Transcript 5-8 Satellites and “Weightlessness”

Lecture PowerPoints
Chapter 5
Physics: Principles with
Applications, 6th edition
Giancoli
© 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall
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Chapter 5
Circular Motion; Gravitation
5-1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform circular motion: motion in a circle of
constant radius at constant speed
Instantaneous velocity is always tangent to
circle.
5-1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion
Looking at the change in velocity in the limit that
the time interval becomes infinitesimally small,
we see that
(on formula sheet)
(or aC)
5-1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion
This acceleration is called the centripetal, or
radial, acceleration, and it points towards the
center of the circle.
5-1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular
Motion
• Frequency (f) – revolutions per second
• Period (T) – time for one revolution
1
T
f
(on formula sheet)
2 r
v
T
(NOT on formula sheet)
Where does this
formula come from?
A 150 g ball at the end of a string is revolving
uniformly in a horizontal circle of radius 0.600 m.
The ball makes 2.00 revolutions per second.
What is its centripetal acceleration?
If the string is doubled in length but everything else
stays the same, how will centripetal acceleration
change?
The Moon’s nearly circular orbit about the Earth
has a radius of about 384,000 km and a period
of 27.3 days. Determine the acceleration of the
Moon toward the Earth. Is this the Moon’s
gravity on objects on its surface?
5-2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
For an object to be in uniform circular motion,
there must be a net force acting on it.
We already know the
acceleration, so can
immediately write the
force:
IMPORTANT
(not on formula sheet)
What exerts the force?
5-2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
We can see that the force must be inward by
thinking about a ball on a string:
Centripetal force is not
a new kind of force. It
is a net force. You pull
inwardly exerting a
force on the ball. The
ball exerts an equal and
opposite force on the
string. This is the
outward force your
hand feels.
5-2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
There is no centrifugal force pointing outward;
what happens is that the natural tendency of the
object to move in a straight line must be
overcome (Inertia).
If the centripetal force vanishes, the object flies
off tangent to the circle.
Estimate the force a person must exert on a string from the
previous problem.
Tension in the cord provides the centripetal acceleration.
Technically, the tension is not equal to the net force.
However, if the angle is very small, they are very close.
Is it possible to ever have a horizontal circle? Why or
why not?
In what direction
is the acceleration
of the ball, and
what causes the
acceleration?
A 0.150 kg ball on the end of a 1.10 m long cord of negligible mass is
swung in a vertical circle. Determine the minimum speed the ball must
have at the top of its arc so that the ball continues moving in a circle.
Position 1: gravity and
cord tension together
provide centripetal
acceleration.
Position 2: string tension
and gravity acting in
opposite directions
provide centripetal
acceleration.
Calculate the
tension in the
cord at the
bottom of the arc,
assuming the ball
is moving at
twice the speed it
had at the top.
Is the normal force that the seat exerts on the rider at the top of
the wheel less than, more than, or the same as the force the seat
exerts at the bottom of the wheel?
In a tumble dryer, the speed of the drum
should be just large enough so that the
clothes are carried nearly to the top of the
drum and then fall away, rather than being
pressed against the drum for the whole
revolution. Determine whether this speed
will be different for heavier wet clothes
than for lighter dry clothes.
5-3 Highway Curves, Banked and Unbanked
When a car goes around a curve, there must be
a net force towards the center of the circle of
which the curve is an arc. If the road is flat, that
force is supplied by friction.
Forces on a car rounding a
curve on a flat road.
(a) Front view, (b) Top view.
5-3 Highway Curves, Banked and Unbanked
If the frictional force is
insufficient, the car will
tend to move more
nearly in a straight line,
as the skid marks show.
A 1000. kg car rounds a curve on a flat road of radius 50. m
at a speed of 50. km/hr. Will the car follow the curve or
will it skid if the pavement is dry and the coefficient of
static friction is 0.60? What if the pavement is icy and
the coefficient of static friction is 0.25?
5-3 Highway Curves, Banked and Unbanked
As long as the tires do not slip, the friction is
static. If the tires do start to slip (that is the
wheels lock and stop rotating), the friction is
kinetic, which is bad in two ways:
1. The kinetic frictional force is smaller than the
static.
2. The static frictional force can point towards
the center of the circle, but the kinetic frictional
force opposes the direction of motion, making
it very difficult to regain control of the car and
continue around the curve.
5-3 Highway Curves, Banked and Unbanked
Banking the curve can help keep
cars from skidding. In fact, for
every banked curve, there is one
speed where the entire centripetal
force is supplied by the
horizontal component of
the normal force, and no
friction is required. This
occurs when:
For a car traveling with speed v around a curve of radius r,
determine a formula for the angle at which a road should
be banked so that no friction is required. What is this
angle for a freeway off-ramp curve of radius 50. m at a
design speed of 50. km/hr?
A 1200 kg car rounds a curve of radius 70. m banked at an
angle of 12°. If the car is traveling at 90. km/h, will a
friction force be required and, if so, how much?
To negotiate an unbanked curve at a faster
speed, a driver puts a couple of sand bags
in his van to increase the force of friction
between the tires and the road. Will the
sand bags help?
Can a heavy truck and a small car travel
safely at the same speed around an icy,
banked-curve road?
5-6 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
If the force of gravity is being exerted on
objects on Earth, what is the origin of that
force?
Newton’s realization was
that the force must come
from the Earth.
He further realized that
this force must be what
keeps the Moon in its
orbit.
5-6 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
The gravitational force on you is one-half of a
Third Law pair: the Earth exerts a downward force
on you, and you exert an upward force on the
Earth.
When there is such a disparity in masses, the
reaction force is undetectable, but for bodies
more equal in mass it can be significant.
5-6 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Therefore, the gravitational force must be
proportional to both masses.
By observing planetary orbits, Newton also
concluded that the gravitational force must decrease
as the inverse of the square of the distance between
the masses.
In its final form, the Law of Universal Gravitation
reads:
(on formula sheet)
where
Newton showed, using calculus, that for two
uniform spheres, r is the distance between
the centers of the spheres. When the
objects are small compared to the
distance between them (such as the Earth
and the Sun), we can consider them to be
point particles.
5-6 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
The magnitude of the
gravitational constant G
can be measured in the
laboratory.
This is the Cavendish
experiment.
What is the force of gravity acting on a
2000. kg spacecraft when it orbits two
Earth radii from the Earth’s center?
Find the net force on the Moon due to the
gravitational attraction of both the Earth
and the Sun assuming they are at right
angles to each other.
5-7 Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface;
Geophysical Applications
Now we can relate the gravitational constant to the
local acceleration of gravity. We know that, on the
surface of the Earth:
Fg =
Solving for g gives:
Now, knowing g and the radius of the Earth, the
mass of the Earth can be calculated:
kg
5-7 Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface;
Geophysical Applications
The acceleration due to
gravity varies over the
Earth’s surface due to
altitude, local geology,
and the shape of the
Earth, which is not quite
spherical.
Estimate the value of g on the top of Mt. Everest (29,035 ft
above sea level).
What is the acceleration of gravity for the space
shuttle traveling at 7700 m/s (17,300 mi/h or
Mach 23) at an altitude of 380 km?
5-8 Satellites and “Weightlessness”
Satellites are routinely put into orbit around the
Earth. The tangential speed must be high
enough so that the satellite does not return to
Earth, but not so high that it escapes Earth’s
gravity altogether.
5-8 Satellites and “Weightlessness”
The satellite is kept in orbit by its speed – it is
continually falling (in free fall), but the Earth
curves from underneath it.
A geosynchronous satellite is one that stays above the
same point on the Earth, which is possible only if it is
above a point on the equator? Why?
What height above the Earth’s surface is the satellite? How
fast is it going?
Two satellites orbit the Earth in circular
orbits of the same radius. One satellite is
twice as massive as the other. Which of
the following statements is true?
• The heavier satellite moves twice as fast
as the lighter one.
• The two satellites have the same speed.
• The lighter satellite moves twice as fast as
the heavier one.
• The heavier satellite moves four times as
fast as the lighter one.
5-8 Satellites and “Weightlessness”
Objects in orbit are said to experience
weightlessness. They do have a gravitational
force acting on them, though!
The satellite and all its contents are in free fall, so
there is no normal force. This is what leads to the
experience of weightlessness.
5-8 Satellites and “Weightlessness”
More properly, this effect is called apparent
weightlessness, because the gravitational force
still exists. It can be experienced on Earth as
well, but only briefly:
5-9 Kepler’s Laws and Newton's Synthesis
Kepler’s laws describe planetary motion.
The orbit of each planet is an ellipse, with the
Sun at one focus (Kepler’s First Law).
5-9 Kepler’s Laws
An imaginary line drawn from each planet to the Sun
sweeps out equal areas in equal times (Kepler’s
Second Law).
If 1 to 2 is
the same
time as 3 to
4, what does
that mean
about the
speed of the
planet?
5-9 Kepler’s Laws
The ratio of the square of a planet’s orbital
period is proportional to the cube of its mean
distance from the Sun.
5-9 Kepler’s Laws
Kepler’s Third Law
2
 T1   r1 
    
 T2   r2 
3
5-9 Kepler’s Laws
Perturbations in the orbit of Uranus led to the discovery of
Neptune. Much smaller perturbations in the orbit of
Neptune led to the discovery of Pluto.
Planets around other stars
5-10 Types of Forces in Nature
Modern physics now recognizes four
fundamental forces:
1. Gravity
2. Electromagnetism
3. Weak nuclear force (responsible for some
types of radioactive decay)
4. Strong nuclear force (binds protons and
neutrons together in the nucleus)
5-10 Types of Forces in Nature
So, what about friction, the normal force,
tension, and so on?
Except for gravity, the forces we experience
every day are due to electromagnetic forces
acting at the atomic level.