The Digestive System - Anoka-Hennepin School District 11
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Transcript The Digestive System - Anoka-Hennepin School District 11
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Homeostasis
&
The Digestive System
1
Nutritional requirements
Animals are heterotrophs
need to take in food
Why? fulfills 3 needs…
fuel = chemical energy for production of ATP
raw materials = carbon sources for biosynthesis
essential nutrients = substances animals cannot make
themselves
• elements (N, P, K, Fe, Na, K, Ca, etc.), NAD, FAD, etc.
2
Energy budget
food
intake
ATP
production
biosynthesis
storage
{
{
{
• basal (resting)
metabolism
• activity
• temperature
regulation
• growth
• reproduction
• glycogen
• fat
3
A body functions properly only when the needs
of the organisms (water, food, heat, oxygen
and pressure) remain within the narrowly
required limits.
Homeostasis: The tendency to maintain a
stable internal environment.
Ex: Furnace and air conditioner unit to maintain
constant temperature
4
Negative feedback mechanism:
Negative feedback occurs when an increase in some
factor is sensed and is lowered
A response the body has to an occurrence that
disturbs the homeostasis of the body. As the body
reacts to that occurrence and moves closer to
homeostasis, the receptors are shut down, thus
causing fewer effectors to produce a product that’s
needed to bring the body back to homeostasis, in the
end having a “negative” effect on the production. The
purpose of this is to stop overproduction or
overreaction.
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Homeostatic mechanism in regulating body
temperature:
Shivering – in a cold environment muscles will
contract involuntarily producing heat
Sweating - in an overheated environment the
brain triggers a changes that promotes the
increased loss of body heat
6
Managing glucose levels
Human body regulates the use & storage of
glucose, a major cellular fuel
insulin reduces blood glucose levels
when glucose levels rise above set point,
pancreas secretes insulin
promotes transport of glucose into cells &
storage of glucose as glycogen in liver & muscle cells
dropping blood glucose levels
glucagon increases blood glucose levels
when glucose levels drop below set point,
pancreas secretes glucagon
promotes breakdown of glycogen &
release of glucose into the blood
increasing blood glucose levels Show PDF of insulin
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• Regulation: Maintaining Homeostasis
Balancing glucose levels in blood
depress
appetite
pancreas
insulin
glucose
uptake
glucose
storage
glucose
release
glucagon
pancreas
stimulate
hunger
8
Essential Nutrients
What happens if an animal’s diet is
missing an essential nutrient?
deficiency diseases
scurvy — vitamin C (collagen production)
rickets — vitamin D (calcium absorption)
blindness — vitamin A (retinol production)
anemia — vitamin B12 (coenzyme function)
kwashiorkor — protein deficiency
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Digestion
The reduction of large food molecules into
smaller absorbable units and conversion
of insoluble units into soluble ones.
This is accomplished by mechanical
action, chemical and enzymatic action.
Enzymes are synthesized by cells in the
mouth, stomach, pancreas and small
intestine
10
Normally 9295% of a diet is
digested and
absorbed, but
the process
varied for each
nutrient
http://www.amaassn.org/ama/pub/category/7155.ht
ml
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Types of digestive action
Mechanical
Movement of the teeth grinding the food in the
mouth
Chemical
Changing the food molecules into new and
different molecules
Lipase
Lipids
Fatty acids + glycerol
12
Alimentary Tract
Alimentary canal
A muscular tube about 9 meters long
Appendage organs include:
Liver, biliary tree and pancreas
Extends from the mouth to the anus
Receives food . . . Digestion/absorption
occurs . . .transport to cells . . .excretion of
waste
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Diagram of Alimentary canal
Peristalsis – propelling
movements which are a
forward motion that is wavelike
Peristalsis pushes tubular
contents ahead of it through
the alimentary canal
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Mouth
Teeth mechanically grind and crush food
Saliva moistens and binds food mass
Salivary amylase begins digestion of
starch
Chewed food mass
bolus
Passes from mouth into esophagus
Movement is controlled by peristalsis
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Approximately 1.5 liters of saliva are produced
daily by salivary glands (~ 6 cups) Figure 12.1
Amylase is a digestive enzyme
It splits starch and glycogen (both carbohydrates) into
disaccharides via hydrolysis
Mucus binds food particles and acts as a
lubricant in swallowing
Esophagus – straight tube that provides a
passageway between the pharynx and
stomach
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Stomach
Chemical digestion begins in the middle of
the stomach mixing food with gastric juices
Gastric juices contain HCl, intrinsic factor,
pepsinogen, gastric lipase & mucus
Food becomes semi-liquid chyme (50% water)
Stomach is emptied in 1 – 4 hours
Sphincter–valves at either end of stomach
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The lining of the
stomach is covered
with numerous small
holes. These are the
openings of gastric
pits which extend into
the mucosa forming
gastric glands.
18
Stomach helps to initiate the digestion of
proteins, but also helps speed up the
digestion of carbohydrates and fats
Pepsin is the most important digestive enzyme
in the stomach
Pepsin is a protein-splitting enzyme
It carries on a limited amount of absorption
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The pyloric sphincter
(pylorus) is a muscle that
acts as a valve to
prevent regurgitation of
food from intestines back
into the stomach
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Rugae: thick folds in
stomach wall
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Pancreas
Functions as an endocrine gland
Releases hormones
Functions as an exocrine gland
Secretes digestive juices
Pancreatic juices move into the intestine
(duodenum)
Contains enzymes that digest
carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic
acids
22
Viewing the digestive system
in the anatomical position, the
pancreas is found in under the
stomach in the left
hypochondriac & epigastric
regions
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Liver
Located below the
diaphragm in the right
hypochondriac and
epigastric regions of
the abdominal area.
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25
The liver metabolizes carbohydrates lipids
and proteins
Stores glycogen, vitamins A, D, B12 and
iron
Filters blood
Detoxifies blood
Secretes bile
An Introduction to the Liver – PDF File
26
Other functions of the liver
Producing quick energy when it is needed;
Manufacturing new body proteins;
Preventing shortages in body fuel by storing certain vitamins, minerals, and
sugars;
Regulating transport of fat stores;
Regulating blood clotting;
Aiding in the digestive process by producing bile;
Controlling the production and excretion of cholesterol;
Neutralizing and destroying poisonous substances;
Metabolizing alcohol;
Monitoring and maintaining the proper level of many chemicals and drugs in
the blood;
Cleansing the blood and discharging waste products into the bile;
Maintaining hormone balance;
Serving as the main organ of blood formation before birth;
Helping the body resist infection by producing immune factors and by
removing bacteria from the bloodstream;
Regenerating its own damaged tissue; and
Storing iron.
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Bile Yellowish, green liquid made of bile salts, bile
pigments, water, cholesterol and electrolytes
Bile salts aid the digestive enzymes and
enhance the absorption of fatty acids and
fat-soluble vitamins
Bile salts act as emulsifiers, breaking up
fat into droplets, allowing lipases to digest
state source of one lipase – substate,
them better 5.1.3
source and optimum pH
28
Bile is stored in
the gall bladder
until a hormone
stimulates its
release into the
small intestines
http://www.foxriverwatch.c
om/liver_hepatic_damage
_pcbs_1a.html
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Small Intestine
Approx. 20 -25 feet long with villi and microvilli
for a total surface area of 25 sq meters
3 areas:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Most digestion occurs in the duodenum
Most absorption occurs in the jejunum and ileum
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The intestines are lined with villi
Increase the surface area of the intestinal lining
Increase the absorption of digestive products
Capillaries carry away absorbed products from villi
Nutrients are absorbed by several means
Simple diffusion (higher to lower concentration area)
Facilitated diffusion (Against the gradient using channel or
carrier proteins)
Active transport (diffusion with ATP)
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Microvilli on intestinal epithelial cells
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As chyme enters duodenum it stimulates
the release of pancreatic juices and mixes
with enzymes from the pancreas and small
intestine as well as with bile, fluid and
bicarbonates
All the gastric, small intestinal secretions
and pancreatic secretions are controlled
by the nervous system and by hormones
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Digestive enzymes in sm. intestine
Enzymes are specific to a particular
substrate
Proteins
Peptidases break peptides into amino acids
Lipids
Lipases break lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
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Carbohydrate Digestion
Begins in mouth with salivary amylase
Halted by hydrochloric acid
Digestion mostly occurs in small intestine
by pancreatic amylase
Passes through intestinal wall in
monosaccharide form (ex: glucose)
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They quickly move through the digestive
system
Some carbohydrates cannot be digested
by humans and are excreted
They provide short term energy
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Protein Digestion
Begins in stomach by proteolytic enzymes
Most of digestion takes place in the
duodenum by pancreatic and intestinal
enzymes: Protein hydrolysis
Final phase occurs in the “brush border” of
the microvilli
Absorbed in the amino acid form
Allergic reactions can occur when intact
proteins pass through intestinal wall
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Proteins move through digestive system
2nd fastest after carbohydrates
Once protein is broken down into amino
acids, these are reassembled into 1º,2º,3º
and 4º proteins the body needs:
Hemoglobin – blood protein
Albumin – in plasma; aids in blood clotting
Fibrinogen – blood clotting agent
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Lipid Digestion
Begins in stomach with gastric lipase
Major digestion occurs in small intestine
Bile and action of stomach/small intestine
break down large globules into smaller
pieces
Lipase breaks down particles into fatty
acids.
Cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins follow
similar process
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Lipids move slowly
through the digestive
system
They are stored as
long term storage in
the form of adipose
tissue
http://www.sunyniagara.cc.ny.us/val/adipos
e2.html
http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/113
5/lab/kidneylab/kidneylab.html
Vitamins, Minerals and Fluids
Absorbed in the intestine
Eight liters of fluid are passed back and
forth across the membrane of small
intestine to keep nutrients in solution
Vitamins and water pass unchanged from
small intestinal wall into the blood stream
Absorption of mineral occurs in stages in
small intestine
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Large Intestine
Includes:
Ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
http://www.fruit-eze.com/education/colon/
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Large intestine primarily absorbs water, electrolytes
and some vitamins
Bacteria break down undigested material
Formation and absorption of vitamin K
Formation and excretion of waste products
http://www.fujinon.com/
product/medical/ed011
4.htm
Little digestion now occurs as it is mostly
completed by this time.
Large intestine are about 5 feet long
Mixing movement and peristalsis occur but
are much slower here.
Peristalsis occurs only 2 to 3 times/day.
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Contain E. Coli (good form not 0157) that
break down remaining food and aid in the
formation of vitamin K
Newborns and vitamin K
The solid waste consists of dead bacteria,
undigested fiber and other products of
digestion.
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