Transcript ITU-T

6. Network Analysis and Design
Complexity, system-level design and traffic management
Current design approaches do not keep pace with the growing system
complexity. Although design methods are well established for the lower
levels of the design trajectory, there is a lack of support for the higher
(architectural and system) levels. At these higher levels, the tradeoffs in
design are typically on distribution of tasks, selection of processing units,
hardware/software partitioning and the selection of protocols that handle
(cable, wireless or optical) communication streams with the appropriate
performance, bandwidth and quality of services. Design decisions that
lead to a hardware/software architecture are usually based on a designer's
personal experiences and intuitions, rather than on a thorough exploration
of all the possible architectural and technological alternatives. These
decisions are often made without a full understanding of the system's
functionality and result in design cycles that are longer than necessary,
since inconsistencies that are discovered late in the design process will
require time-consuming design iterations. Another complexity issue in
telecommunication systems is traffic management. Traffic analysis plays
an important role in system-level design of telecommunication networks as
well as for tuning of telecommunication networks.
Property analysis
To manage complexity and to shorten design cycles, industry is forced to
look at system-level approaches towards specification, analysis and
design. These approaches deliver formal executable models, describing a
system (or network) in the earliest stages of the design. These models
allow properties of a system to be analysed before this system is actually
being realised. Properties to analyse concern qualitative (correctness)
properties as well as quantitative (performance) properties. Especially
quantitative model properties are important for making system-level design
decisions. Examples of these properties include, but are not limited to, the
average throughput of a communication channel, the average propagation
delay, the required bandwidth and process power.
1
Telecommunication Network Trend:
1. Globalization
2. Liberalization (Free Market)
3. Technology Innovation
4. Integrated Network
5. Circuit Switch → IP Switch
6. Wire → Wireless
7. SDH → LAN Switch, Router
8. Free of Charge
2
Telecommunication Network Development
Telecommunication Master Plan Design
Demand & Field Investigation
Feasible Study
Execution Design
Project Design
Project Execution
Operation & Maintenance
Network Monitoring
- Traffic
- Packet Loss
- Noise
- Delay
- Speed
- MTBF
Telecommunication Systems Analysis
END
3
Erlang :
The erlang is a unit of traffic density in a telecommunications system. One
erlang is the equivalent of one call (including call attempts and holding time)
in a specific channel for 3600 seconds in an hour. The 3600 seconds need
not be, and generally are not, in a contiguous block.
In digital telecommunications, the voice signals are compressed. This makes
it possible for one channel to carry numerous calls simultaneously by means
of multiplexing. In theory, there are many ways in which a channel can carry
a certain number of erlangs. For example, a traffic density of 3 erlangs can
consist of three simultaneous calls, each lasting for an hour (a total of 10,800
seconds); it can consist of six calls, each of which are allocated 30 minutes
(1800 seconds) of time during the hour; it might consist of 180 calls, each of
which occupy one minute (60 seconds) of time during an hour.
Erlang = c x h /T
Ex.1
C: call h: Average Holding Time
T: Measurement Time
5 call AHT= 10sec Measurement Time= 25sec
Erlang = 5 x 10 / 25 = 2 erl
Ex.2
Measurement Time= 100 sec
10 call AHT= 20sec
Erlang= 10 x 20 / 100 = 2 erl
Ex.3
Measurement Time= 20 min
AHT= 30sec 40call
Erlang = 40 x 30 / (20 x 60) = 1 erl l
4
Erlang B
The Erlang B traffic model is based on the following assumptions:
• An infinite number of sources
• Random traffic arrival pattern
• Blocked calls cleared
• Hold times exponentially distributed
The Erlang B model is used when blocked calls are rerouted, never to come
back to the original trunk group. This model assumes a random call arrival
pattern. The caller makes only one attempt; if the call is blocked, then the call is
rerouted. The Erlang B model is commonly used for first-attempt trunk groups
where you need not take into consideration the retry rate because callers are
rerouted, or you expect to see very little blockage.
The following formula is used to derive the Erlang B traffic model:
Where:
• B(c,a) is the probability of blocking the call.
• c is the number of circuits.
• a is the traffic load.
Example 1: Using the Erlang B Traffic Model
Problem
You need to redesign your outbound long distance trunk groups, which are
currently experiencing some blocking during the busy hour. The switch reports
state that the trunk group is offered 17 erlangs of traffic during the busy hour. You
want to have low blockage so you want to design for less than 1 percent
blockage.
Solution
If you look at the Erlang B Tables, you see that for 17 erlangs of traffic and a GoS
of 0.64 percent, you need 27 circuits to handle this traffic load.
5
Erlang B table
4
B=0.001
B=0.01
B=0.1
3
(Line)
n
2
1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
a (erlang)
6
Erlang C
The Erlang C traffic model is based on the following assumptions:
• An infinite number of sources
• Random traffic arrival pattern
• Blocked calls delayed
• Hold times exponentially distributed
The Erlang C model is designed around queuing theory. This model assumes a random
call arrival pattern; the caller makes one call and is held in a queue until the call is
answered. The Erlang C model is more commonly used for conservative automatic call
distributor (ACD) design to determine the number of agents needed. It can also be used
for determining bandwidth on data transmission circuits, but it is not the best model to use
for that purpose.
In the Erlang C model, you need to know the number of calls or packets in the busy hour,
the average call length or packet size, and the expected amount of delay in seconds.
The following formula is used to derive the Erlang C traffic model:
Where:
• C(c,a) is the probability of delaying the call.
• c is the number of circuits.
• a is the traffic load.
7
Telecommunication Systems Design
Business Planning
- Installation Systems Purpose
- Competitor Systems Analysis
- Business Strategy
- Finance Planning
Network Planning
Systems Planning
Installation
Operation & Maintenance
Network Analysis
Repeat
8
Outlook of handy phone
A modern cell phone provides 2-way communications using one of several cellular
standards (GSM, CDMA, TDMA, AMPS, etc.). It often integrates one of more of the
following functions:
vibrating ringer, polyphonic ringer, touch-screen, still and/or video camera,
broadcast radio receiver (FM, AM), MP3 player, PC connection
9
TV Broadcasting
HDTV / SDTV
Event Relay
(HDTV / SDTV)
TV Terminal
Station
Mobile TV Station
(HDTV / SDTV)
Digital TV Broadcasting Network
(Optical Fiber )
Key Station
TV Terminal
Station
Local Station
10
7. Trouble Shooting
For making good quality systems
Troubleshooting
11
Trouble probability (%)
Troubleshooting Technique
Trouble Analysis
Displace
Operation Time (Hours)
12
System Faults
Systems
Hardware Design
& Devices Fault
Problem
Software Design
Problem
Firmware Design
Problem
Operation & Maintenance
Handling Error by Human
Interface Problem
Outside Condition Fault
Power Supply
Protection Fault
against Disaster
Noise
Temperature
13
Troubleshooting procedure
1. Trouble Area Check
2. Trouble Generating Condition
3. Trouble Phenomenon
4. Detail Investigation
5. Trouble Solution and Confirmation
14
Fixing Problem by Windows XP:
15
16
Troubleshooting TCP/IP networks:
Microsoft Windows XP provides a set of built-in utilities for administering and
troubleshooting TCP/IP networks. Windows XP contains many of the standard network
troubleshooting tools found on most other computers as well as some additional, more
advanced ones. Each of these utilities runs from the Windows command prompt. From
the Start menu, choose Run and type 'cmd' to open a command window, then type in
the name of the utility to run.
1. Ping
'Ping' is the single most powerful troubleshooting tool for networked computers. The ping
tool can at different times verify that TCP/IP is installed correctly on a computer, that
a computer has joined the network successfully, that a computer can reach the Internet,
that a remote Web site or computer is responding, and that computer name resolution is
working.
2. IPconfig
The 'ipconfig' tool shows a computer's TCP/IP configuration. It displays the IP address,
the network (subnet) mask and the Internet/network gateway address (if one is set for
that network). Use this tool to verify that the TCP/IP configuration has been set up
correctly.
3. Hostname
The 'hostname' utility in Windows XP displays the computer's name. This tool is often
used on a computer to verify its name when attempts to map network drives on that
computer fail.
4. Tracert
'Tracert" (pronounced "traceroute") sends a test network message from a computer to a
designated remote host and tracks the path taken by that message. Specifically, 'tracert'
displays the name or IP address of each intermediate router or other network gateway
device the message passes through to reach its destination. 'Tracert' is especially useful
when diagnosing connectivity problems on the Internet or within a school or corporate
network.
5. Arp
The 'arp' command manages the Address Resolution Protocol cache. The ARP cache
maintains a list of computer names and their corresponding IP addresses. In some
situations, primarily on school or corporate networks, an administrator may need to view
or modify the contents of the ARP cache. 'Arp' is considered an advanced network
administration tool.
6. Route
Another advanced network administration tool on Windows XP, 'route' supports
manipulation and viewing of a computer's routing table. 'Route' can be used on school or
corporate networks to diagnose cases where a computer cannot reach another computer
on the LAN.
17
7.Netstat
Netstat displays the active TCP connections and ports on which the computer
is listening, Ethernet statistics, the IP routing table, statistics for the IP, ICMP,
TCP, and UDP protocols. It comes with a number of switches for displaying a
variety of properties of the network and TCP connections. (One tricky point:
the switches must be prefixed with a minus, not a slash.) More detail is at this
page. One possible use for Netstat is to determine if spyware or Trojans have
established connections that you do not know about. The command "netstat a" will display all your connections. The command "netstat -b" will show the
executable files involved in creating a connection.
8.Nslookup
This command helps diagnose the Domain Name System (DNS)
infrastructure and comes with a number of sub-commands. These are mainly
for systems administrators. The primary interest for average PC users is its
use to find the computer name corresponding to a numeric IP. For example, if
you want to know who is "216.109.112.135" , enter "nslookup
216.109.112.135" and you will find that it is (or was anyway) a Yahoo
computer. My firewall keeps a log of the IPs involved in the attempts to probe
my computer and I sometimes look a few up to see who they are. (There are
also Whois search sites available on the Web as mentioned in the Ipconfig
section.)
18
9.Netsh
The network services shell is a large suite of many tools.
As more and more home users set up networks, they are finding
themselves to be de facto system administrators. Home networks are very
nice but they require a certain amount of care and feeding. Fortunately,
Windows XP comes with a large assortment of command-line tools that can
help maintain your network. Although many are specialized and of interest
only to administrators of large corporate setups, some tools can be quite
helpful to the home user as well.
Many may find that the basic tools like ping, ipconfig, and netstat are all that
they care to deal with but the more adventurous can take advantage of a
complete suite of powerful tools called Netsh. This suite is invoked from the
standard command-line but has it has own interface or shell with a large
number of sub-commands. I will try to focus on the features of Netsh that I
think can be helpful to the home user. The whole suite has many
applications and those who want more details can go to this Microsoft
reference.
The Network Services shell is opened by entering netsh into a regular
command prompt. The shell has a hierarchical structure with some subshells that Microsoft calls "contexts". From the user's point of view,
however, all that this means is that commands are entered as a sequence
of terms.
19
C: Documents and Settings kaori > ipconfig /all
Windows IP Configuration
Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : kaori
Primary DNS Suffix . . . . . . . :
Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Broadcast
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Intel(R) PRO/100 VE Network
Connecti
on
Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-0C-6E-89-CD-B7
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 169.254.106.239
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.0.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . :
DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . :
20
% /usr/sbin/traceroute remote-host
traceroute to remote-host (192.168.1.100), 30 hops max, 38
byte packets
1 dev-rt (192.168.0.254) 0.978 ms 0.672 ms 0.655 ms
2 cc-rt (192.168.1.254) 22.895 ms 22.932 ms 23.551 ms
3 remote-host (192.168.1.100) 25.325 ms 29.736 ms 32.674 m
21
DNS Check
%nslookup host-name dnsserver
Server: dnsserver
Address: 192.168.0.1
Name: host-name.domain-name
Address: 192.168.0.2
%dig @dnsserver host-name.domain-name
; <<>> DiG 8.2 <<>> @dnsserver host-name.domain-name
; (1 server found)
;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch
;; got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NXDOMAIN, id: 6
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1,
ADDITIONAL: 0
;; QUERY SECTION:
;; host-name.domain-name, type = A, class = IN
;; ANSWER SECTION: host-name.domain-name. 1D IN A
192.168.0.2
;; AUTHORITY SECTION: domain-name. 1D IN NS
dnsserver.domain-name.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: dnsserver.domain-name. 1D IN A
192.168.0.1
;; Total query time: 5 msec
;; FROM: myhost.domain-name to SERVER: dnsserver 192.168.0.1
;; WHEN: Mon Dec 9 20:15:20 2002
;; MSG SIZE sent
22
C:\> netstat -an
Active Connections
Proto(1) Local Address(2)
Foreign Address(3) State(4)
TCP
0.0.0.0:53
0.0.0.0:0
LISTENING
TCP
0.0.0.0:80
0.0.0.0:0
LISTENING <--(a)
TCP
0.0.0.0:135
0.0.0.0:0
LISTENING
TCP
0.0.0.0:443
0.0.0.0:0
LISTENING
TCP
0.0.0.0:445
0.0.0.0:0
LISTENING
TCP
0.0.0.0:1032
0.0.0.0:0
LISTENING
TCP
0.0.0.0:1034
0.0.0.0:0
LISTENING
TCP
0.0.0.0:1984
0.0.0.0:0
LISTENING
TCP
0.0.0.0:1987
0.0.0.0:0
LISTENING
TCP
0.0.0.0:1990
0.0.0.0:0
LISTENING
TCP
192.168.1.10:80
192.168.1.11:1031 ESTABLISHED <--(c)
TCP
192.168.1.10:139
0.0.0.0:0
LISTENING
TCP
192.168.1.10:1984 192.168.1.11:23
ESTABLISHED
TCP
192.168.1.10:3342 192.168.20.04:80
TIME_WAIT
UDP
0.0.0.0:135
*:*
UDP
0.0.0.0:162
*:*
UDP
0.0.0.0:445
*:*
UDP
0.0.0.0:1031
*:*
UDP
0.0.0.0:1033
*:*
UDP
0.0.0.0:1035
*:*
UDP
0.0.0.0:1989
*:*
UDP
0.0.0.0:3456
*:*
UDP
127.0.0.1:53
*:*
UDP
127.0.0.1:1206
*:*
UDP
127.0.0.1:1988
*:*
UDP
192.168.1.10:53
*:*
UDP
192.168.1.10:137
*:*
UDP
192.168.1.10:138
*:*
23
Ethereal® is used by network professionals around the world for
troubleshooting, analysis, software and protocol development, and
education. It has all of the standard features you would expect in a
protocol analyzer, and several features not seen in any other
product. Its open source license allows talented experts in the
networking community to add enhancements. It runs on all
popular computing platforms, including Unix, Linux, and
Windows.
「Update list of packets in real time」
24
Others
Warm Mail from Outside
Windows Update
Internet Explorer 6 up
Mail Software
From Outside
Anti Virus Software
- Norton
- Virus Baster
- McAfee
Typical Virus :
W32.Badtrans.B
W32.Aliz.Worm
W32.Nimda.A(B,C,E）
W32.Goner.A
25
Lightning
Lightning Conductor
45°
45°
5m ~ 30m
45°
more than 30m
10%
20%
30Km
10Km 20Km
Thunder Hearing = 0~ 15Km
26
Communication
Line
PC
Protector
Power
Socket
Modem
Coaxial Cable
Built-in Surge Absorber
Cable Modem
LAN
Cable
AC
Adapter
PC
27
8. Standardization
WTO
TBT
ISO9000
ISO14001
ISO
IEC
ITU-T
ITU-R
IEEE
ETSI
15,700 Standards
5,500 Standards
3,000 Standards
1,300 Standards
Global Relevant Design
28
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global
international organization dealing with the rules of trade
between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements,
negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading
nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to
help producers of goods and services, exporters,
and importers conduct their business.
The Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement (TBT) tries to ensure that
regulations, standards, testing and certification procedures do not create
unnecessary obstacles.
However, the agreement also recognizes countries’ rights to adopt the
standards they consider appropriate — for example, for human, animal or
plant life or health, for the protection of the environment or to meet other
consumer interests. Moreover, members are not prevented from taking
measures necessary to ensure their standards are met. But that is
counterbalanced with disciplines. A myriad of regulations can be a nightmare
for manufacturers and exporters. Life can be simpler if governments apply
international standards, and the agreement encourages them to do so In any
case, whatever regulations they use should not discriminate.
The agreement also sets out a code of good practice for both governments
and non-governmental or industry bodies to prepare, adopt and apply
voluntary standards. Over 200 standards-setting bodies apply the code.
The agreement says the procedures used to decide whether a product
conforms with revelant standards have to be fair and equitable. It discourages
any methods that would give domestically produced goods an unfair
advantage. The agreement also encourages countries to recognize each
other’s procedures for assessing whether a product conforms. Without
recognition, products might have to be tested twice, first by the exporting
country and then by the importing country.
Manufacturers and exporters need to know what the latest standards are
in their prospective markets. To help ensure that this information is made
available conveniently, all WTO member governments are required to
establish national enquiry points and to keep each other informed through the
WTO — around 900 new or changed regulations are notified each year. The
Technical Barriers to Trade Committee is the major clearing house for
members to share the information and the major forum to discuss concerns
about the regulations and their implementation.
29
Standards Developing Organizations
AA - Aluminum Association
AAMI – Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation
AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AATCC - American Assoc of Textile Chemists and Colorists
ABMA - American Bearing Manufacturers Association
ABS - American Bureau of Shipping
ACI - American Concrete Institute
AEC - AEC Construction Standards
AECMA - European Association of Aerospace Industries
AES - Audio Engineering Society
AGA - American Gas Institute
AIA-NAS - Aerospace Industries Association/National Aerospace Standards
AIAA - American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
AIIM - Association for Information and Image Management
AMT - The Association For Manufacturing Technology
ANS - American Nuclear Society
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
API - American Petroleum Institute
ARMY - Army Regulations and Pamphlets
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTAP - Asia-Pacific Telecommunity Standardization Program
ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM Digital Library
AWS - American Welding Society
AWWA - American Water Works Association
BOCA - Building Officials and Code Administrators Intl
BSI - British Standards Institution
CEA - Consumer Electronics Association
CECC - CENELEC Electronic Components Committee
CEN - European Committee for Standardization
CEPT - Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administration
CGSB - Canadian General Standards Board
CIE - International Commission on Illumination
CSA - Canadian Standards Association International
DIN English - Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V
DOD - Department of Defense
DODD - Department of Defense Directives
DSL - Medical Devices Standards Library
30
ECA - Electronic Components, Assemblies & Materials Association
EIA - Electronic Industries Alliance
ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EU DIR - European Directives
FAA - Federal Aviation Administration
FIBER OPTICS
FORD - Ford Motor Company
GMNA - General Motors North America
GMW - General Motors Worldwide
GOST - Gosudarstvennye Standarty State Standard
ICEA - Insulated Cable Engineers Association
IECQ - IEC Quality Assessment System for Electronic Components
IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE - Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
INCITS - International Committee for Information Technology Standards
INTERN - International Truck
ISO - International Organization for Standardization
ITU - International Telecommunications Union
JSA - Japanese Standards Association
JSAE - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Inc.
Mobile Telecommunications
MMS - Minerals Management Service
MODUK - Ministry of Defence UK - British Defence Standards
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization Standardization Agreements
NAVY - Naval Instructions and Directives Service
NEMA - National Electrical Manufacturers Association Collection
NFPA (Fire) - National Fire Protection Association
NFPA (Fluid) - National Fluid Power Association
PIP - Process Industry Practices
SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers
SEMI - Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International
TIA - Telecommunications Industry Association Collection
UL - Underwriters Laboratories
Video Standards
VSTN - VISTEON
31
No Relation with Research & Development
Europe
IP
R&D
International
Standardization
Discontinuous
Originality
Technology
Japan
Big Time Span
USA
IP
R&D
International
Standardization
Global big market
by Standardization
Generalization
Technology
Good Relation with Research & Development
IP: Intellectual Property
32
Product Marketing Speed and Standardization
W-DVD
W-DVD: 2001
MD: 1995
CD-Audio: 1985
Year
W-DVD:
2005
MD: 2000
CD: 1990
33
Imagination of Standardization
How to What
Some
Company
Almost
Company
Many
Company
Why to How
Why
34
World Mobile Phone Progress
100Mbps
OFDMA, MIMO
WiMAX
35
Comparison of ANSI and ETSI digital telephony :
Characteristic
ANSI (American )
ETSI (European )
Encoding law
μ-law
a-law
Encoding bits /
sample
7
8
Telephony channel
bit rate
56 kbit/s
64 kbit/s
Designation of
basic multiplexed
carier
T1
E1
Basic multiplex
channels
24
32
Basic multiplex bit
rate
1.544 Mbit/s
2.048 Mbit/s
Signalling and
timing
In channel-associated signalling
(CAS), interleaved with telephony,
using 8th bit of sample, Separate
control channel in common-channel
signalling (CCS); timing via 8 kbit/s
interframe channel
Separate timing (ch 0) and
signalling (ch 16) channels
In a digital network, virtual paths are created through electronic switching
matrixes to route the digital signal. In modern networks, the analogue to
digital conversion often takes place at the subscriber line interface to the
exchange, with larger customers having a wholly digital connection to their
own switchboards. Signals are digitised using at a rate of 8 kHz. This
provides a bandwidth for analogue (voice) signals of just under 4 kHz, which
is adequate for a telephone line with an analogue bandwidth of 300 to 3400
Hertz. For transmission between exchanges, several signals are multiplexed
onto a single carrier. There are two specifications for the digital network in
common use, American (ANSI) and European (ETSI). Interfacing between
the two networks requires adapters that usually map multiples of four ANSI
T1 carriers to multiples of three ETSI E1 carriers.
36
2.4GHz
ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4
250Kbps, Packet data size 104byte
Consumer product, Watch by outside unit
Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1 700K ~ 2Mbps
W-LAN IEEE 802.11b / 11g
11M / 54Mbps
37
ITU-T Recommendations:
A Organization of the work of ITU-T
B Means of expression: definitions, symbols, classification
C General telecommunication statistics
D General tariff principles
E Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and
human factors
F Non-telephone telecommunication services
G Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks
H Audiovisual and multimedia systems
I Integrated services digital network
J Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and
other multimedia signals
K Protection against interference
L Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of
outside plant
M Telecommunication management, including TMN and network
maintenance
N Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission
circuits
O Specifications of measuring equipment
P Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks
Q Switching and signalling
R Telegraph transmission
S Telegraph services terminal equipment
T Terminals for telematic services
U Telegraph switching
V Data communication over the telephone network
X Data networks, open system communications and security
Y Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects and nextgeneration networks
Z Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems
38
Approval Term (Months)
ITU-T Approval Term
Min Term
Used Web
1989-93
1993-96
1996-00
2001
2 months
2002 ~
39
ITU-R：
International Telecommunications Union – Radio communication Sector
The ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) plays a vital role in the global
management of the radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits - limited
natural resources which are increasingly in demand from a large and growing
number of services such as fi xed, mobile, broadcasting, amateur, space
research, emergency telecommunications, meteorology, global
positioning systems, environmental monitoring and communication
services - that ensure safety of life on land, at sea and in the skies. Our
mission is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of
the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including
those using satellite orbits, and to carry out studies and approve
Recommendations on radiocommunication matters.
In implementing this mission, ITU-R aims at creating the conditions for
harmonized development and efficient operation of existing and new
radiocommunication systems,taking due account of all parties concerned.
Our primary objective is to ensure interference free operations of
radiocommunication systems. It also seeks ways and means to conserve
spectrum and ensure flexibility for future expansion and new technological
developments.
ITU-R manages the detailed coordination and recording procedures for space
systems and earth stations. Its main role is to process and publish data and
to carry out the examination of frequency assignment notices submitted by
administrations for inclusion in the formal coordination procedures or
recording in the Master International Frequency Register.
ITU-R accommodates the launch of new satellites as quickly and efficiently as
possible. Our main concerns centre on bringing high speed satellite networks
into service as well as the regulatory steps required for registering satellite
network frequency assignments.
Everywhere, at every moment, people need to communicate and to
understand each other. Encouraging communication between nations through
the harmonious development of the tools made available to them is our
ultimate goal.
40
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
IEEE 488 — GP-IB (General Purpose Interface Bus )
IEEE 802.3 — 10BASE-5/2/T
IEEE 802.3u — 100BASE-TX
IEEE 802.3ab — 1000BASE-T
IEEE 802.3an — 10GBASE-T
IEEE 802.11 — W-LAN
IEEE 802.11b 2.4～2.5GHz 11Mbps / 22Mbps
IEEE 802.11a 5.15～5.35GHz 5.47～5.725GHz 54Mbps
IEEE 802.11g 2.4～2.5GHz 54Mbps
IEEE 802.11j 4.9～5.0GHz, 5.03～5.091GHz 54Mbps
IEEE 802.11n 2.4GHz / 5GHz 100Mbps～
IEEE 802.15 — W-PAN
IEEE 802.15.1 — Bluetooth
IEEE 802.16 — W-MAN
IEEE 802.16e — Mobile Wireless MAN®
IEEE 1003 — POSIX
IEEE 1076 — VHDL
IEEE 1149.1 — JTAG
IEEE 1275 — Open Firmware
IEEE 1284 — Printer
IEEE 1364 — Verilog
IEEE 1394 — FireWire (i.LINK)
IEEE 1800 — System Verilog
41
ISO (International Organization for Standardization):
ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries, on the
basis of one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva,
Switzerland, that coordinates the system.
ISO is a non-governmental organization: its members are not, as is the case in
the United Nations system, delegations of national governments. Nevertheless,
ISO occupies a special position between the public and private sectors. This is
because, on the one hand, many of its member institutes are part of the
governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their government.
On the other hand, other members have their roots uniquely in the private
sector, having been set up by national partnerships of industry associations.
Therefore, ISO is able to act as a bridging organization in which a consensus
can be reached on solutions that meet both the requirements of business and
the broader needs of society, such as the needs of stakeholder groups like
consumers and users.
The ISO/IEC Information Centre is jointly operated by ISO, the International
Organization for Standardization, and IEC, the International Electro-technical
Commission.
42
Federal Communications Commission (FCC):
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent United
States government agency, directly responsible to Congress. The FCC was
established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating
interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite
and cable. The FCC's jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of
Columbia, and U.S. possessions.
The FCC's strategic plan for 2006-2011 outlines a path that ensures that an
orderly framework exists within which communications products and services
can be quickly and reasonably provided to consumers and businesses.
Equally important, the plan also addresses the communications aspects of
public safety, health, and emergency operations; ensures the universal
availability of basic telecommunications service; makes communications
services accessible to all people; and protects and informs consumers about
their rights.
Beginning in 1994, commercial spectrum has been allocated via competitive
auctions rather than the previous method of "best public use." This was a
cumbersome bureaucratic process in which competitors attempted to show
that they were most capable of making best public use of the license they
wished to obtain. The structure and licenses available in each auction are
determined by vote of the Commission, with the licenses awarded to the
highest bidders. Auctions are usually conducted on a simultaneous multipleround basis, with all offered licenses being auctioned at the same time.
Auctions proceed in bidding rounds of decreasing duration until no more bids
are received. Revenues are deposited in the US Treasury to be spent by
Congress.
The FCC has been criticized for awarding a digital TV(DTV) channel to each
holder of an analogue TV station license without an auction, as well as trading
auctionable spectrum to Nextel to resolve public safety interference problems.
Nonetheless, in 2009, all analog terrestrial broadcast licenses in the U.S. will
be terminated, with terrestrial television subsequently available only from the
digital channels.
43
IEC (International Electro-technical Commission ):
The IEC is the world's leading organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related
technologies — collectively known as "electrotechnology". IEC Standards
cover a vast range of technologies from power generation, transmission
and distribution to home appliances and office equipment, semiconductors,
fibre optics, batteries, nanotechnologies, solar energy and marine energy
converters, to mention just a few. Wherever you find electricity and
electronics, you find the IEC supporting safety and performance, the
environment, electrical energy efficiency and renewable energies. The IEC
also manages conformity assessment schemes that certify that equipment,
systems or components conform to its International Standards.
The International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) prepares and
publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related
technologies.
The IEC embraces all electronics technologies including:
Magnetics & electro-magnetics
Electro-acoustics
Multimedia
Telecommunication
Terminology & symbols
Measurement & performance
Energy production & distribution
RFID
Nanotechnology
Electronics Safety
Medical Devices
XML
Renewable Energy
44