Transcript Windows NT - Digital Locker and Personal Web Space

PC Operating Systems
Hardware
Guide to Operating Systems
Third Edition
Objectives
After reading this chapter and completing the exercises
you will be able to:
• Explain operating system hardware components
– design type, speed, cache, address bus, data bus,
control bus, and CPU scheduling
• Describe basic features and system architecture
• Identify the basic features and characteristics of
popular PC operating systems
• Understand how hardware components interact with
operating systems
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Understanding CPUs
• System architecture
– number and type of CPUs in the hardware
– communication routes – buses
• The CPU
– performs the computational and logic work
– Most modern PCs have one such chip - single-processor
computers
• There are computers that have multiple CPUs
– Two to 64 or more
– multiprocessor computers
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Understanding CPUs
(continued)
• CPU hardware elements:
– Design type
– Speed
– Cache
– Address bus
– Data bus
– Control bus
– CPU Scheduling
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Design Type
• Two general CPU designs:
– CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
– RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
• Main difference
– number of different instructions the chip can
process
• Instruction set
– the list of commands the CPU can understand and
carry out
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Design Type (continued)
• This type of processor is called a Complex
Instruction Set Computer (CISC) CPU
• The CISC CPU offers advantages and
disadvantages
• Advantage
– need only general-purpose hardware to carry out
commands
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Design Type (continued)
• Disadvantages
– CISC design includes the complexity of hardware
needed to perform many functions
– the complexity of on-chip software needed to make
the hardware do the right thing
– the need to continually reprogram the on-chip
hardware
– complex operations that a CISC CPU carries out
slow it down because all sorts of hardware on the
chip must be set up to perform specific functions
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Design Type (continued)
• The RISC CPU design
– requires very little setup because it has hardware on
the chip that is specially designed and optimized to
perform particular functions
– pipelining - allows the processor to operate on one
instruction at the same time it is fetching one or
more subsequent instructions
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Design Type (continued)
• Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC)
– joint project by Intel and Hewlett Packard
– processor handles massive numbers of operations
simultaneously
– enables a single processor to execute as many as 20
operations at a time
• Advantage
– using three instructions per word, EPIC enables the
processor to work much faster
– instructions can be combined into instruction
groups
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Speed
• Internal clock speed is the most obvious
indicator
– clock provides this to make sure that all the chips
know what to expect at what time
– tells you how many clock pulses, or ticks, are
available per second
• External clock speed
– chips also must be able to communicate with the
other chips in the computer
– lower clock speed to communicate with the rest of
the computer
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Cache
• Cache memory built into the CPU chip
– extremely fast—it typically runs at the same speed
as the processor—and therefore expensive
– If processor needs a number stored in the cache
memory on the CPU, it probably won’t have to wait
to obtain that number
– referred to as Level 1 (L1) cache
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Cache (continued)
• Some CPUs have one or two more levels of
cache memory, which are typically on a
separate chip
– Level 2 (L2) cache
– Level 3 (L2) cache
• Cache controller
– predicts what data will be needed, and makes that
data available in cache before it is needed
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Address Bus
• Address bus
– internal communications pathway It is instrumental
in the transfer of data to and from computer memory
– runs at the external clock speed of the CPU
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Data Bus
• Data bus
– allows computer components to share information
– number of bits indicates how many bits of data can
be transferred from memory to the CPU, or vice
versa, in one clock tick
– external clock speed of 1 GHz will have 1 billion ticks
per second to the external bus
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Control Bus
• The CPU is kept informed of the status of resources
and devices connected to the computer
• The most basic information is whether or not a
particular resource is active and can be accessed
• Memory read and write status is transported on
this bus
• Interrupt Requests (IRQs) are also transported on
this bus
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Control Bus (continued)
• An IRQ
– request to the processor for a current process,
such as a read from a disk drive, to be
interrupted by another process, such as a write
into memory
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CPU Scheduling
• Determine which process to start given the
multiple processes waiting to run
• Allows for multithreading
– Ability to run two or more processes at the same
time
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Popular PC Processors
• These CPUs are:
– Intel
– Intel Itanium
– AMD
– Motorola
– SPARC
– Alpha
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Intel
• Most popular CPUs are designed by Intel
• First in this line of processors was the 8088,
the CPU found in the original IBM PC
• Next Intel released the Multimedia Extension
(MMX)
• Pentium 4 is the presence of two math
coprocessing units, called arithmetic logic
units (ALUs)
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Intel Itanium
• The Intel Itanium processor is a significant
departure from previous Intel processors in
two aspects:
– built on the RISC-based EPIC architecture and it is a
64-bit chip
– intended for very large-scale operations that match
powerful mainframes
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AMD and Cyrix
• Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) and
VIA Technologies (Cyrix)
– compete with Intel
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Motorola
• Chips are typically found in Macintosh
computers
• Line of CISC CPUs is used in many older
Macintosh computers, as well as in many UNIX
computers
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PowerPC
• Developed jointly by IBM, Motorola, and Applet
Computer
• These are RISC chips known as the PowerPC
line
• Newest chip in the PowerPC line is the G5 (for
5th generation
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SPARC
• SPARC processor designed by Sun
Microsystems
• SPARC CPUs have gone through many
incarnations
– RISC processor is the most popular on the market
today
• The UltraSPARC III is the current version of the
SPARC processor at this writing
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Alpha
• Originally designed by Digital Equipment
Corporation (DEC)
• Today, the Alpha CPU is found in high-end HP
servers
• 64-bit data bus and a 64-bit address bus
• The internal clock speed can be as high as 1
GHz
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Popular PC Operating
Systems
• Many operating systems available for today’s
computers.
• Following slides will briefly describe
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MS-DOS and PC DOS
• Microsoft’s original operating system
• DOS is a 16-bit, single-tasking, single-user
operating system
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Windows 3.x
• GUI interface to compete with the Apple
Macintosh
• Released in 1985
• Not well accepted until Windows 3.0 released
• Windows 3.11 is also referred to as Windows
for Workgroups (WFW
• WFW is a peer-to-peer network operating
system
– each computer on a network can communicate with
other computers on the same network
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Windows 95
• True 32-bit operating system
• Does not rely on MS-DOS to provide
underlying functionality
• Requires more CPU speed and memory
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Windows 95 (continued)
• More advanced functions:
– A new GUI
– Plug and Play
– ActiveX and the Component Object Model (COM)
capability
– The Registry
– Multitasking
– Enhanced network capabilities
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The Windows Desktop
• Windows 95 introduces the GUI, now called the
desktop, see Figure 2-3
• Backward compatibility to run old MS-DOS and
Windows 3.x programs
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Plug and Play
• Plug and Play (PnP)
– automatically detect newly installed hardware
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ActiveX and the
Component Object Model (COM)
• ActiveX, along with its parent, the Component Object
Model (COM)
– standardized way for objects, such as programs, files,
computers, printers, control panels, windows, and icons, to
communicate with each other
• The COM and ActiveX technologies enable an object to
“sense” when it is interacting with other objects
– Mouse, printer, desktop, trash can, or Start menu
• The COM and ActiveX allow you to drag files from one
place to another
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The Registry
• Database that stores information about
hardware and software configurations
• In Windows 95, the Registry is the only correct
way to store configuration information
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The Registry (continued)
• The Registry is a hierarchical database
that provides the following information:
– Operating system configuration
– Service and device driver information and
configuration
– Static tuning parameters
– Software and application parameters
– Hardware configuration
– Performance information
– Desktop configuration
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Multitasking
• Multitasking still performed on a cooperative
basis for 16-bit applications, uses preemptive
multitasking for 32-bit applications
• Task supervisor
– detects tasks that appear stuck
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Enhanced Network and
Internet Capabilities
• The networking functionality was completely rewritten
• Network drivers are part of the Windows operating
system
• Networking code is written as a 32-bit application
• Integrated with the Internet
• Extensive Internet support, in Web browsers, Web
server software
• Dial-Up Networking (DUN)
– used to make connections to remote networks or computers
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Windows 98/Me
• Similar to Windows 95
• Many of the problems of Windows 95 are
solved
• Includes Registry checks and automatic
Registry repair
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Windows 98
• The backup mechanisms greatly enhanced
• Changes from Windows 95 to Windows 98 are
listed on page 66
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
– high-speed input/output port
• Uses improved cooperative multitasking for 16bit applications and preemptive multitasking
for 32-bit applications
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Windows 98 (continued)
• ActiveX technology deployed as a standard
feature in Windows 98Windows 98 can be
updated over the Internet
• Setting up dial-up connections and
configuring the computer to use the Internet
are simpler
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Windows Millennium Edition
(Me)
• Windows Millennium Edition (Me) is the last in
the 95/98 track
• Windows Me was developed for home
computer users
• Infrared Data Association (IrDA)
– support, and implements the enhanced PnP
standard, called Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
• UPnP provides better discovery of new devices
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Windows NT
• Windows NT 3.1 was released in 1993 and version
3.5 was released in 1994
• Windows NT was an extension to IBM’s high-end
operating system, OS/2
– intended to support a client/server networking
environment
• Windows NT has gone through many iterations
• Windows NT prior to version 3.51 were not stable
or reliable
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Windows NT (continued)
• Uses preemptive multitasking
• Employs multithreading
– ability to run two or more program code blocks as
threads, at the same time
• NT Workstation can use up to two CPUs
• NT Server can use up to four CPUs
• Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
– All CPUs carry out actions at the same time
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NT Server and NT
Workstation
• Windows NT Workstation is the operating
system for a person who needs a high-end,
stable, and secure graphical operating
system
• Windows NT Server is designed as a multiuser, server operating system for access over
a network
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NT Server and NT
Workstation (continued)
• The Registry plays an equally important role in
Windows NT
• Used as the central repository for
configuration, hardware, software, and user
information
• Windows NT is designed as a multi-user
system
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Networking Support
• Supports network connectivity protocols
– IBM mainframes, UNIX computers, Macintosh
computers, all Windows-based computers,
Novell NetWare servers, etc
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Security
• A C2 rating means the Server network
operating system provides security:
– File and folder protection
– User accounts and passwords
– File, folder, and account auditing
– File server access protection on a network
– File server management controls
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Security (continued)
• The domain is an integral part
• One primary domain controller (PDC)
• The PDC is responsible for keeping
usernames and passwords for all users
• Remote Access Service (RAS)
– user information in a PDC can be used to grant
or deny various levels of network access
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Windows 2000
• More robust operating system
• Significant rewrite of the Windows NT kernel
• Runs about 30% faster than Windows NT
• More advanced networking support, such as Virtual
Private Networks (VPNs)
• A VPN is a private network that is like a tunnel through
a larger network
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Windows 2000 (continued)
• Windows 2000 incorporates a wide range
of new features, including:
– Active Directory
– Distributed network architecture
– Kerberos security
– IntelliMirror
– Power Management
– International Language Compatibility
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Windows 2000 Server
and Windows 2000 Professional
• Lower total cost of ownership (TCO)
– total cost of owning a network, including hardware,
software, training, maintenance, and user support
costs
• Active Directory—a database of computers,
users, groups, shared printers, folders, and
other network resources
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Windows 2000 Server
and Windows 2000 Professional
(continued)
• Server supports up to four processors
• Professional supports up to two
• Windows 2000 Server
– offers more services and user connectivity
options
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Windows 2000 Server
and Windows 2000 Professional
(continued)
• These services include the following:
– The capability to handle virtually unlimited
numbers of users simultaneously
– Active Directory management
– Network management
– Web-based management services
– Network-wide security management
– Network storage management
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Windows 2000 Server,
Advanced Server,
and Datacenter Server
• Windows 2000 Server provides a comprehensive
set of server and Web services
– up to four processor systems
– supports up to 4 GB of RAM
• Advanced Server
– intended for high-end enterprise networks
• Clustering
– technique in which two or more servers are linked to
equally share the server processor load
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Windows XP and Windows
Server 2003
• Windows 2000 evolved into:
– Windows XP
– Windows Server 2003
• New desktop GUI
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Windows XP Versions
• Versions:
– Windows XP Home
– Windows XP Professional
– Windows XP Tablet PC
– Windows XP Media Center
– Windows XP 64-bit
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Windows XP Home and
Professional Editions
• Windows XP stands for “Windows Experience”
– Windows XP Professional
– Windows XP Home Edition
• Windows XP Professional is the upgrade to Windows
2000 Professional
• Ability to create accounts for different users who
might use the operating system
• Programs written for Windows 95 may not run in
Windows XP
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Windows XP Home and
Professional Editions
(continued)
• “Experiential” look and feel Control Panel
– designed to reflect the user’s experience of a
particular setting
• Windows Classic is another theme that uses
the Windows 2000 GUI look
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Windows XP Home and
Professional Editions (continued)
• New experiential categories are:
– Appearance and Themes
– Network and Internet Connections
– Add or Remove Programs
– Sounds, Speech, and Audio Devices
– Performance and Maintenance
– Printers and Other Hardware
– User Accounts (in Windows XP Professional)
– Date, Time, Language, and Regional Options
– Accessibility Options
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Windows XP Tablet PC
Edition
• New features:
– Customization
– Tablet PC Input Panel
– Microsoft Windows Journal
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Windows XP Media Center
Edition
• Enhancements:
– Set-top box Learning Mode
– Build and play your digital music library
– View and share your digital pictures
– Internet and FM radio
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Windows XP 64-Bit Edition
• Runs on Intel Itanium processors
• Used for mathematical calculations
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Windows Server 2003
• Minor upgrade of Windows 2000, but offer a
new desktop GUI
• Capabilities for keeping photo albums, playing
music, running video and audio files, playing
games, and using other multimedia
applications
• Better Internet security
– built-in firewall
– ability to remotely control the computer
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UNIX System V Release 4
• Two main design standards
– Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
– System V Release 4 (SVR 4)
• Linux is a version of UNIX
– free of charge, but some enhanced versions of Linux must be
purchased
• Runs on almost any hardware platform
• True multitasking, multi-user operating system
• UNIX typically presents you with a request for a login
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UNIX System V Release 4
(continued)
• Username and password determine what privileges
you will be granted on the system
• Shell
– levels of functionality
– series of built-in commands
• External commands
– at the command line
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UNIX System V Release 4
(continued)
• Main commands are the same across the
shells
• To see the path of the directory you are in,
use pwd command
• GUI interface
– X Windows
– GNOME
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UNIX System V Release 4
(continued)
• TCP/IP is used on UNIX computers
• Standard UNIX does not provide many network
functions
– provided by add-ons
• Standard functions:
– login services
– network connections
– file transfers using File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
– e-mail service, usually the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
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UNIX System V Release 4
(continued)
• In Linux, additional standard services include:
– Network File System (NFS)
– support for other network systems
• UNIX is also compatible with databases such
as Oracle and Informix
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Mac OS
• Unique approach to operating systems
• Mac OS X desktop
• Built on Unix foundation
• Hardware architecture different from other
platforms
• Mac OS prior to 8.0 was not multitasking
– task switching with the aid of MultiFinder
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Mac OS (continued)
• Network functions in Mac OS are fairly evolved
• Peer-to-peer networking
– standard feature since the beginning
– Uses AppleTalk
• Desktop operating system
– no extended security features
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Mac OS (continued)
• Known for its support of graphics, video,
and sound capabilities
• Mac OS 9.x
– introduces features for better hardware and
Internet access
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Mac OS (continued)
• Mac OS X
– X means Version 10
– new interface called the “Aqua” interface
• Some programs and utilities were replaced
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NetWare
• Evolved steadily since the late 1970s
• Originally, a time-sharing system
• Now, a full-service server OS
• Most shops run NetWare 5.x or 6.x
• Download screen
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NetWare (continued)
• NetWare 6.0
– released late 2001
– server can be added easily to network with
Microsoft, UNIX, and other NetWare servers
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NetWare (continued)
• NetWare 6.5
– shipped in mid 2003
– open-source enhancements
– includes Apache Web server, MySQL, Tomcat
– Novell’s Virtual Office
– NetWare Administrator console
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Summary
• Hardware and operating systems are
interrelated
• Processors are much faster and more efficient
• Early computer operating systems were well
suited to the early processors, which included
the 8088, 8086, and 80286
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Summary (continued)
• 32-bit processors provide a foundation for
operating systems like Windows XP
• New 64-bit processors have emerged
• Diagnosing computer problems
– know the hardware and operating system
requirements
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