Transcript 開放式多媒體 網路應用服務

Mobility Management and QoS
Provisioning in Wireless
Networks
羅壽之
[email protected]
國立東華大學 資訊工程學系
2/23/2006
Outline
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Wireless Technology Trends
Mobility Management
QoS Provisioning
Existent Mechanisms
Proposed Solutions
Performance Analysis
Conclusions
2
Wireless Technology Trends
Mobile Cellular Networks
e.g., GSM, GPRS, 3G
Wireless Communication Networks
e.g., IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth
3
Wireless Communication Networks
Wireless Wide
Area Network
WWAN
<15 km
802.20 (proposed)
Wireless Metropolitan
Area Network
WMAN
<5 km
70 Mbit/s
802.16a/e
Wireless Local
Area Network
WLAN
<100 m
11-54 Mbit/s
802.11a/b, e, g
Wireless Personal
Area Network
WPAN
<10 m
~1 Mbit/s
802.15.1 (Bluetooth)
802.15.3 (UWB)
802.15.4 (ZigBee)
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CT0/1
AMPS
NMT
CT2
IMT-FT
DECT
IS-136
TDMA
D-AMPS
TDMA
FDMA
Mobile Cellular Networks
GSM
PDC
EDGE
GPRS
IMT-SC
IS-136HS
UWC-136
IMT-DS
UTRA FDD / W-CDMA
CDMA
IMT-TC
UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA
IMT-TC
TD-SCDMA
1G
IS-95
cdmaOne
cdma2000 1X
2G
2.5G
IMT-MC
cdma2000 1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
(3X)
3G
5
Peak Data Rate
802.20
Mobility
Mobile
(Vehicular)
Pedestrian
(Nomadic)
Fixed
(Stationary)
3G
2G/2.5G (IMT-2000)
WCDMA, cdma2000
Cellular
802.15.1
(Bluetooth)
0.1
802.16e
802.16a
(WiMAX)
HSDPA
802.11
(WLAN)
1.0 3.1
802.15.3a
(UWB)
10
Peak Data Rate per User (Mbits/second)
100
6
Spectrum Allocation
WCDMA
2.1
TD-SCDMA
2.1
GSM
900
CDMA
1.7
CDMA
800
GSM
1.8
CDMA
450
1GHz
cdma2000®
450, 800, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1
802.15.1
Bluetooth
2.4
CDMA
1.9
802.11 b, g
Wi-Fi
2.4
2GHz
802.15.3a
UWB
3.1-10.6
5GHz
802.16a, e 802.16a, e
WiMAX
WiMAX
5.8
2-11
Licensed &
Unlicensed
802.16
LMDS
28-29
802.11 a, e
Wi-Fi
5.0
11GHz
29GHz
Licensed
Unlicensed
7
Related Standards
WPAN
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Related Standards
WLAN
9
Related Standards
WMAN
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Related Standards
3G Cellular Networks
3GPP
Release 99 (frozen in March 2000)
Release 4 (frozen in March 2001)
Release 5 (frozen in June 2002)
Release 6 (frozen in March 2004?)
3GPP2
cdma2000 1x and 3x
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Heterogeneous Networks
WLAN
MANET
Internet
2G/2.5G/3G
12
Overlay Networks
regional
Vertical
handoff
metropolitan area
campus-based
in-house
Horizontal
handoff
13
Mobility Management
Location Management
The procedure of updating and finding the
current network attachment (e.g., base station
(BS), subnet) of a mobile node (MN)
Enable an MN to be reached at any time
Handoff Management
The procedure of changing the network
attachment of an MN
Keep the network connectivity of an MN
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Type of Location Management
Mobile Cellular Networks
Hierarchical location servers
HLR (Home Location Register)/VLR (Visitor
Location Register)
Wireless Communication Networks
Mobile IP
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
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Location Management Design
Performance Metrics
Registration time (for updating)
Registration cost (control overhead)
Call setup time (for finding)
Robustness again server failures
…
16
Location Management Design
Concerned Issues
Easy installation and maintenance
Security / privacy
Less modification effort
…
17
Type of Handoff
Soft Handoff
An MN can communicate with both the old
and the new BSs
Hard Handoff
An MN can only communicate with the old or
the new BS
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Type of Handoff
Seamless Handoff
Neither the user nor running applications
notice the handoff
Smooth Handoff
Buffering of traffic to an MN during the
handoff
Fast Handoff
Short interruption time between disconnection
at the old BS and connection to the new BS
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Type of Handoff
Vertical Handoff
The new cell is larger than the current cell
(i.e., micro cell to macro cell) or vice versa
Horizontal Handoff
The new cell is similar to the current cell (i.e.,
micro cell to micro cell)
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Handoff Mechanism Design
 Handoff Criteria
Received Signal Strength (RSS)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Bit Error Rate (BER)
Data rate
…
 Performance Metrics
Handoff call dropping probability
Handoff time
…
21
Handoff Mechanism Design
Concerned Issues
Who makes the Handoff Decision?
Base station (BS)
Mobile node (MN)
or both
When to make the Handoff Decision?
Avoid ping-pong effect
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QoS Provisioning
Internet (Core Network)
IntServ and DiffServ
Traffic engineering
Mobile Cellular Networks
UMTS QoS Architecture(3G TS 23.107)
Wireless Communication Networks
QoS MAC protocol
QoS routing protocol
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Resource Reservation Protocol
(RSVP)
Reserve the resource on the routers/hosts
along the data path
Per-flow and soft-state maintenance
Reservation delay due to node movement!!
PATH
sender
RESV
receiver
moving?
24
Hierarchical Location Servers
Two-tier (HLR/VLR) management
architecture
HLR
VLR1
MSC1
LA1
VLR2
MSC2
LA2
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Mobile IP
Home Agent (HA), Foreign Agent (FA)
Permanent Address, Care of Address
(CoA)
packet delivery
CN
Home
Network
CoA
IP Tunneling
HA
Foreign
Network
Foreign
Network
FA
CoA
FA
registration
MN
moving
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SIP
SIP User Agents (Client and Server)
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Comparisons
 HLR/VLR
SS7 signaling protocol
Terminal mobility
 Mobile IP
Mobility support at the IP layer (TCP, UDP)
Terminal mobility
Internet, 3GPP2
 SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
Mobility support at the application layer (UDP)
Personal mobility
Future trend
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Common Problems
Triangular routing (particularly for Mobile
IP)
Long distant and frequent registration
updates
Handoff latency and packet loss
Long call setup time
Fault Tolerance (Single point of failure)
Load balancing
Resource reservation
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Proposed Solutions
For Frequent Registrations
Regional registration
Gateway FA, GFA
HA
GFA
FA
MN
GFA
FA
FA
FA
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Proposed Solutions
For Handoff Latency
Forwarding chain
Area/movement-based
HA
GFA
FA
MN
GFA
FA
FA
FA
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Proposed Solutions
For Packet Loss
Multicasting and packet buffering
Movement prediction
nFA
nFA
FA
nFA
nFA
L2 trigger
MN
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Proposed Solutions
For Call Setup Time
Local lookup
Data replication
HA
master
master
GFA
GFA
GFA
GFA
GFA
GFA
GFA
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Proposed Solutions
For Triangular Routing
Query before packet delivery
e.g. Domain Name Server, DNS
query
DNS system
or other systems
registration update
GFA
FA
MN
CN packet delivery
Redirection support!!
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Proposed Solutions
For Fault Tolerance and Load Balancing
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network
query
P2P
(set of HAs)
registration update
GFA
FA
MN
CN packet delivery
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Proposed Solutions
For Resource Reservation
RSVP aggregation (RFC 3175)
GFA
pre-configured
shared resource
Anchored
FA
nFA
nFA
FA
FA
nFA
nFA
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P2P-Based Management
P2P Networks
(CAN, Chord,
Pastry, Tapestry)
Advantages:
MIP
SIP
Home Agents
ENUM
Email
…
Location Registrars
Self-organization
Scalability,
Load Balancing,
Fault Tolerance
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Permanent HA
(hash function)
P2P
network
HA1
HA3
HA2
HA5
HA4
GFA2
GFA1
moving
GFA3
domain 2
domain 1
MN
Temporary HA
(neighborhood)
MN
moving
domain 3
MN
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Registration Flow
new
FA
MN
Subnet Re
g
new
GFA
tHA
pHA
_ R e q u e st
Reply
Subnet Reg_
Domain Reg_Request
Domain Reg_Re
ply
Home Reg_Request
Redirect_Request
Against node fails by t_Reply
Redirec
soft-state
binding renewals
Reply
Home Reg_
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Packet Delivery Flow
(Without Cache)
CN
iHA
Ca
q u e ry l l
_bind
ing
pHA
query_bind
ing
tHA
GFA
FA
MN
query_bind
ing
Return query_binding
Send pack
e
ts
Send
packets
Send
packets
40
Packet Delivery Flow
(With Cache)
CN
pHA
Call
a cce ss _
binding
tHA
GFA
FA
MN
access_bi
nding
Return access_bindin
g
Send packets
Send
packets
Send
packets
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Qualitative Comparison
Standard Region_based
DNS_based
P2P_based+
Region_base
Triangular
Routing




Frequent
Registration




Single-Point
of Failure




Load
Balancing




Update
Locality




42
Performance Analysis
Parameter Settings
Bandwidth/latency of the wired/wireless
links, ..
Size of control messages
Movement pattern
iHA/tHA
Hop distance
1
1
…
1
1
2
CN/MN
FA
GFA
DNS/HA
2
2
2
FA
GFA
HA
43
Total Registration Cost
Total Registration Cost
140
250
Standard
Region
DNS
P2P
Hop count
150
120
100
100
80
Standard
Region
DNS
P2P
60
40
50
20
0
0
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0%
14
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Percentage of crossing regions (r )
Number of movements (m )
Connection Setup + n *Packet Delivery
800
Standard
Region
DNS
P2P (h=0.8)
P2P (h=0.4)
700
600
Hop count
Hop count
200
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Number of delivered packets (n )
80
90
44
80%
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Conclusions
Next-generation wireless network would
be heterogeneous one
GPRS/3G, WLAN, Bluetooth, MANET
Integration of heterogeneous networks is a
challenging work especially for the
managements
Mobility and QoS
We provide a solution which is efficient
and robust
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Selected Papers
 S .C. Lo, "Mobility Management Using P2P Techniques in Wireless
Networks," accepted and to appear in Journal of Information
Science and Engineering, 2005. (SCI)
 S. C. Lo and W. T. Chen, "Peer-to-Peer Based Architecture for
Mobility Management in Wireless Networks," 6th IFIP IEEE
International Conference on Mobile and Wireless Communication
Networks, October 2004.
 S. C. Lo, G. Lee, W. T. Chen, and Jen-Chi Liu, "Architecture for QoS
and Mobility Support in IP-Based Wireless Networks," IEEE Journal
on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 691-705,
May 2004. (SCI,EI)
 S. C. Lo and A.L.P. Chen, "Adaptive Region-Based Location
Management for PCS Systems," IEEE Trans. on Vehicular
Technology, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 667-676, July 2002. (SCI,EI)
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Thanks!!
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