright-owning corporations assert that
a large proportion of those file-transfers is being
performed in breach of copyright law
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There is evidence to support the assertion
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2.
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The Political Economy of P2P and Music
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Copyright-Owner Perspective – 19982005
esp. RIAA, increasingly MPAA
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Serious Risk of Loss of Control over © Objects
(‘appropriation’ / ‘theft’ / ‘piracy’)
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Serious Risk of ‘Cannibalism’
i.e. killing existing high-margin revenue (CDs)
by substituting low-margin revenue (digital)
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Lack of Clarity about ePublishing Business Models
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Exploitability of Market Concentration and Power
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Use of Legal Action to Destroy Napster
1999-2002
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Napster was P2P-with-a-chokepoint
It relied on a central directory
of file-names and host-identities
Court action by RIAA resulted in closure of the
directory, and hence the collapse of the service
Many P2P applications have some central
facility that can be attacked in such a manner,
incl. AOL Instant Messenger, ICQ, DNS
(Replication does not remove central control)
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But ... File-Sharers Are Adaptable
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Renegade file-sharers:
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started on Napster (1998-2002)
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as it came under attack, they gravitated
to Kazaa/FastTrack (2002-2003)
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as that became a target of legal action,
they moved to BitTorrent (2004)
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now that’s seen as too centralised, they’ve
moved to eDonkey (esp. in Korea), and
Gnutella-2 (esp. in the USA) (2005)
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Subsequent Legal Action
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Any critical central service represents a chokepoint.
If it’s within jurisdictional reach (and the US is highly
aggressive in extending its laws beyond its territories),
then it can be attacked through the courts
Gnutella, FastTrack and many other P2P services
decentralise their directories as well as their storage
Court action intended to preclude such P2P services
will need to gain injunctions against production,
dissemination and use of the tools and/or protocols
RIAA v. Kazaa, and RIAA v. Grokster and Morpheus
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Challenges for Copyright-Owners
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Identification of
Copyright Objects
Identification of
Devices that store
those objects and
that traffic in them
Demonstrating:
Unauthorised
Reproduction,
Publication,
Adaptation and/or
Authorisation
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Identification of the Person
Responsible for a breach
Association of the Person with
the Device used to perform the
act that constitutes the breach
Location of the responsible Person
Bringing Suit (e.g. jurisdiction)
Collection and Presentation of
Evidence sufficient to win even
civil, let alone criminal cases
Proposing Interventions
that could be awarded
by court injunction
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Avenues of Copyright-Owner
Fightback
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Legal
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Lawsuits
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Publicity
Political
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Copyright Expansionism
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Criminalisation / Cost Transfer
Technological
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Digital Rights Management
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Reduction of the Power at the Edges
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Digital Rights Management (DRM) Technologies
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Passive
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Active
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Object-Protection
Tracing ('Watermarking', 'Fingerprinting'
Notification of Rights
Identification of licensees
Authentication of identities
Destruction / Disablement of the data object
Client-Side Enforcement
(Recording, Prevention, Reporting)
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Ways to Reduce the Power at the Edge
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Insert in every consumer-device:
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Identifiers
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Location and Tracking Technology
Make workstations ‘diskless’ or ‘thin’
Connect remote devices via asymmetric links,
high-bandwidth downwards, low upwards (SDSL’s 1:1
ratio cf. ADSL and cable’s 2:1, 4:1 and even 8:1)
Prevent software from being stored, and require
users to download a copy each time it is used
(the Application Service Provider – ASP – model)
Upgrade / Replace the Internet Protocol Suite
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3.
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Adaptations of Old Business Models
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Conventional Proprietary Approaches
Exploit the Monopoly
through High Prices
Leverage the Monopoly
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Extend the Brand
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Cross-Promote
Sustain the Monopoly
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Lock-in through
Switching Costs
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Very Tight Licence-Terms
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Technological Protections
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Lawsuits to stop behaviour
and to chill behaviour:
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Commercial Violations
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Single-Purpose
Technologies
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Incitement
(‘Authorisation’)
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Multiply-Usable
Technologies
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Consumption
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A More Constructive Approach
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Give Away (a little of) your content, and charge for:
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convenient access
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repeat access
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other-party access
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enhanced versions
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searchability/navigation
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timely access
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archival access
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...
But recognise when to let the market grow itself
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Shapiro & Varian – ‘Information Rules’, 1999,
Ch. 4 pp. 83-102: ‘Rights Management’
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A Sustainable Proprietary Approach
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Identify customers’ price
The Evidence
resistance-point (by finding out
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Since 2003, Apple
‘what the market will bear’)
iTunes charges
Set prices accordingly (and thereby
USD 0.99/track!?
sustain payment morality)
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Copyright-Owners get
USD 0.70
Discourage and prosecute breaches
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In 2005-06,
where the purpose is commercial
they’re asking for:
Take no action over breaches by
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more money
consumers (time-shifting, format•
more flexibility
change, even sharing?)
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Publishers Need to Re-Discover
Confidence in Their Ability to Value-Add
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Contingent Liabilities, in any
Conception
jurisdiction whose courts deem
Pre-Promotion
publication to have occurred:
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Copyright Infringement
Expression
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Breach of Confidence
Copyright Clearance
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Defamation
Preparation for Publication •
Negligence
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Negligent Misstatement
Quality Assurance
Misleading or Deceptive Conduct
Promotion and Marketing •
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Contempt of Court
Logistics
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Breach of Laws relating to:
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Censorship
Payment Collection
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Discrimination
Racial Vilification
Harassment
Privacy
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4.
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Beyond Evolutionary Business
Models
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A ‘Business Models on the Web’
Taxonomy
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Rappa (digitalenterprise.org/models/models.html)
Brokerage
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Manufacturer (Direct)
Marketplace Exchange, Buy/Sell
Fulfilment, Demand Collection, Auction
Broker, Transaction Broker, Distributor,
Search Agent, Virtual Marketplace
Purchase, Lease, Licence, Brand
Integrated Content
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Banner Exchange, Pay-per-click,
Revenue Sharing
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Advertising
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Portal, Classifieds, User Registration,
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Query-based Paid Placement, Contextual
Advertising, Content-Targeted Advertising,
Intromercials, Ultramercials
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Infomediary
Advertising Networks, Audience
Measurement Services, Incentive
Marketing, Metamediary
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Merchant
Virtual, Catalogue, Click&Mortar, Bit Vendor
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Affiliate
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Community
Open Source, Public Broadcasting,
Knowledge Networks
Subscription
Content Services, Person-to-Person
Networking Services, Trust Services,
Internet Services Providers
Utility
Metered Usage, Metered
Subscriptions
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The Interpretation Adopted in this Analysis
An eBusiness Model is an
Answer to the Question:
Who Pays?
For What?
To Whom?
And Why?
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Internet-Era Business Models
Lessons from Open Source and Content
Who Pays? For What? TO WHOM? And Why?
Direct
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Intermediated
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Retailer
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Franchisee
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Value-Adder
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Bundler
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Transaction
Aggregator
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Internet-Era Business Models
Lessons from Open Source and Content
WHO PAYS? For What? To Whom? And Why?
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Providers
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Third Parties
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Customers:
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for the Good/Service
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for Complementary Goods/Services
‘A Fairy Godmother’
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Open Content Business Models
Who Pays? A Fairy Godmother
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Subsidy / Patronage
Funding from ‘external’ sources
Deprecated as a gift, unless ‘market failure’
Cross-Subsidy
Funding from ‘internal’ sources
Deprecated (but less so), because it’s
‘distortive’
Portfolio Approach
Mutual Cross-Funding from ‘internal’ sources
How business works – ‘cash cows’ fund the rest
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Internet-Era Business Models
Lessons from Open Source and Content
Who Pays? FOR WHAT? To Whom? And Why?
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Goods & Services
Value-Added
Goods & Services
Complementary
Goods & Services
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Data
Information
Expertise / Knowledge
An Idea in Good Standing
Timeliness
Quality
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Revenue from Complementary
Services
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Installation
Infrastructure
Customisation
Education and Training
Consultancy
Network-building
Search for Network
Effects
Viral Marketing
‘The After-Market’
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Accessories
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Upgrades
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Enhancements
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Extensions
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Replacements
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Lessons about Sales Revenue
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Direct, Immediate Reciprocity
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Volume Sales at low rates per access or copy
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Differentiated Services for higher prices
(taking into account short ‘shelf-life’)
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Indirect and/or Deferred Reciprocity
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Advertising
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‘Shareware’ – use now, maybe pay later
(esp. for breakthrough by new artists, genres)
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Internet-Era Business Models
Lessons from Open Source and Content
Who Pays? For What? To Whom? AND WHY?
The Negative
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Resource Control
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Switching Costs
(capture, lock-in)
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Grief Avoidance
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The Positive
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Perceived Value
(‘the genuine article’)
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Cost Advantage
(incl. Time)
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Quality Advantage
(incl. accuracy, security,
timeliness, completeness,
complementary services)
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Open Content Business Models
Strategic Opportunities
1.
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Reputation
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Reputation-Establishment,
-Building, -Maintenance
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Collateral, and More ...
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Papers
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Postings
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Blogs
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Hence Brand, Sub-Brand Value
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Open Content Business Models
Strategic Opportunities
2.
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‘Freeware’ – use it now, become habituated, and
buy something later – to build a future market
3.
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Market Building
Customer Engagement
Engage Toffler’s ‘prosumers’, who will provide:
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feedback to enable quality assurance
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feedback to enable product refinement
(market research and focus groups for free)
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enhancements and extensions
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Strategic Opportunities – 4.
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Costs
Cost-Reduction: Reproduction and Transmission are
hugely less expensive for Digital cf. Physical Media
Cost-Transfer to Consumers:
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Product Conception (‘prosumer participation’)
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Pre-Promotion (e.g. fan-zines)
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Production (e.g. prosumer mixing)
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Promotion (e.g. ‘viral marketing’)
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Distribution (P2P shifts transmission costs
away from the corporate server, to the
operators of participating client-servers)
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ePublishing Business Models in the P2P Era
Themes
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Copyright
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What, and why, is P2P?
The Political Economy of P2P and Music
Can old Business Models survive?
Are new Business Models emerging?
45
ePublishing Business Models in the P2P Era
Roger Clarke
Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, Canberra
Visiting Professor in eCommerce, Uni. of Hong Kong
Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law & Policy, U.N.S.W.
Visiting Professor, Dept of Computer Science, ANU
http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/EC/...
P2P-BM-Bergen {.html, .ppt}
Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration
Bergen – 22 May 2006
Copyright
2005-06
QuickTi me™ and a
T IFF (Uncom pressed) decom pressor
are needed to see t his pict ure.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
46
Copyright
2005-06
47
Categories of P2P
Pure
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Functions, objects and the catalogue are distributed across all
nodes. No one node is critical to the network's operation. Control
is very difficult – USENET, Fidonet, Freenet, Gnutella-1
Compromised / ‘Two-Tier’
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Functions and objects are highly, not fully distributed
The index is highly, not fully distributed – FastTrack, Gnutella-2
Hybrid
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Functions and objects are fully or highly distributed
The index is not, e.g. it may be hierarchical (the DNS), centralised
(Napster), or independent from the repository (BitTorrent)
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Indicators of Scale
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In Sep 2002, 31m Americans used P2P to share
music
In 2003, FastTrack peaked at 5.5m users and 60% of
the market, then fell due to publicity about lawsuits
By 2004:
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P2P data volumes estimated at 10% of traffic
(Web 50%, all email incl. spam 3%)
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simultaneous users c. 10m
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c. 50 m searches per day
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FastTrack still had 4m users (40% of market)
and enabled access to 2m files, >10 terabytes
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50% of files audio, 25% video, 25% other
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Who To Sue?
Protocol – Owners? Originators?
Publishers?
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BitTorrent (BitTorrent Inc.
and/or Bram Cohen)
eDonkey (“FileHash.com
is a search engine”.
Pardon? Meta Machine Inc.,
NY?)
FastTrack (Niklas
Zennström?, Janus Friis?,
Jaan Tallinn?, and/or
Consumer Empowerment?)
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•
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Freenet (Ian Clarke?,
Matthew Toseland?,
the Freenet Project?)
Gnutella (Justin Frankel?,
Tom Pepper?, Nullsoft?, the
Gnutella community?)
Gnutella 2 (Michael
Stokes?, the Gnutella2
community?)
Joltid (Niklas Zennström
and/or Joltid, Stockholm)
Skype (Niklas Zennström
and/or Global Index)
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Who To Sue?
Providers of Applications/Client-Server
Packages?
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•
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Kazaa Media Desktop
(Sharman, Vanuatu and/or
Altnet, Sherman Oaks CA
and/or Nikki Hemmings
and/or Kevin Bermeister
and/or Anthony Rose)
Grokster (Grokster Ltd,
Nevis in the Caribbean)
Morpheus (StreamCast,
formerly MusicCity)
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•
•
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Kazaa Lite (Sharman??)
iMesh (Elon Oren of Israel?)
MLDonkey (Fabrice Le
Fessant?, INRIA?)
WinMX (Frontcode
Technologies?)
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Broader Strategic Impacts
The I.T. Industry
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•
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IAPs – The Nature of
Internet
Connections
Demand for Relative
Bandwidth Symmetry
e.g. SDSL not ADSL
ISPs – Servers
Demand switches
from central servers
to dispersed devices
at the edge of the net
Society
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•
Non-Commercial
Leaks
Whistleblowing
Hypocrisy Revelation
Political Statements
Religious Tracts
...
News
No longer controlled by
Media, Government,
and Big Business
53
Business and Government Concerns about P2P
•
Address Volatility, plus Inadequate Identifiers,
hence:
•
difficulty in identifying and locating users
•
reduction in user accountability
•
Absence of Central Control, hence:
•
reduction in technology-provider accountability
•
no single point for a denial of service attack
•
Challenge to Authority:
•
of Copyright-Owners over Users
•
of Censors over Users
Copyright
2005-06
54
P2P Architecture’s
Resilience and Robustness
A Direct Implication
•
The removal of a device as a result of the
execution of a warrant or injunction
is indistinguishable from other forms
of denial of service attack
•
In John Gilmore’s words:
“The Internet treats censorship
as damage, and routes around it”
Copyright
2005-06
55
•
We live in a quicksilver technological environment
with courts ill-suited to fix the flow of internet
innovation
•
The introduction of new technology is always
disruptive to old markets, and particularly to those
copyright owners whose works are sold through
well established distribution mechanisms
Copyright
2005-06
56
•
Copyright
2005-06
Yet, history has shown that time and market
forces often provide equilibrium in balancing
interests, whether the new technology be:
•
a player piano
•
a copier
•
a tape recorder
•
a video recorder
•
a personal computer
•
a karaoke machine, or
•
an MP3 player
57
•
Thus, it is prudent for courts to exercise caution
before restructuring liability theories for the
purpose of addressing specific market abuses,
despite their apparent present magnitude
U.S. Court of Appeals 9th Circuit
August 19, 2004
MGM v. Grokster
Full Court Decision
Opinion by Sidney R. Thomas
Copyright
2005-06
58
4. Criteria for Selecting Between
‘Modern Proprietary’ and ‘Open, Sharing’
‘Modern Proprietary’ is a tenable model,
provided that a number of conditions hold:
•
a pure for-profit corporation, with
shareholders, who are expecting ROI
•
customers expect to pay full price
•
the organisation has unique competency,
market leadership and/or high reputation
•
the materials require significant investment
Copyright
2005-06
59
5.
Pre-Conditions for Any IP Business
•
•
•
Copyright
2005-06
Inbound Materials Clearance
•
Check Material Sources
•
Acquire Licences for © Materials
Productisation
•
Defined
• Discrete
•
Deliverable
• Dependable
Appropriate Copyright Licence
60
Open Content Licensing Choices
•
•
•
•
Copyright
2005-06
Ownership
•
Exclusivity
•
Sub-Licensing
Integrity Protection
•
Entirety
•
Copyright Notice
Reproduction Control
•
Permission
•
Use(s) / User(s)
Republishing Control
•
Permission
•
Use(s) / User(s)
•
Format(s)/Media
•
Incorporation
•
Tech. Protections
•
•
•
•
Adaptation Control
•
Permission
•
Review
•
Distinguishability
•
Copyright Vesting
Usage
•
Territory • Purposes
•
Person-Types
•
Fields of Endeavour
Liability Management
•
Warranties
•
Indemnities
Pricing
•
One-Time Fees
•
Repetitive Fees
61
Categories of Creative Commons Licence
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/, .../license/
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Copyright
2005-06
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (L ZW) d eco mpres sor
are nee ded to s ee this picture.
62
Categories of AEShareNet Licence
INSTANT LICENCES
Free for Education – FFE
Unlocked Content – U
Share and Return – S
Preserve Integrity – P
Copyright
2005-06
QuickT ime ™an d a
TIFF ( LZW) de compr ess or
ar e need ed to see this pictur e.
QuickT ime ™an d a
TIFF ( LZW) de compr ess or
ar e need ed to see this pictur e.
Quick Time™a nd a
TIFF ( LZW) d ecomp res sor
ar e nee ded to see this pictur e.
MEDIATED LICENCES
Commercial – C
End-user – E
Quick Time™a nd a
TIFF ( LZW) d ecomp res sor
ar e nee ded to see this pictur e.
Quick Time™a nd a
TIFF ( LZW) d ecomp res sor
ar e nee ded to see this pictur e.
Quick Time™a nd a
TIFF ( LZW) d ecomp res sor
ar e nee ded to see this pictur e.
63