Transcript URS 6930: Lecture 1

The Technology in Egovernment
PAD 6710: Lecture 3
M, E, P government
 Four levels of e-government
 E-gov information
 Providing govt. info. online
 E-gov Automation
 Automating manual work
 E-gov reengineering
 Redesign of existing processes
 P-gov innovation
 Performance government
 311 (Customer Relationship Management)
Technologies
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Computers: Smart Machines?
Communication systems
Communications infrastructure
Emerging technology trends
 RFID
 GIS
Computer systems
 First generation computers (1951-58)
 Vacuum tube circuits [ENIAC to UNIVAC]
 Machine Language
 Second generation (1959-63)
 Transistors; mainframe computers
 Compiler Programs (FORTRAN/ COBOL)
 Third generation (1964-75)
 Minicomputers (DEC); Integrated circuits (LSI)
 BASIC, ALGOL
 Fourth generation (1970s-)
 Microprocessors (VLSI)
 Industry specific softwares
Computers
 Laptops
 1979-87: Emerging period
 1987-95: Diversification period (Apple)
 1995-2001: Standardization period (of
Operating Systems)
 2001-: Growth period (Netbooks
included)
 Smart machine: Turing test
 Logic; enumeration; artificial intelligence
 Moore’s law: Increasing density
Communications: Phones
 Landlines based
 Telegraph (1844); Telephone (1876)
 Extensive infrastructure
 PBX/ PABX/ EPABX
 Circuit switching
 Wireless based
 Mass media (Radio/ TV)
 Mobile phone Generations
 1G: Analog Cellular phones (1981-90)
 2G: Digital cellular phones (1991-01) [GSM;
CDMA; TDMA]
 3G: Digital data phones (2001-now) [UMTS;
EVDO
 4G?: Faster data phones [LTE; WiMax;UMB]
Communication: Internet
 Federal Network systems
 ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
 NSFNET
 University Consortiums
 BITNET
 Browser/ Network Protocols
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 1971
 Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
(TCP/ IP)
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Domain Name System (DNS) [Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]
Communications: IP based
 Digital
Infrastructure
 Packet switching
 Voice Over IP
 Internet Protocol
TV
IP based services
IP based services
 Podcasts; Really Simple
Syndication (RSS)
 Collective intelligence: blogs,
wikis, twitter
 Multimedia (Youtube)
 Peer to Peer networks [Trading
(ebay), Lending] (prosper.com)
 Social networking(LinkedIn;
Xanga)
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Transaction-oriented communities
Interest-oriented communities
Fantasy-oriented communities
Relationship-oriented communities
Digital will replace Analog
IP based TV will replace Cathode Ray
tube TV
Digital Personal Communications
Service (PCS) phones will replace Cell
phones
Multipurpose Digital phones
 VoIP
 E-conferencing
 Multimedia (Cellywood)
 GPS
Data mining techniques
If anything can be digitized, it will
Gov 2.0
Virtual World Simulations
 Life imitating … (art, comic books,…)
 3D Internet
 Video/ Electronic/ Virtual Gaming
 Pachinko
 Play money (QQ coins)
 Second Life/ Active Worlds
 Virtual currency (Linden)
 Virtual real estate
 Virtual persona
 Uses
 Libraries
 Museums
 Colleges and universities
 The media
Virtual Worlds
Cloud computing
Also, distributed/grid computing
 Computing services are delivered over the
Internet, on demand, from a remote
location, rather than residing on one’s
own desktop, laptop, mobile device, or
even on an organization’s servers
 Benefits
 Rapid scalability and deployment
capabilities
 Decreased maintenance/upgrades
 Improved economies of scale
Cloud computing
Communications Infrastructure
 Network
 Telephone Modems
[56.6 kbps]
 Broadbands >200
 Digital Subscriber
Line (256 Kbps to 6
Mbps) [20 to 1
contention ratio]
 Cable Modems (1 –
6 Mbps) [50 to 1
contention ratio]
 T1/ T2 lines [10100 Mbps]
 Network infrastructure
 Wired or Wireless
Wired communications
 Fiber to the Home (FTTH)
 Delivery of communications over optical fiber
 About 1.2% of homes have FTTH connections.
 Dallas, Jackson (TN), Sacramento
Broadband over Power Line
 Power Line Communications (PLC),
Power Line Telecommunications (PLT)
 Manassas, VA deployed the nation's
first citywide BPL system recently
 The National Association for Amateur
Radio opposes the idea due to
interference with radio waves
BPL
Access
BPL
BPL
Injector
Medium Voltage
Power Lines
BPL
Repeater
Fiber / T1
Internet
BPL
Extractor
Distribution
Transformer
Low Voltage
Subscriber’s
In-House BPL
Modem + PC
Wireless infrastructure
 Licensed vs unlicensed frequency
 Personal Area Networks
(e.g.Bluetooth, Ultra Wide Band)
 2.4 Ghz; 720 kbps
 Medium Range
 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
 Range upto 300’; 2.4 GHz
 IEEE 802.11 standard
 Long Range
 WiMax (Wireless Interoperability for
Microwave Access)
 Range upto 30 miles
 IEEE 802.16 standard
 Mesh Networks
 Satellite
Wireless Infrastructure
Wireless is the future of broadband.
Electromagnetic radio waves is the
next REAL ESTATE
 FCC auctioning of 700 MHz band spectrum
Need for transmitters
 Bluetooth, UWB; Wi-Fi; WiMax; Mesh
Hybrid
 Telephone lines; Electrical lines (BPL);
Optical Fibers (FTTH)
Technology Progress: ISPs, 2000
Technology Progress: ISPs, 2004
Technology Progress: ISPs, 2006
Municipal Wi-Fi
Legend
Under Consideration
Deployed
Emerging technology trends
RFID
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RFID tags: Active; Passive; Semi-passive
RFID receivers
Electronic product codes
Uses:
 Supply Chain Management
 Asset (Inventory) Management
 Maintenance of materiel
RFID: CBP
RFID: Verichip
HTTP://WWW.SPYCHIPS.COM
RFID Sensor Devices
RFID tags (with EPC) will become
cheap enough to tag objects &
persons
Alternative: Smart cards
Are RFID tags SPY CHIPS?
Location based service: GIS
 Desktop GIS
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Proprietary GIS software
Accessible to one person at a time
Developer = User
Steep learning curve
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Proprietary GIS software
Accessible over internet
Separation of developers and users
Flatter learning curve for users
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Tagging content and data with geographic metadata
Open access to GIS
GIS combined with Web 2.0 tools (mashups)
Multiple developers as well as users
 Web-GIS
 Geospatial Web (Where 2.0?)
 Uses
 Emergency management; Surveillance; Transit
 Loopt; Google’s Latitude; Foursquare; Hot Potato;
Whrrl; Gowalla
GIS: Virtual Alabama
GALILEO
GALILEO