Transcript Internet History and Structure

N. Nilgün Çokça
Hacettepe University
Department of Economics
Ankara- Turkey
[email protected]
http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~ncokca
1957
 Soviet Union launches Sputnik I, the first artificial
satellite.
1958
 President Eisenhower reacts by forming two government
agencies to advance space technologies, weapons, and
communication systems.
 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
are established.
1969
 The first ARPANET connections are made. Nodes
(hosts) are set as 516 minicomputer with 12K memory,
set with 50 kbps lines, which AT&T provides.
 Node 1: UCLA (September)
 Node 2: Stanford Research Institute (SRI) (October)
 Node 3: University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB)
(November)
 Node 4: University of Utah (December)
1970
 ARPANET hosts start using NCP, or Network Control
Protocol, further developing the first host-to-host
protocol.
1972
 Ray Tomlinson modifies his email program for
ARPANET and quickly gains popularity. Initially there
were some variations of the program, but the "@" was
finally chosen as the standard.
1973
 ARPA changes its name to DARPA
 ARPANET makes its first international connection to
the University College of London (England) and the
Royal Establishment in Norway (NORSAR).
1975
 Satellite links across two oceans to Hawaii and UK are
formed, and the first TCP tests are layered over them by
Stanford, BBN, and UCL.
1976
 Queen Elizabeth II makes early network history by
sending an email announcing that the Royal Signals and
Radar Establishment in Malvern, is available on the
ARPANET system.
1980
 Due to virus ARPANET comes to a complete halt.
 ARPANET has 213 hosts, with a new host added
approximately once every 20 days.
 The system serves as a cooperative network between the City
University of New York and Yale. The low-cost network later
expands throughout United States and to overseas.
1982
 DCA (Defense Communication Agency) and
DARPA establish the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) and
the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP
for ARPANET.
 DOD also declares TCP/IP as a standard.
1984
 Domain Name System or DNS is introduced to
identify the type of institution which represents
the host
1988
 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is developed by Jarkko
Oikarinen.
1991
 WAIS, invented by Brewster Kahle, is released by
Thinking Machines Corporation.
 Gopher is introduced by Paul Lindner and Mark P.
McCahill from the University of Minnesota.
 World-Wide Web (WWW) is released by CERN in
Geneva, Switzerland.
 British researcher, Tim Berner-Lee creates HTML
The web as we know it is born!
1992
 World Bank comes on-line
 The term "surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean
Armour Polly
1993
 US White House (http://www.whitehouse.gov),
and United Nations (UN) comes on-line
 Countries connecting to NSFNET: Bulgaria (BG),
Costa Rica (CR), Egypt (EG), Fiji (FJ), Ghana (GH),
Guam (GU), Indonesia (ID), Kazakhstan (KZ),
Kenya (KE), Liechtenstein (LI), Peru (PE),
Romania (RO), Russian Federation (RU), Turkey
(TR), Ukraine (UA), UAE (AE), US Virgin Islands
(VI)
 1993
Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide
Web renamed to “Yet Another Hierarchical
Officious Oracle”
1995
 Alta Vista
 Amazon.com
 eBay
1996
 The browser wars begin. Netscape and
Microsoft go head-to-head, intensively
developing and releasing upgrades to their
browsers
 Macromedia Flash 1.0 launches to add
interactive animation to webpages.
1998
 Google
1999
 Napster, The peer-to-peer software enables
internet users to swap MP3 music files stored
on their computers and to find each other
through a central directory.
2000
 Fixed wireless, high-speed Internet
technology is now seen as a viable alternative
to copper and fiber optic lines placed in the
ground.
2004
 Facebook
 Flickr
2005

Youtube
2006
 Twitter
 There are an estimated 92 million Web sites
online
2007
 1.114 billion people use the Internet according
to Internet World Stats
2009
 Actor Ashton Kutcher becomes the first
person on Twitter to have a million followers
subscribing to his 'tweets'.
The Internet is usually described as a three-level
hierarchy.
Local Area Network
Wide Area Networks
Backbones
Russia
Iraq
Hakkari
INTERNET
Home Users
Deans’
Office
Sinop
USA
Department of
Economics
Banks
LAN
Faculty
of Law
METU
10.50.56.254
Student
Houes
WAN
İstanbul
Japan
High
Schools
Backbone
Germany
 “An internet is a network of networks” says
Kevin Hughes
 The term was coined for the ARPANET to
describe a collection of different networks
that all used TCP/IP.
 Internet Society described “a way to
communicate and share resources”
Probably the most frequent use is e-mail. After
that are file transfer and remote login (login
into a computer that is running some where
else on the Internet).
The short answer is "no one".
There are now a large number of backbone and
mid-level networks in other countries.
 IP Address Internet Protocol
 193.140.216.8
 Domain Name
 www.hacettepe.edu.tr
Berkeley Unix command to set and get the application level
name used by the host:
Com
Edu
Org
Gov




Commercial
Education
Organizations
Government
Co
Ac
Mil
Net




Commercial
Education
Military
Network
 Optical Fibre
 Ethernet
 Modem
 Internal
 External
 Wireless
 Electronic Mail
 Pine
 Outlook Express
 Eudora
 Browser
 Internet Explorer
 Chrome
 Safari
 Mozilla
 Opera
 File Transfer
 CuteFtp
 AceFtp
 Web Creators
 Front Page
 Hot Dog
 CoffeeCup
 PHP Designer
 Instant Messaging
 ICQ
 MSN Messenger
 Yahoo Messenger
 Skype
 Conferencing
 NetMeeting
 IConfKit
:-)
:((((
:-O
LOL




happy
very sorry
uh-oh
Laughing Out Loud
Netiquette is a set of rules for behaving properly
online.
 Do unto others as you'd have others do unto you
 Adhere to the same standards of behavior online








that you follow in real life
Know where you are in cyberspace
Respect other people's time and bandwidth
Make yourself look good online
Share expert knowledge
Help keep flame wars under control
Respect other people's privacy
Don't abuse your power
Be forgiving of other people's mistakes
 Historically, Internet and internet have had
different meanings, with internet meaning “an
interconnected set of distinct networks,” and
Internet referring to the world-wide, publiclyavailable IP internet.
 Some people use the lower-case term as a medium
(like radio or newspaper, e.g. I've found it on the
internet), and first letter capitalized as the global
network.
 Search Engines:
 www.google.com
 www.bing.com
 www.yahoo.com
 Economic Sites
 economics.about.com
 econlinks.com
 Rules of using internet
 www.albion.com
 www.safekids.com