Transcript The Internet Connects Us

Computers in a
Changing
Society
By John Preston, Robert Ferrett,
and Sally Preston
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
1
Computers in a
Changing Society
Chapter 2
The Internet Connects Us
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
2
Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
Learning Objectives
I.
Development of the Internet
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II.
Identify significant people and their contributions
Match key terms related to TCP/IP with definitions
Identify applications of the Internet on ARPANET still in use today
Identify Federal objectives that led to commercialization
Match the developers of the World Wide Web with their roles
Match key terms related to Web pages
Structure of the Internet
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III.
Match key elements of the Internet to their functions
Use the terms Internet and intranet to complete sentences correctly
Methods of Connection
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Match connection methods with their characteristics
Rank methods of connection by speed (slowest to fastest)
Identify features of virtual private networks (VPNs)
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
Learning Objectives
IV.
Internet Addresses
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V.
Match address extensions to the type of organization
Identify relationship between a domain name and an IP address
Identify the difference between a URL and an IP and URL segments
Identify the functions of HTTP, FTP, and Telnet
Identify the function of domain name servers
Personal Communications
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Identify parts of an e-mail address
Identify rules of etiquette
Identify the role of file compression for attachments
Identify the differences between web mail and mail clients
Identify features of weblogs and personal Web pages
Identify features of Voice Over IP (VOIP) and video conferencing
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
Learning Objectives
VI.
Finding Information, Working, and Playing
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Understand the meaning and function of portals
Understand the meaning and function of applets and cookies
Understand Web browsers, features, and differences
Identify searching methods and tools
Identify resources found in libraries and objectives for citing references
Understand types of commerce and issues related to online commerce
Identify types of online entertainment
Identify when Web-based training is appropriate
Identify features of online college courses
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
I.
Development of the Internet
Military Research and the Cold War
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Timeline of Significant Events, People, and Contributions
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1950s and early 1960s
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Computers expensive and rare
U.S. and Soviet Union Cold War
1961—Leonard Kleinrock
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Published Packet Switching paper
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packet switching
circuit switching
checksum
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
I.
Development of the Internet
Military Research and the Cold War
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Timeline of Significant Events, People, and Contributions
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1962—J.C.R. Licklider
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Galactic Network
First head of Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
Later known as Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
ARPANET—Network of computers using reliable, decentralized system
1970s—Bob Kahn and Vent Cerf
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Packet Switching and TCP/IP efficiency
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
I.
Development of the Internet
Military Research and the Cold War
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Timeline of Significant Events, People, and Contributions
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1980s—Protocol Standardization
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TCP/IP Communication Standard
Popular Applications
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Telnet
Electronic mail (e-mail)
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ARPANET
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
I.
Development of the Internet
Commercialization and the Internet
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Timeline of Significant Events, People, and Contributions
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1980s—Networks
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USENET and BITNET
National Science Foundation and NSFNET
Federal Agency Policy Decisions
1990s—Tim Berners-Lee
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Programmer at CERN
(Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire)
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servers
clients
browser
Web addresses
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
I.
Development of the Internet
Commercialization and the Internet
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Timeline of Significant Events, People, and Contributions
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1990s—Marc Andreessen
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Student
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Mosaic
Netscape
Browsers and Web Pages
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Graphical Browsers
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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Web Pages
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Hyperlinks
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
II.
Structure of the Internet
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Backbone
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Major communication pathways connected
to each other with routers and gateways
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Undersea cables, microwave antenna,
satellite relays, and NSFNET
Regional telephone or cable companies
Gateways and Routers
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Devices designed to act as communication links for packet passing
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Gateway—A computer that performs protocol conversion between different
types of networks or applications
Router—A device that forwards data packets from one local area network (LAN)
or wide area network (WAN) to another and assists with traffic balancing
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
II.
Structure of the Internet
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Internet Service Providers
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Organizations with connections to the Internet backbone, which provide
connections for individuals or local area networks (LANs)
Examples: America Online (AOL), Microsoft’s MSN, and others
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High-speed connections
Broadband
Local Area Networks and Intranets
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Local area network (LAN)—Network of computers communicating directly
with each other through servers within organization
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Reasons for Use—Privacy, security, and employee distraction concerns
Intranet—A Web site that serves the employees of the enterprise
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Intranet not accessed by the general public
Web pages may link to the Internet
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
III.
Connections to the Internet and Intranet
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Creating a Backbone
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Reaching the User
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Distribution
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The Last Mile—Final connection to the user using millions
of miles of connecting equipment
CD vs. direct download
Dial-Up
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Plain Old Telephone System (POTS)
Modem
Characteristics
Speed
Physical Connection
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The process
Free ISP
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
III.
Connections to the Internet and Intranet
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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
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DSL Center – http://www.dslcenter.com
High-speed connection
Uses existing phone lines
Constant connection
Telephone companies
Cable
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High-speed connection
Uses television signals
One-way signal transmission
Being updated for two-way transmission
Cable modem
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
III.
Connections to the Internet and Intranet
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Satellite
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High-speed connection
Receivers
Satellite dish
Cell Phone
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Screen size
Limitations
Dial-up connection option
Portable computers
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
III.
Connections to the Internet and Intranet
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Comparison of Download Times
Type of Connection
Dial-up Telephone
Approximate Time to Download a Copy of Netscape
1 Hour
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
13 Minutes
Cable
8 Minutes
Satellite
5 Minutes
Cell Phone
Local Area Network with
T1 Connection
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
2 Hours 20 Minutes or 13 Minutes
40 Seconds
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
III.
Connections to the Internet and Intranet
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Local Area Network
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Definition—A network confined to a limited geographical area
Configuration
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Router
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
T1
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
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Definition—A private network configured using public communication
pathways to provide access to intranets by mobile and remote users
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Secure connection
Connection method/process
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
III.
Addresses and Service Providers
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Domain Names
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User-friendly reference for organization or individual
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Example: prenhall
Components
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Prefixes—www
Extensions
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Most Popular
First Used
Country Codes
ICANN - http://www.icann.com
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
III.
Addresses and Service Providers
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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
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Definition—A user-friendly Web address, typically accessed by a
Web browser, that defines the location or path to the resource
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Host Server
Components
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Protocol
Domain name
Server location
Web page
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Interactive pages
Example: Active Server Pages (ASP)
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
III.
Addresses and Service Providers
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IP Addresses
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Definition—Numbers used to identify computers on the Internet
Characteristics
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Web address in numeric form
32 Digits
Binary—zeros and ones
Octets or Dotted Quad Notation
Example: ICANN IP Address is 192.0.34.163
Domain Name Servers (DNS)
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Definition—Special purpose server used for maintaining a database of
domain names and associated IP addresses
Relationship between domain names and host servers
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many-to-many
Low traffic vs. high traffic requirements
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
IV.
Personal Communications
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E-mail
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Electronic mail
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Past vs. Present
Functions
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Four basic client functions
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Other common features
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List, Select, Create and Send, Attach
CC, Bcc, Subject Line, HTML, Folders, Forwarding
Format components
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Recipient’s name, @ symbol, domain name
Example: [email protected]
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
IV.
Personal Communications
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E-mail
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Processing Mail
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Outgoing—Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Incoming—Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)
Incoming—Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
Etiquette
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Courtesy counts
Rules of netiquette
Flaming
Unsolicited E-mail
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Junk mail
Direct mail advertising
Spam
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
IV.
Personal Communications
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E-mail
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Emoticons
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Icons indicating emotion 
Keyboard characters representing facial expressions
Web-mail
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E-mail residing on a server and accessible via Web browser
Web sites offering free e-mail accounts
Compressing Attached Files
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Purpose
Method / Process
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.zip format
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Windows XP
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Third party software—WinZip or PKZip
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Macintosh and Linux—Stuffit
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
IV.
Personal Communications
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Instant Messaging and Chat
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Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Communication
Synchronous
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Chat—chat rooms
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Lurking
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Acronyms—LOL, TTFN
Instant Messaging (IM)—private chat
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Always on
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Selective participation
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Multimedia enhancements
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Service providers (AOL, MSN, Yahoo)
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Free IM cross-service providers
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
IV.
Personal Communications
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Personal Information
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Personal Web pages
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Web logs
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Creation tools
Host server for publication
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Renting vs. free space
Also called blogs
Web journals
Conferencing
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Telephone
Voice Over IP (VOIP)
Video conferencing
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Cameras, microphones, and computer technology
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Subjective quality and response time
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NetMeeting
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
V.
Finding Information, Working, and Playing
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Portals
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Resource Pathway
Browsers
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Popular Browsers
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AOL Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer
Bookmarks vs. Favorites
Stored Pages
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Disk cache
Management
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Applet—Active X controls and Java
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Cookies—Text files and the process
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
V.
Finding Information, Working, and Playing
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Search Engines and Directories
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Definitions—Search engine, directory, metasearch
Finding and indexing Web pages
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Spiders
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Web crawling
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Meta tags
Querying
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Search features for effective searching
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Advanced search options
Researching and Citing Electronic Sources
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Library resources
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Subscriptions—Magazines, news services, and factual databases
Standards for citing sources
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State of transition/under development
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Basics—Web page title, author, Web page creation date, reference date, URL
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
V.
Finding Information, Working, and Playing
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Information Services
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Directions, weather, travel information, locators
Commerce
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Bill Gates, “Business at the Speed of Thought”
Shopping on the Internet
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Benefits vs. risk and liability
Types of commerce—B2B, B2C, C2C
Entertainment
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Opportunities vs. Challenges
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Variety—music, movies, games, chat, virtual tours
Adult entertainment—regulation and legislation
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
V.
Finding Information, Working, and Playing
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Education
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Web-Based Training
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Benefits
Investment involved
Most appropriate
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Stable content
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Large audience
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Difficult to gather audience
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Subject matter testable online
Online Courses
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Growing popularity
Features
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Synchronous—chat, streaming video
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Asynchronous—threaded discussions, document sharing, grade book,
drop box, e-mail, objective exams
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
Chapter Summary
 Outline
Objectives
(Achievement of objectives from the text portion of the chapter may be evaluated using T/F, matching,
completion, multiple choice, and other testing methods)
Development of the
Internet
Match the people with their contributions: Licklider, Kleinrock, Kahn and Cerf, e-mail on ARPA
Match key terms related to TCP/IP with definitions
Identify applications of the Internet on ARPANET that are still used: e-mail, FTP, Telnet
Commercialization of
the Internet
Identify Federal objectives that led to commercialization
Match the developers of the graphical World Wide Web with their roles: Berners-Lee, Andreessen
Match key terms related to Web pages
Organization of the
Internet
Match key elements of the Internet to their functions: backbone, gateways and routers, ISP, LAN
Use the terms Internet and intranet to complete sentences correctly
Methods of Connection
Match connection methods with their characteristics: Dial-up, DSL, Cable, Satellite, Cell phone, LAN
Rank methods of connection by speed (slowest to highest): Cell phone, Dial-up, DSL, Cable, Satellite (download), LAN with T1
Identify features of virtual private network
Internet Addresses
Match address extensions to the type of organizations
Identify the relationship between a domain name and an IP address
Identify the difference between a URL and an IP
Identify the segments of a URL
Functions of HTTP, FTP, and Telnet
Identify the function of domain servers
E-mail
Identify parts of an e-mail address: To, CC, Bcc
Identify rules of etiquette
Identify role of file compression for attachments
Identify differences between web mail and mail clients installed on the user’s computer
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computers in a Changing Society
Chapter 2
Chapter Summary
Instant Messaging
Match terms with definitions and use them in sentences
Personal Information
Identify features of weblogs and personal Web pages
Conferencing
Identify features of Voice Over IP and video conferencing
Browsers
Identify functions of a portal
Identify functions of applets and cookies
Identify common features of browsers
Identify popular Web browsers and significant differences between them
Search Engines
Identify searching methods and tools: Boolean operators
Research
Identify resources found in libraries
Identify objectives for citing references
Information Services
Match type of information available with example Web sites
Commerce
Match types of commerce available with example Web sites
Identify issues related to using credit cards online
Identify terms used for types of commerce between business and customer
Entertainment
Identify types of entertainment conducted or enhanced online
Identify a new type of problem with online gambling and students
Education
Identify when Web-based training is appropriate
Identify features of online college courses: Synchronous vs. Asynchronous
© 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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