Transcript Location Based Services

“Location Based Services - Survey”
Assignment #5
CS 600, Distributed Systems
Young J. Won
Nov. 22, 2006
DPNM, POSTECH
Email : [email protected]
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Outline
 Location Based Service
- Definition
- Extending Today’s Web?
- Mobile Communication Outlook
 Technologies in 3G, WLAN, and beyond
-
Location Data Types
Location Acquisition
Architecture
Accuracy
 Conclusion
- Research Issues
- Standard Activities
- Reference
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Quote
“The Internet will not be successfully translated
to the mobile world without location awareness
which is a significant enabler in order to
translate the Internet into a viable mobile
economy”…
Bob Egan, Vice President
Mobile & Wireless, Gartner Group
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Definition: Location Based Services (1/2)
Positioning
Internet
Location
Services
Internet
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GIS
LBS
Mobile
Internet
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Mobile
GIS
Mobile
Services
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Definition: Location Based Services (2/2)
 Definition:
A Location Based Service is any product, service, or
application that uses knowledge of a mobile subscriber’s
location to offer value to the mobile subscriber or to a third
party
 Mobile LBSs
- Resource and information services based on the location
- Allow customers or applications to request and receive
information based on their geographic location while on the move
 maps, activities, emergency response, law enforcement, inventory
control, geo-fencing, demographic data collection, and so on
 Growing field:
LBSs revenues will be exceeding $10 billion in the U.S. and $50
billion worldwide in 2008. [Reference: Keyira Inc.]
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Extending the Today’s Web?
 Event Web (Active Web) applications are
- They may be location- and time- dependent
- Many may not be about surfing the web, but about
searching for location- and time-dependent information
Web 3.0???
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It’s Here Already! – KTiDS & SKT
[Reference: http://www.u-lo.co.kr]
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Mobile Communication: An Outlook
The type of services the end users have paid and would like to pay in the future
Monthly income per user in Euro [Reference: Nokia]
100
Location based services
90
Div. telecomm.
80
Commercials
Text messages
Entertainment
70
Information services
Payment transactions
Music and video
Internet surfing
Download from internet
Chat on internet
Multimedia messages
Photo messages
60
50
40
Vide conferencing
30
20
Normal speech
10
Fixed subscription
fees
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
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2005
2006
2007
2008
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2009
2010
2011
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Consumer Mobile Services - Hype Cycle, 2006.
[Reference: Hype Cycle, Gartner Group]
Visibility
•Wireless Instant
Messaging
Operational
Value
•Mobile gambling
•Mobile search
•Mobile payment
•Mobile TV streaming
•Mobile TV broadcasting
•Presence on mobile
•Mobile email
•VOIP over WLA
N
•Ringtone
mobile downl
oads
•Mobile blogging
•Multi media messaging service
•Mobile banking
•Mobile video on demand
•Mobile gaming
•VOIP WWAN
Strategic
Value
•Chat
•Location based s
ervices
Maturity
Technology
Trigger
Peak of
Inflated
Expectation
Trough of
Disillusionment
Slope of Enlightenment
Productivity
Plateau will be reached in:
less than 2 years
2 to 5 years
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Plateau of
5 to 10 years
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more than 10 years
obsolete
before plateau
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Location Data Types
 Absolute location
- Source: GPS receivers, mobile phone networks, geocoding
- Geometric location of user
 Latitude, longitude, elevation, error margin
- Directional indicator (speed and heading)
 Symbolic location (address, semantic related)
- Source: reverse geocoding, fixed beacon, manual entry
- e.g., company/building/floor/office, airline/airplane/seat,
road networks
 Network location
- Source: any computer or mobile device
- Host name, domain name, IP address of a computer
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Location Acquisition
 Self-positioning devices
- Require processing power at device
- Provide privacy and parallelism
- e.g., Car navigation system, GPS-enabled cell phone
 Infrastructure-based solution
- Requires transmission power at device
- Provides broader device compatibility
- Centralized vs. distributed location acquisition
 Devices continuously report their positions to a centralized
location server
 Detection of (or by) nearby objects
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LBS Architectures
 Key functionality
- Location data management
- Location query processing
 Centralized client-server architecture
- Mobile client report their positions periodically
- Servers handle the location query and location data management
 Distributed client-server architecture
- Partition the location query task into server site processing and
mobile object side processing
- Using server mediation to establish the communication between
mobile objects
 Decentralized peer to peer computing architecture
- Mobile clients serve as server, client, and router for each location
query and location data management task
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Positioning Techniques in 3G Networks
 Practical techniques in locating handsets for GSM networks:
-
Cell-ID (Cell Identity) and Cell-ID with TA (Timing Advanced)
TOA (Time-of-arrival) and TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival)
E-OTD (Enhanced-Observed Time Difference)
A-GPS (Assisted-Global Positioning System)
 Possible techniques for 3G networks
-
Cell-ID (or Cell Global ID)
Cell-ID with RTT (Round Trip Time)
OTDOA (Observed Time Difference of Arrival, standards in UMTS)
A-GPS (Assisted-GPS)
 Proposed architecture by the 3GPP for 3G networks
- GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Centre)
- SMLC (Serving Mobile Location Centre)
- LMU (Location Measurement Units)
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Illustrations
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Accuracy
Technology
Rural
Suburban
Urban
Indoor
Cell ID
1 – 35 km
Typically 15 km
1 – 10 km
Typically 5 km
0.5 – 5 km
Typically 2 km
If Pico cells are
deployed typically
10 – 50 m
Cell ID + TA
TA gives no major improvements in accuracy. However, it is a good
parameter to check whether a handset has connected to the nearest
cell.
E-CGI
250 m – 35 km
250 m – 2.5 km
50 – 550 m
Highly variable
50 – 150 m
Good
More accurate than Cell ID + TA
50 – 150 m
E-OTD
50 – 150 m
Severe multi-path and blocking may sharply degrade performance in
difficult urban conditions. Poor performance in low BTS density areas
such as rural environments. Will fall back to cell ID if method fails
A-GPS
10 m
10 – 20 m
10 – 100 m
Variance
Still not proven in many indoor environments – will fall back to Cell ID
if method fails
Level
Method
Handset dependence
Basic
Enhanced
Advanced
CI, CI+TA, CI+TA+RX
E-OTD, TOA
A-GPS
NO
Yes/NO
Yes
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Positioning Techniques in WLAN
 Practical techniques for LBSs in WLAN (IEEE 802.11)
- RSS-based approaches
 Received Signal Strengths: requires denser installation of APs
or minimum of 3 APs
- SNMP-based approaches
 IP-MAC address mapping, DHCP log search, SNMP trap
approach
- RADIUS-based approaches
 IP-MAC address mapping, Authentication step
- Device-driven approaches
 Active scan, Passive scan (both require to handle beacon
frames) – probe request & response
 Extra: Internet-based location acquisition
- IP-address as position and position based DNS
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Localization
 Alternatively called, ‘Localization’
- Determining geographical locations of persons or devices in
wireless networks
- Ubiquitous office/home, visitor guidance, network
management/resource planning, and wireless network attacker
localizer
 Techniques
- Signal types: infrared (e.g., Active Badge), ultrasound (e.g., MIT
Cricket, UCLA Medusa), Ultra-wideband (e.g., Ubisense), RF
- Many are indoor applicable methodologies
 Existing methods
- RSS pattern-matching approach
 Time-varying signal strength: high fluctuation due to RF fading, mobility
 Configuration overhead: frequent full-scale survey and training
- Path loss model based approach
- Dedicated hardware based approach
- Signal-distance map from RSS [Lim ‘06, INFOCOM]
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LBS in Wibro & More … (1/2)
 GaeSoft’s LBS Platform Solution for Wibro
- LBS platform project in KT’s Wibro (2005.8 ~ 2006.3)
- Implementing location gateway, LBS server, GIS server
- http://www.gaeasoft.co.kr/lbs/glp.php
 Pointi, LBS Frontier Corporation
- LBS/GIS/Telematics/Alert platform for KT, KTF, and KTH
- http://www.pointi.com/new/solution/LBSPlatform.htm
 TSC Systems
- Indoor location tracking using ZigBee
 Device solution
- Qualcomm’s BREW offers LBS related APIs
- IBM’s LBS guide using XML to represent location information
- Sprint, Nokia, DevX, Inventsure, Northstream, Openwave, Sun, and
so on
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LBS in Wibro & More … (2/2)
 Infravalley
-
LBSP provides integrated mobile service environment inter-working with
various application solutions
http://www.infravalley.co.kr/ps/sub3_newfile02/e_sub2_2.php
 Note
-
7:3 = GPS enabled phone: Non-GPS phones
Currently, 50% of the current location responses are from Cell ID
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Research Issues
 Architectural issue
-
Enables fast processing
Content
 Dynamic billing
-
Adding another dimension to billing
strategy
 Real-time Tracking
-
Time
Query: Position reporting
Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN)
Location
 Accuracy
-
What can we do to improve more?
 Privacy & Security
-
Anonymity
 LBS in next generation wireless
mobile networks
-
 Service discovery
-
Issues, directions, consistency of
the current systems
Revenue generation
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Standard Activities, WGs & Conferences
 3GPP TS22.071
 OGC (Open GIS Consortium) OpenLS
 Presence (pic.internet2.edu)
-
Harvard university
 Where 2.0
-
http://conferences.oreillynet.com/where2007/
More GIS (Geographical Information System) oriented
O’reilly annual conference on location technology and future outlook
 IEEE
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Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies
Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Conference on e-Business Engineering
Many more…
 Else
-
FCC (Federal communications Commission)
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Conclusions
 “Where 2.0 was the most interesting and provocative
conference I have ever attended.” – CTO, MetaCarta
 Let’s face a whole new dimension
- A new set of services and applications
- Developing a killer app in next generations of wireless world
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References (1/2)
1.
Long Liu. “Mobile Web and Location Based Services,” presented at WAIM,
Hong Kong, June 17-20, 2006.
2.
J. DeLoach and C. Verbil. “Location Based Services: Beyond a Simple
Lat/Lon”, BREW Conference 2006.
3.
P. Ibach and M. Horbank. “Highly Available Location-based Services in Mobile
Environments,” http://www2.informatik.huberlin.de/~horbank/ISAS_Ibach_Horbank_revised.pdf/.
4.
K. Rannenberg. “Location Based Services,” Mobile Commerce & Multilateral
Security, 2005.
5.
White Paper. “Location Based Services Summary,”
http://developer.sprint.com/getDocument.do?docId=83161/.
6.
White Paper. “Location Based Services Network Overview,”
http://developer.sprint.com/getDocument.do?docId=85091/.
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References (2/2)
7.
SE.23 Permanent reference document on location based services,
http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/applications/location.shtml/.
8.
Exodus Solutions, “M-Guide Cultural Location Based Information Services,”
http://www.contentvillage.org/incacontent/upload/mguide_CalimeraWorkshopZadar_0604.pdf/.
9.
John Kim. “Location-Based Services (LBS): An Emerging Innovative
Transport Service Technology,” STELLA Thematic Network, 2002
10. M. Bradley, I. Wang, and M. Huang. “The Potential Use of Location Based
Services in Mobile Commerce Applications,”
http://www.massey.ac.nz/~dviehlan/LocationBasedServices.ppt/.
11. A. P. Silva. “Location Based Services,”
http://cserg0.site.uottawa.ca/ftp/pub/Presentations/SITE_LBS.ppt/.
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