Transcript internet - IITK - Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

BY RAKESH RANJAN KUMAR
 MANDEEP HARODE
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The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people
in the early 1960s who saw great potential value in allowing
computers to share information on research and development
in scientific and military fields. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT, first
proposed a global network of computers in 1962, and moved
over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) in late 1962 to head the work to develop it. Leonard
Kleinrock of MIT and later UCLA developed the theory of packet
switching, which was to form the basis of Internet connections.
Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts computer
with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines.
It showed the feasibility of wide area networking, but also
showed that the telephone line's circuit switching was
inadequate. Kleinrock's packet switching theory was confirmed.
Roberts moved over to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan
for ARPANET. These visionaries and many more left unnamed
here are the real founders of the Internet.
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When Senator Ted Kennedy heard in 1968 that the pioneering
Massachusetts company BBN had won the ARPA contract for an
"interface message processor (IMP)," he sent a congratulatory telegram
to BBN for their ecumenical spirit in winning the "interfaith message
processor" contract.
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Charley Kline at UCLA sent the first packets on ARPANet as he tried to
connect to Stanford Research Institute on Oct 29, 1969. The system
crashed as he reached the G in LOGIN.
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Ethernet, a protocol for many local networks, appeared in 1974, an
outgrowth of Harvard student Bob Metcalfe's dissertation on "Packet
Networks." The dissertation was initially rejected by the University for not
being analytical enough. It later won acceptance when he added some
more equations to it.
INTRODUCTION
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The term internet today refers to the network of public
computers running internet protocols.
The internet is a global system of interconnec-ted
computer network interchange data by packet switching
using the standardized internet protocols(TCP/IP).
It is a network of networks that consists of millions of
private and public academic, business and government
networks of local to global scope that are linked by
coppers wire fibre optic cables wireless connection and
other technologies.
The internet carries various information sources such as
mail, online chat , file transfer $ file sharing online gaming
and interlinked hypertext documents and other sources of
world wide web(www).
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INFORMATION:Information is probably the biggest
advantage internet is offering. The Internet is a virtual
treasure trove of information. Any kind of information
on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet.
The search engines like Google, yahoo is at your
service on the Internet. You can almost find any type of
data on almost any kind of subject that you are looking
for. There is a huge amount of information available on
the internet for just about every subject known to man,
ranging from government law and services, trade fairs
and conferences, market information, new ideas and
technical support, the list is end less.
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Entertainment is another popular raison d'être why many
people prefer to surf the Internet. In fact, media of internet
has become quite successful in trapping multifaceted
entertainment factor. Downloading games, visiting chat
rooms or just surfing the Web are some of the uses
people have discovered. There are numerous games that
may be downloaded from the Internet for free. The
industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and
phenomenal attention by game lovers. Chat rooms are
popular because users can meet new and interesting
people. In fact, the Internet has been successfully used by
people to find life long partners. When people surf the
Web, there are numerous things that can be found. Music,
hobbies, news and more can be found and shared on the
Internet.
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The foremost target of internet has always been the
communication. And internet has excelled beyond the
expectations .Still; innovations are going on to make it
faster, more reliable. By the advent of computer’s Internet,
our earth has reduced and has attained the form of a
global village.
Now we can communicate in a fraction of second with a
person who is sitting in the other part of the world. Today
for better communication, we can avail the facilities of email; we can chat for hours with our loved ones. There are
plenty messenger services in offering. With help of such
services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of
global friendship where you can share your thoughts, can
explore other cultures of different ethnicity.
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E-Commerce:Ecommerce is the concept used for any type of commercial
maneuvering, or business deals that involves the transfer of
information across the globe via Internet. It has become a
phenomenon associated with any kind of shopping, almost
anything. You name it and Ecommerce with its giant tentacles
engulfing every single product and service will make you
available at your door steps. It has got a real amazing and wide
range of products from household needs, technology to
entertainment.
Services:Many services are now provided on the internet such as online
banking, job seeking, purchasing tickets for your favorite
movies, guidance services on array of topics engulfing the
every aspect of life, and hotel reservations. Often these
services are not available off-line and can cost you more.
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Theft of Personal information:If you use the Internet, you may be facing grave danger
as your personal information such as name, address,
credit card number etc. can be accessed by other culprits
to make your problems worse.
Spamming:Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk,
which provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the
entire system. Such illegal activities can be very
frustrating for you, and so instead of just ignoring it, you
should make an effort to try and stop these activities so
that using the Internet can become that much safer
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TO FIND INFORMATION:-
We can use the Internet to find information about almost anything, using Internet search
engines such as Google and Yahoo. However, we must carefully check the source
(website) and quality of the information. An example of good source of general
information is wikipedia.org
 FILE SHARING:A file can be put on a “Shared Location” or onto a File Server for instant use by
colleagues. Mirror servers and peer-to-peer networks can be used to ease the load of
data transfer.
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REMOTE ACCESS:Computer users can easily connect to other computers and information stores around
the world using the internet. The access can be done with or without security,
authentication and encryption, depending on the needs.
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Communication and Social Networking:-
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Internet chat and instant messaging systems allow people to stay in touch in a
convenient way while working at their computers. Messages can be sent and
received instantly. In addition, these systems also allow file transfer, as well as voice
and video contact.
Social networking websites allow people to stay in touch with friends and family, and
knowing their activities by viewing their profiles. The concept of a social networking
website is to store people’s profiles and connecting them between one and another.
A personal profile can include pictures and videos to be shared
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VoIP:-
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VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) started from an optional twoway voice chat provided by some of the instant messaging systems
that started around the year 2000. The benefit of VoIP is that it can
be free or cost much less than a normal telephone call, because the
Internet carries that voice traffic. VoIP is surely a cheap solution for
long distance call.
 The
Internet is a global network of
computers each computer connected
to the Internet must have a unique
address.
 Internet addresses are in the form
nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn where nnn must
be a number from 0 - 255.
 This address is known as an IP
address.
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The picture above illustrates two computers
connected to the Internet; your computer with IP
address 1.2.3.4 and another computer with IP
address 5.6.7.8. The Internet is represented as
an abstract object in-between.
NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURING
packets travel from one computer to
another over the Internet.
packets travel from one computer to
another over the Internet.
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Above we see the IP addresses of the sending and receiving computers in the IP
header. Below is what a packet looks like after passing through the application
layer, TCP layer, and IP layer. The application layer data is segmented in the TCP
layer, the TCP header is added, the packet continues to the IP layer, the IP header
is added, and then the packet is transmitted across the Internet.