Transcript 下载：《计算机专业英语》

计算机专业英语
本课程知识结构
计算机专业英语
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第1篇 基础篇
Chapter 1
Architecture of Computer Systems
Text
Any discussion of computer architectures，of how
computers and computer systems are organized，designed，and
implemented，will inevitably make reference to the “von
Neumann architecture” as a basis for comparison，because
virtually every electronic computer ever built has been
rooted in this architecture. ［1］
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回
第1篇 基础篇
We have strong intuitive feelings about the “von
Neumann architecture”， because this is what we have always
used.This is “the way computers work”.To comprehend how
computer designers conceive，or to appreciate what new
choices must be found，it is necessary to have a definitive
understanding of what the von Neumann architecture is and is
not and what its implications are.
The von Neumann architecture based on three ideas：four
subsystems，stored program concept and sequential execution
of instructions.［2］
第1篇 基础篇
Four Subsystems
According to Von Neumann’s preliminary discussion，
the general
purpose computing machine contains four
main “organs”.These are identified as relating to
arithmetic，memory，control，and connection with the
human operator.In other words，they are the arithmetic
logic unit，the control unit， the memory，and the input
output devices that we see in the classical model of
what a computer “looks like”. The control unit（CU），
arithmetic logic unit（ALU） and register constitute the
central processing unit（CPU）
第1篇 基础篇
Four Subsystems
According to Von Neumann’s preliminary discussion，
the general
purpose computing machine contains four
main “organs”.These are identified as relating to
arithmetic，memory，control，and connection with the
human operator.In other words，they are the arithmetic
logic unit，the control unit， the memory，and the input
output devices that we see in the classical model of
what a computer “looks like”. The control unit（CU），
arithmetic logic unit（ALU） and register constitute the
central processing unit（CPU）
第1篇 基础篇
Stored Program Concept
To Von Neumann，the key to building a general
purpose
device lies in its ability to store not only its data and the
intermediate results of computation，but also to store the
instructions，or orders， which bring about the computation.
［3］In
a general
purpose one, the instructions must be as
changeable as the numbers they acted upon. Therefore， why
not encode the instructions into numeric form and store
instructions and data in the same memory? Von Neumann
proposes that programs and data should be stored in the same
binary
number format in the memory device.［4］
第1篇 基础篇
Usually，this is viewed as the principal contribution
provided by Von Neumann’s insight into the nature of what a
computer should be，which brings the significant
breakthrough in the development of the general
purpose
electronic computer used today. That is what we all know—
the concept of a stored program.
第1篇 基础篇
Sequential Execution of Instructions
Based on the stored program concept， computers store
programs and data in a slow to access storage medium（such as
a hard disk） and work on them in a fast access， volatile
storage medium （RAM）.［5］However， this concept has a
perceived bottle neck：it is designed to process instructions
one after another instead of using faster parallel processing.
［6］When the program executes，the message seems to appear all
at once，but the speed of the computer has deceived you. In
fact， one instruction executes in sequence，that is at a time：
fetching one instruction from memory，interpreting （decoding）
it and executing it. The computer does not go on to the next
instruction until the one it is working on is completed.
第1篇 基础篇
Key Words & Terms
according to
依照……
architecture
breakthrough
constitute
decode
encode
fetch
implication
instruction
intuitive
in sequence
parallel processing
preliminary
stored program concept
sequential
subsystem
第1篇 基础篇
Chapter 2
Data Structure
Text
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In computer science，the way information is organized in
the memory of a computer is called a data structure. ［1］
It’s a data type whose values are composed of component
elements that are related by some structure.
Much of programming involves the storage and retrieval of
data. Many of the most efficient algorithms for important
problems are based on the use of specific data structures；the
efficiency of the algorithm depends on the efficiency of the
underlying data structure.［2］Software design often involves
the choice of appropriate data structures.
第1篇 基础篇
For example， imagine that you are asked to create a
database of names with ABC company’s management and employees.
To start your work，you make a list of everyone in the company
along with their position, as shown in Table 2-1.
Name
Position
Name
Position
Aaron
Manager
Martha
Employee
Charles
VP
Patricia
Employee
George
Employee
Rick
Secretary
Jack
Employee
Sarah
VP
Janet
VP
Susan
Manager
John
president
Thomas
Employee
Kim
Manager
Zack
Employee
Larry
Manager
第1篇 基础篇
Although this list contains both name and position，it does
not tell you which managers are responsible for which workers
and so on. If you want your database to represent the
relationships between management and employees at ABC，a tree
diagram depicted Figure 2-1 is a much better structure for
showing the work relationship at ABC.
第1篇 基础篇
These two diagrams are examples of different data
structures. If you want to locate the employee’s record very
quickly，you can use the list that keeps the names of the
employees in alphabetical order；If you want to see
relationships between employees， the tree structure is much
better.
There are many different data structures that programmers
use to organize data in computers. Each data structure has
certain operations that naturally fit with data structure.
Often these operations are bundled with the data structure and
together they are called a data type. An example of several
common data structures are array，linked list，stack，queue，
binary tree，and hash table.
第1篇 基础篇
List
A collection of items accessible one after another
beginning at the head and ending at the tail.
Stack
A collection of items in which only the most recently
added item may be removed. The latest added item is at the
top. Basic operations are push and pop. Also known as
“last in， first out” or LIFO.
Queue
A collection of items in which only the earliest added
item may be accessed. Basic operations are add （to the
tail） or enqueue and delete （from the head） or dequeue.
Delete returns the item removed. Also known as “first in，
first out” or FIFO.
第1篇 基础篇
List
A collection of items accessible one after another
beginning at the head and ending at the tail.
Stack
A collection of items in which only the most recently
added item may be removed. The latest added item is at the
top. Basic operations are push and pop. Also known as
“last in， first out” or LIFO.
Queue
A collection of items in which only the earliest added
item may be accessed. Basic operations are add （to the
tail） or enqueue and delete （from the head） or dequeue.
Delete returns the item removed. Also known as “first in，
first out” or FIFO.
第1篇 基础篇
Tree
A data structure accessed beginning at the root node.
Each node is either a leaf or an internal node. An internal
node has one or more child nodes and is called the parent of
its child nodes.［3］All children of the same node are
siblings. Contrary to a physical tree，the root is usually
depicted at the top of the structure， and the leaves are
depicted at the bottom.
第1篇 基础篇
Key Words & Terms
algorithm
alphabetical
appropriate
array
depict
dequeue
diagram
enqueue
hash table
queue
retrieval
sibling
stack
第1篇 基础篇
Abbreviations
FIFO（First In First Out）
FIFO（Last In First Out）
后进先出
第1篇 基础篇
Chapter 3
File Format
Text
In general terms，a file format in the
what type of information is contained in a
These are usually designated by the one to
three） characters（the extensions） after
filename.［1］
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PC world signifies
particular file.
four （usually
the period in a
TXT
A file ending in “.TXT” usually designates that the file
is a plain text file. This can contain virtually any type of
text — a recipe，documentation for software，a book report
draft，or whatever. When a file ending in “.TXT” is double
clicked，a text editor，such as notepad，should appear，
allowing you to view and/or edit the contents of the file.
第1篇 基础篇
PDF
If a file has the extension .pdf，then it most likely is in
the Portable Document Format （PDF），developed by Adobe Systems，
Inc. PDF maintains the original document formatting for both
printing and viewing on a multiple computing platforms，
including Windows，UNIX and Mac. Although they contain the
complete formatting of the original document，including fonts
and images， PDF files are highly compressed， allowing complex
information to be downloaded efficiently.［2］ To view PDF files，
you must download the Adobe Acrobat Reader，which is free
software for viewing and printing Adobe Portable Document Format
（PDF） files on major hardware and operating system platforms.
第1篇 基础篇
For storing digital images，there is a large number of
formats too. Most formats were developed for particular
programs，some have become the standards，and a few formats
were developed specifically for interchanging files between
different programs and computers. ［3］
Following are some of the formats most commonly used.
第1篇 基础篇
BMP
BMP is the native bitmap file format of the Microsoft
Windows environment. It efficiently stores mapped or unmapped
RGB graphics data with pixels 1 bits，4 bits， 8 bits，or 24
bits in size. BMP is an excellent choice for a simple bitmap
format which supports a wide range of RGB image data. Bitmap
images can be produced from existing drawings or photographs by
“scanners” and edited with “image editing” programs such as
Adobe Photoshop.［4］
GIF
A mapped bitmap format developed for file interchange，
commonly used for icons and other graphics on the Web.The GIF
（Graphic Interchange Format） is limited to 256 colors.A single
GIF file can combine several frames together for basic animated
motion.A good compression method is built into the format.
第1篇 基础篇
JPEG
Named after the Joint Photographic Experts Group，JPEG is a
lossy codec for storing and transferring full color digital
images that’s often used to post photography and artwork on the
Web.［5］JPEG compression takes advantage of the human eye’s
inability to see minute color changes，removing portions of data
from the original picture file.When creating a JPEG file，
varying amounts of compression can be selected，depending on the
desired file size and image quality.
TIFF
TIFF（Tag Image File Format） is a flexible container format
for digital still images.It can incorporate various forms of
compression （like JPEG），or can be uncompressed.Some digital
cameras offer a special TIFF mode for capturing uncompressed
photos；however，these files require many times more storage
space than JPEGs，and can quickly fill up your camera’s
available memory.
第1篇 基础篇
Key Words & Terms
bitmap
camera
codec
compress
designate
draft
extension
incorporate
interchange
lossy
motion
notepad
pixel
platform
平台
第1篇 基础篇
Abbreviations
GIF（Graphic Interchange Format）
JPEG（Joint Photographic Experts Group）
PDF（Portable Document Format）
TIFF（Tag Image File Format）
标签图像文件格式
第1篇 基础篇
Chapter 4 Database Management System
Text
A database management system （DBMS），sometimes just
called a database manager，is a program that lets one or more
computer users create， access，update and manage the data.［1］
Technically speaking，it is a software system that uses a
standard method of cataloging，retrieving，and running queries
on data.
Databases are usually designed to manage large bodies of
information. This involves definition of structures for
information storage （data modeling），provision of mechanisms
for the manipulation of information （file and systems structure，
query processing）， concurrency control if the system is shared
by users， and providing for the safety of information in the
database （crash recovery and security）.
第1篇 基础篇
The DBMS manages user requests （and requests from other
programs） so that users and other programs are free from
having to understand where the data is physically located on
storage media and，in a multi
user system，who else may also
be accessing the data.［2］In handling user requests，the DBMS
ensures the integrity of the data （that is，making sure it
continues to be accessible and is consistently organized as
intended） and security （making sure only those with access
privileges can access the data）.
第1篇 基础篇
The goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both
convenient and efficient to use in retrieving information from
the database and storing information into the database. ［3］The
most typical DBMS is a Relational Database Management System
（RDBMS）.The standard user and program interface for RDBMS is
the Structured Query Language （SQL）.A newer kind of DBMS is
the object
oriented database management system （ODBMS）.
A DBMS can be thought of as a file manager that manages data
in databases rather than files in file systems.In IBM’s
mainframe operating systems，the nonrelational data managers
were （and are，because these legacy application systems are
still used） known as access methods.
第1篇 基础篇
A DBMS is usually an inherent part of a database product.On
PCs，Microsoft Access is a popular example of a single or small
group user DBMS. Microsoft’s SQL Server is an example of a DBMS
that serves database requests from multiple （client） users.
Other popular DBMSs are IBM’s DB2，Oracle’s line of database
management products， and Sybase’s products.
第1篇 基础篇
Key Words & Terms
catalog
consistently
crash
database
definition
inherent
integrity
involving
manipulation
persistent
privilege
Provision
retrieve
storage
technically
包括，使……
技术上
第1篇 基础篇
Abbreviations
DBMS（database management system）
RDBMS（Relational Data (base) Management
System）
SQL（Structured Query Language）
结构化查询语言
第1篇 基础篇
Chapter 5
IP Address
Text
Every computer that communicates over the Internet is
assigned an IP address that uniquely identifies the device and
distinguishes it from other computers on the Internet. ［1］To
make it easier for us to remember，a typical IP address is
normally expressed in decimal format as a “dotted decimal
number” like 192.168.10.126.
But computers communicate in binary form. Look at the same IP
address in binary
11000000.10101000.00001010.01111110
The four numbers in an IP address are called octets， because
they each have eight positions when viewed in binary form.
第1篇 基础篇
Every IP address consists of 32 bits，often shown as 4
octets of numbers from 0 to 255 represented in decimal form
instead of binary form.［2］It consists of two parts，the first
part of an Internet address identifies the network on which
the host resides，while the second part identifies the
particular host on the given network. This creates the two
level addressing hierarchy that is illustrated in Figure 5-1.
NetworkNumber
Host Number
第1篇 基础篇
In recent years， the network number field has been
referred to as the network prefix because the leading portion
of each IP address identifies the network number. All hosts
on a given network share the same network prefix but must
have a unique host number. ［3］Similarly，any two hosts on
different networks must have different network prefixes but
may have the same host number.
There are 5 different address classes plus certain
special addresses. You can determine which class an IP
address is in by examining the first 4 bits of the IP address.
［4］
第1篇 基础篇
Default Network：The IP address of 0.0.0.0 is used for
the default network.
Class A Network：Binary address start with 0， therefore
the decimal number can be anyone from 1 to 126. The first 8
bits （the first octet） identify the network and the
remaining 24 bits indicate the host within the network. An
example of a Class A IP address is 102.168.212.226， where
“102” identifies the network and “168.212.226” identifies
the host on this network.
第1篇 基础篇
Class B Network：binary addresses start with 10，
therefore the decimal number can be anyone from 128 to 191.
（The number 127 is reserved for loopback and is used for
internal testing on the local machine. ［5］） The first 16 bits
（the first two octets） identify the network and the
remaining 16 bits indicate the host within the network. An
example of a Class B IP address is 168.212.226.204 where
“168.212” identifies the network and “226.204” identifies
the host on this network.
第1篇 基础篇
Loop back：The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used as the loop
back address. This means that it is used by the host computer
to send a message back to itself. It is commonly used for
troubleshooting and network testing.
Class C Network：binary addresses start with 110，therefore
the decimal number can be anyone from 192 to 223. The first 24
bits （the first three octets） identify the network and the
remaining 8 bits indicate the host within the network. An
example of a Class C IP address is 200.168.212.226 where
“200.168.212” identifies the network and “226” identifies
the host on this network.［6］
第1篇 基础篇
Class D Network：binary addresses start with 1110，
therefore the decimal number can be anyone from 224 to 239.
Class D networks are used to support multicasting.
Class E Network：binary addresses start with 1111，
therefore the decimal number can be anyone from 240 to 255.
Class E networks are used for experimentation. They have never
been documented or utilized in a standard way.
Broadcast：Messages that are intended for all computers on
a network are sent as broadcasts. ［7］These messages always
use the IP address 255.255.255.255.
第1篇 基础篇
Key Words & Terms
binary
broadcast
decimal
distinguish
hierarchy
loop back
multicasting
prefix
troubleshooting
uniquely
第1篇 基础篇
Abbreviations
IP（Internet Protocol）
网际协议，网间协议
第2篇 硬件篇
Chapter 6 CPU
Text
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CPU is the abbreviation of central processing unit，and
pronounced as separate letters. Sometimes it is referred to
simply as the processor or central processor. The CPU is the
brains of the computer. It is responsible for handling all
instructions and calculations it receives from other
hardware components in the computer and software programs
running on the computer.［1］ For example，the CPU runs the
operating system， the software programs installed on your
computer，and device peripherals such as printers and
flatbed scanners.In terms of computing power，the CPU is the
most important element of a computer system.
第2篇 硬件篇
All the CPU does is run programs by fetching instructions
from RAM，evaluating them， and executing them in sequence.
The instructions are numbers of the binary system， in a
special format that is unique for each machine. The CPU
breaks an instruction into parts to see if it has to do
something. For instance，a “1” in a certain position in an
instruction could mean that the CPU would have to load data
in from RAM， or that it would have to add two numbers.［2］
After the CPU determines what an instruction is supposed to
do，it tells its component parts what to do to complete the
instruction.
第2篇 硬件篇
A CPU has three typical components，that is Arithmetic and
Logic Unit（ALU），Control Unit（CU）and Registers. The ALU is
made up of devices called gates that receive one or more inputs
and，based upon what function they are designed to perform，
output a result.［3］It performs simple arithmetic and logical
operations， such as NOT， Left Shift， Right Shift，Add，
Subtract，AND，and OR. CU extracts instructions from memory，
decodes and executes them， calling on the ALU when necessary.
Registers are temporary memory units that store words. The
registers are located in the processor， instead of in RAM，so
data can be accessed and stored faster.
第2篇 硬件篇
On large machines，CPUs require one or more printed circuit
blocks. On personal computers（PC）and small workstations，the
CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor. ［4］
第2篇 硬件篇
Key Words & Terms
Access
arithmetic and logic unit
base on
基于……
Binary
Chip
control unit
Execute
Extract
Load
Microprocessor
Peripheral
Register
Word
Workstation
算术逻辑单元
第2篇 硬件篇
Abbreviations
ALU（arithmetic and logic unit）
BIOS（Basic Input/Output System）
基本输入/
CPU（central processing unit）
PC（Personal Computer）
PCB（Printed Circuit Block）
印刷电路板
第2篇 硬件篇
Chapter 7 Computer Memory
Text
Memory is something that stores， preserves and recalls
data when needed.Your brain has this capability and memory
inside computer is an electronic incarnation of this concept.
［1］
Computer memory is used to store data that needs to be
accessed by the central processing unit （CPU）.It is the CPU
that performs the laborious tasks，the memory acts as storage
for uncompleted tasks and other relevant information needed
to accomplish those tasks.
第2篇 硬件篇
All the information in memory is encoded in fixed size
cells called bytes.［2］A byte can hold a small amount of
information， such as a single character or a numeric value
between 0 and 255.The CPU will perform its operations on
groups of one，two， four，or eight bytes，depending on the
interpretation being placed on the data， and the operations
required.
第2篇 硬件篇
Forms of Memory
Although the term
“computer memory” is
commonly used to refer
to RAM，there are
various other forms of
memory inside a
computer—such as the
hard disk drive.
The illustration
depicted in Figure 7-1
below outlines the
common memory
architecture adopted
within most modern
computers.
第2篇 硬件篇
Any of the four major categories of memory in the diagram
above can feed information directly to the CPU. Each form of
memory feeds the CPU at different speeds and efficiency due to
their different technological make up. ［3］
Registers and cache will transfer data to the CPU at
greater speeds than RAM and hard disk drives. As the forms of
memory in the top of the pyramid are costly to make，their
size are limited to make computers affordable.The size of
memory forms towards the bottom of the pyramid is made larger
to hold all the other data that other forms cannot handle. ［4］
第2篇 硬件篇
It should also be noted here that physical RAM and cache
are volatile in nature—meaning that they store，preserve and
recall data so long as there is electrical power flowing
through the system. Once a computer system is shut off，the
physical RAM and cache are cleared. Disc storage by way of
floppy disk，hard disk，CD
ROM and DVD
information those are required to be non
There is a trade
ROM drives holds
volatile in nature.
off between speed and cost，resulting in
the development of such a pyramid
like
architecture.Information is prioritized in terms of importance
and stability to determine which form of memory would hold the
data.［5］
第2篇 硬件篇
Registers
The bottle
neck in a memory and CPU architecture is the
slow transfer speeds between the two. The fastest， and sadly
the most expensive， form of memory resolves this problem by
having the memory within the CPU itself. Data within registers
are instantly fed to the Arithmetic and Logic Unit（ALU）
portion of the CPU making the relevant data instantly
available.
Registers are typically small in size and are controlled
by the CPU’s compiler.
第2篇 硬件篇
Registers
The bottle
neck in a memory and CPU architecture is the
slow transfer speeds between the two. The fastest， and sadly
the most expensive， form of memory resolves this problem by
having the memory within the CPU itself. Data within
registers are instantly fed to the Arithmetic and Logic Unit
（ALU） portion of the CPU making the relevant data instantly
available.
Registers are typically small in size and are controlled
by the CPU’s compiler.
第2篇 硬件篇
Cache
This form of memory can be considered as an intermediary
between the main physical RAM and the CPU.The cache makes
any data frequently used by CPU instantly available. If the
required information is not located in the cache，a fetch is
made from the main memory.
There are two levels of cache：level 1 cache （primary
cache） and level 2 cache （secondary cache）.
第2篇 硬件篇
Level 1 cache is built directly on the CPU，just like
the registers. It is small in size，ranging anywhere between
2 kilobytes（KB） and 128 KB. As this cache is closer to the
CPU than level 2 cache，its transfer speeds are faster as a
result.
Level 2 cache is usually situated in close
proximity to，but off，the CPU chip.［6］However， there are
certain systems where the cache is built on the CPU like the
level 1 cache. The size of level 2 cache ranges from 256 KB
to 2 megabytes （MB）.
Both levels of cache use Static Random Access Memory
（SRAM） to hold the data.
第2篇 硬件篇
Main Memory
This is where most of the information that a CPU
requires resides.“Main Memory” commonly refers to Physical
Memory，although a computer uses an operating system
imposed Virtual Memory in addition to physical memory. The
amount of main memory on a computer is crucial because it
determines how many programs can be executed at one time and
how much data can be readily available to a program.
第2篇 硬件篇
Physical memory uses Dynamic Random Access Memory （DRAM）
to store the data， and is considerably slower than the SRAM
used by the cache. Information is exchanged between the main
memory and the cache to ensure that the more commonly
accessed information is placed in the cache to allow faster
access speed. Operating system’s memory management will
automatically remove data held in both the physical and
virtual memory.
The physical memory acts as an Input/Output（I/O） channel
for data exchanged between the computer memory and other
forms of electronic storages.
第2篇 硬件篇
Virtual Memory
Most operating systems have a form of memory management
that caters for memory needs beyond a computer system’s
physical memory through the use of a swap file. ［7］There is a
need for such memory management as operating systems
themselves occupy a significant portion of physical memory.
A swap file is a file located on a computer’s hard disk
drive（HDD） that acts as an extension to physical memory.
However，the HDD has much slower access times than any of the
forms of memory discussed above. Hence， information is
swapped between the main memory and the swap file to ensure
that the more frequently used information is located in the
main memory for faster access speeds.
第2篇 硬件篇
Key Words & Terms
anywhere between
Architecture
bottle neck
Cache
Compiler
Considerably
disc storage
Encode
feed to
Hierarchy
Incarnation
Intermediary
Laborious
在……
供应给……
第2篇 硬件篇
Key Words & Terms
level 1 cache
level 2 cache
Numeric
physical memory
Prioritize
Proximity
swap file
trade off
transfer speed
virtual memory
Volatile
把……
易失性的
第2篇 硬件篇
Abbreviations
DRAM（Dynamic Random Access Memory）
HDD（Hard Disk Drive）
I/O（Input/Output）
输入/
SRAM（Static Random Access Memory）
静态随机存储器
第2篇 硬件篇
Chapter 8 Other Hardware
Text
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PC（Personal Computer） is a system， consisting of many
components. All the elements fall into one of two categories，
hardware or software. The stuff you can actually see and
touch， and will break if you throw it out of a fifth story
window， is hardware.［1
Programs running upon hardware
like Windows XP， are software. This article only talks
about hardware.
All the items listed below that make up a PC can be
purchased individually at computer or web supply stores.
Complete PCs can be purchased for about ￥3000 today， and
the price keeps falling! A basic set of hardware found in
most PCs includes：
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PC Case
The PC Case is a thin sheet metal enclosure that houses
the motherboard， power supply and various drives. The
motherboard and power supply are mounted to the floor at the
rear of the case. The drives（hard disk drive and CD/DVD）
are mounted in enclosures called drive bays at the front of
the case.［2］
Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a PC. It
contains all the circuits and components that run the PC. Major
components found on the motherboard are CPU， BIOS， RTC and
chip set. Primary connectors， like power， keyboard， mouse，
display， IDE， serial connectors， parallel connectors and
expansion card connectors， can be found on the motherboard too.
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Power Supply
Power supply is installed in the back corner of the PC
case， next to the motherboard. It converts 120v ac（standard
house power） into DC voltages that are used by other
components in the PC.
Hard Disk Drive（HDD）
The HDD installs in one of the 3 1/2 inch internal drive
bays in the PC. It is powered by a 4 conductor cable coming
from the power supply.
［3
All of the information
that’s “in your computer” is stored in your computer’s
hard disk.
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Digital Video Disk drive（DVD
The DVD is installed in drive bays in the PC. It is designed
to optically access data stored in a DVD. Data between the DVD
drive and the motherboard is carried on a
40 pin IDE cable.
A standard DVD can store up to 4.7 GB on one side of the disk. A
laser moves back and forth on the disk surface to access data at
a very fast rate.
Monitor
The monitor is an output device. Two types of monitor
technologies available to consumers are CRT monitors and LCD
monitors. Cathode ray tube，CRT monitors are relatively heavy
and big， and available in screen sizes from 14" to 21". A 17"
display means that it is 17" measured diagonally from one corner
of the tube to the other.
［4
Liquid crystal display，LCD
for short，consists primarily of two glass plates and some
liquid crystal material between them.It is smaller and consumes
much less power than CRT.
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Audio Device
Primary audio output devices include speakers and headphones.
Some speakers are builted into the side of the monitors. Other
speakers are free standing. Active speakers amplify the sound
signal from the sound card using battery or rectified AC house
power.［6］Passive speakers are plugged into and are powered
directly from the output signal provided by the “speaker out”
port on the sound card.
Cables and Wires
Cables and wires connect all the components in PC together
and provide power to them.
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Key Words & Terms
cathode
chip set
circular
component
diagonally
drive bay
enclosure
expansion card
individually
infrared transmitter
motherboard
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Key Words & Terms
parallel connector
PC Case
pin
plug into
power supply
rectify
serial connector
sound card
stuff
voltage
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Abbreviations
AC（Alternating Current）
BIOS（Basic Input/Output System）
基本输入/输出系统
CRT（Cathode Ray Tube）
DC（Direct Current
IDE（Integrated Device Electronics）
LCD（Liquid Crystal Display）
液晶显示；液晶显示器
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Chapter 9 Networking Hardware
Text
Networking hardware includes all computers，peripherals，
interface cards and other equipments needed to perform data
processing and communications within the network.
Chapter 9 Networking Hardware
File Server
A file server stands at the heart of most networks.It is a very
fast computer with a large amount of RAM and storage space，
along with a fast network interface card.The network operating
system software resides on this computer，along with software
applications and data files that need to be shared. ［1］
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Workstation
All user computers connected to a network are called
workstations.A typical workstation is a computer that is
configured with a network interface card，networking software，
and the appropriate cables.［2］ Workstations do not
necessarily need floppy disk drives because files can be saved
on the file server. Almost any computer can serve as a network
workstation.
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Network Interface Card
The Network Interface Card（NIC），also called network
adapter，provides the physical connection between the network
and the computer workstation.Most of them are internal，with the
card fitting into an expansion slot inside the computer. ［3］ Some
computers，such as Mac Classics，use external boxes which are
attached to a serial port or a SCSI port.Laptop computers can
now be purchased with a network interface card built in.
The network interface card is a major factor in determining
the speed and performance of a network.It is a good idea to use
the fastest network card available for the type of workstation
you are using.They are usually purchased separately from a
computer，although many computers （such as the Macintosh） now
include an option for a pre installed network interface card.
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Switch
Switch，also called hub，is a device that provides a
central connection point for cables from workstations，
servers，and peripherals.In a star topology，twisted
pair
wire is run from each workstation to a central switch/hub.
Most switches are active，that is they electrically amplify
the signal as it moves from one device to another. ［4］
Switches no longer broadcast network packets as hubs did in
the past， they memorize addresses of computers and send the
information to the correct location directly. Switches are
sold with specialized software for port management.
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Repeater
Since a signal loses strength as it passes along a cable，
it is often necessary to boost the signal with a device called
a repeater.［5］The repeater electrically amplifies the signal
it receives and rebroadcasts it.Repeaters can be separate
devices or incorporated into a concentrator.They are used when
the total length of your network cable exceeds the standards
set for the type of cable being used. ［6］
A good example of the use of repeaters would be in a local
area network using a star topology with unshielded twisted
pair cabling.The length limit for unshielded twisted pair
cable is 100 meters. The most common configuration is for each
workstation to be connected by twisted pair cable to a multi
port active concentrator.The concentrator amplifies all the
signals that pass through it allowing for the total length of
cable on the network to exceed the 100 meters limit. ［7］
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Bridge
A bridge is a device that allows you to segment a large
network into two smaller， more efficient networks. If you are
adding to an older wiring scheme and want the new network to
be up
to
date，a bridge can connect the two.
A bridge monitors the information traffic on both sides of
the network so that it can pass packets of information to the
correct location. Most bridges can “listen” to the network
and automatically figure out the address of each computer on
both sides of the bridge. The bridge can inspect each message
and，if necessary， broadcast it on the other side of the
network.
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The bridge manages the traffic to maintain optimum
performance on both sides of the network. You might say that
the bridge is like a traffic cop at a busy intersection during
rush hour.It keeps information flowing on both sides of the
network，but it does not allow unnecessary traffic through.
［8］Bridges
can be used to connect different types of cabling，
or physical topologies.They must，however， be used between
networks with the same protocol.
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The bridge manages the traffic to maintain optimum
performance on both sides of the network. You might say that
the bridge is like a traffic cop at a busy intersection
during rush hour.It keeps information flowing on both sides
of the network，but it does not allow unnecessary traffic
through.
［8］Bridges
can be used to connect different types
of cabling，or physical topologies.They must，however， be
used between networks with the same protocol.
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Router
Router，also called gateway in earlier days，translates
information from one network to another；it is similar to a
super intelligent bridge. Routers select the best path to route
a message，based on the destination address and origin. The
router can direct traffic to prevent head on collisions，and is
smart enough to know when to direct traffic along back roads and
shortcuts.［9］
While bridges know the addresses of all computers on each
side of the network， routers know the addresses of computers，
bridges，and other routers on the network. Routers can even
“listen” to the entire network to determine which sections are
busiest—they can then redirect data around those sections until
they clear up.
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If you have a school LAN that you want to connect to the
Internet， you will need to purchase a router.In this case，
the router serves as the translator between the information on
your LAN and the Internet.It also determines the best route to
send the data over the Internet.Routers can direct signal
traffic efficiently，route messages between any two protocols
across fiber optic，coaxial，and twisted
pair cabling.
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Key Words & Terms
adapter
bridge
Concentrator
configuration
interface
intersection
laptop computer
optimum performance
peripheral
port
repeater
router
server
switch
topology
workstation
工作站
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Abbreviations
NIC（Network Interface Card）
网络接口卡
SCSI（Small Computer System Interface）
小型（计算）机系统接口
UTP（Unshielded Twisted Pair）
非屏蔽双绞线
第3篇 软件篇
Chapter 10
Operating System
Text
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An Operating System，or OS，is a software program that
enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with
the computer software.Without a computer operating system，a
computer would be useless.The operating system is the first
thing loaded onto the computer by a boot program，［1］and it
provides a software platform on top of which application
programs can run.
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The basic concepts of operating systems are processes，memory
management，I/O management，the file systems，and security.［2］ We
can view operating systems from two points of views：resource
manager and extended machines. From resource manager point of view，
operating systems manage the different parts of the system
efficiently；from extended machines point of view，operating
systems provide a virtual machine to users that is more convenient
to use.
The main resource of a computer is hardware in the form of
processors，storage， input/output devices，communication devices，
and data. OS performs basic tasks，such as recognizing input from
the keyboard，sending output to the display screen， keeping track
of files and directories on the disk，and controlling peripheral
devices such as disk drives and printers. ［3］
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Users can interact directly with the operating system
through a user interface such as a command language or a
Graphical User Interface（GUI）.The application programs make
use of the operating system by making requests for services
through a defined Application Program Interface （API）. OS
makes sure that different programs and users running at the
same time do not interfere with each other. ［4］
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Operating systems can be classified into different types，
such as GUI，Multi
user，Multiprocessing，Multitasking and
Multithreading.Many computer operating systems will fall into
more than one of them.A GUI operating system contains graphics
and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse.
A multi
user OS allows multiple users to use the same computer
at the same time or different times. A multiprocessing OS is
capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer
processor. A multitasking OS is capable of allowing multiple
software processes to run at the same time. A multithreading OS
allows different parts of a software program to run
concurrently.［5］
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More recently，operating systems can be found on many of the
devices we use every day，from cell phones to wireless access
points.
Today，for desktop or laptop，the most popular operating
systems are Windows 2000，Windows XP and Windows Vista.
Macintosh computers come pre
loaded with OS/2，many corporate
servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. ［6］
第2篇 硬件篇
Key Words & Terms
Boot
Concept
Concurrently
Directory
Efficiently
Execute
Interact
Interfere
Laptop
Load
Multitasking
Multithreading
Multiprocessing
Navigate
Platform
Recognize
识别
第2篇 硬件篇
Abbreviations
API（Application Programming Interface）
应用程序设计接口
GUI（Graphical User Interface）
图形用户接口（软件）
WAP（wireless access point）
无线接入点
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Chapter 11
Object oriented Programming
Text
There are two programming models： procedural programming and
object oriented programming.［1］
Historically，a program has been viewed as a logical procedure
that takes input data，processes it，and produces output data.
The programming challenge was seen as how to write the logic，not
how to define the data. This is called procedural programming.In
a procedural programming language like C，functions and data
structures are the basic elements of design.
Object-Oriented Programming（OOP）is another way of
programming，which is organized around “objects” rather than
“actions”，data rather than logic.［2］In an object oriented
programming language，such as Java，objects and object
interactions are the basic elements of design.
第3篇 软件篇
The first step in OOP is to identify all the objects you
want to manipulate and how they relate to each other， which
is known as data modeling.［3］Once you’ve identified an object，
you generalize it as a class of objects and define the kind of
data it contains and any logic sequences that can manipulate
it.Each distinct logic sequence is known as a method.A real
instance of a class is called （no surprise here） an “object”
or，in some environments，an “instance of a class”. The
object or class instance is what you run in the computer.Its
methods provide computer instructions and the class object
characteristics provide relevant data. You communicate with
objects，and they communicate with each other with well
defined interfaces called messages. ［4］
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What is an Object
An object is a software bundle of variables and related
methods. It is abstraction of real
key to understanding object
world object.Objects are
oriented technology. Real
world
objects share two characteristics：They all have state and
behavior. Person has state （name，birthday， age） and
behavior（say，run，sleep）.Identifying the state and behavior
for real
world objects is a great way to begin thinking in
terms of object
oriented programming.As mentioned above，
software objects are abstraction of real
world objects，so do
the software objects share two characteristic too.
第3篇 软件篇
What is an Interface
As you’ve already learned，objects define their
interaction with the outside world through the methods that
they expose.Methods form the object’s interface with the
outside world.The buttons on the front of your television set，
for example， are the interface between you and the electrical
wiring on the other side of its plastic casing.You press the
“power” button to turn the television on and off.In its most
common form，an interface is a group of related methods with
empty bodies.
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What is a Class
A class is a blueprint or prototype from which objects are
created.Here we define a class models the state and behavior
of a real world object.In the real world， you’ll often find
many individual objects of the same kind.In object oriented
terms，we say that John is an instance of the class of objects
known as person.
What is Inheritance
The concept of a data class makes it possible to define
subclasses of data objects that share some or all of the main
class characteristics.［5］Object oriented programming allows
classes to inherit commonly used state and behavior from other
classes，just like students inherit all characteristics and
behaviors from person.
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Key Words & Terms
Behavior
Class
Identify
Inheritance
Instance
Instruction
Interface
Logic
Object
object oriented
Procedural
Prototype
State
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Abbreviations
OOP（Object Oriented Programming）
面向对象程序设计
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Chapter 12
Multimedia
Text
Multimedia，as the name implies，is the integration of
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multiple forms of media. This includes text，graphics，audio，
video，etc.For example， a presentation involving audio and
video clips would be considered a “multimedia presentation”.
A software that involves animations，sound，and text is called
“multimedia software”.CDs and DVDs are often considered to be
“multimedia formats”,since they can store a lot of data and
most forms of multimedia require a lot of disk space. ［1］
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Multimedia is all about communicating in several ways.For
example,the computer you are using is capable of flashing text
and beeping when there is a problem.It is already a multimedia
computer—anything else is a matter of degree. In other words,
the more capable your computer is at handling sound， video and
graphics, the better your multimedia packages will look. ［2］
The basic elements of multimedia program in a computer are
Text：This is the base to most applications—the on screen
display of words.The use of different styles，fonts and colors
can be used to emphasize specific points.
Images：Seeing a picture of an object has more impact than
merely reading about it.Examples include conventional artwork，
computer generated artwork， photographs or captured video
frames.
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Movies：You can present information which is normally outside
the scope of the ordinary classroom，such as medical operations
or archaeological excavations.
Animation：Animations can render a procedure more accurately
than that of a movie.For instance,objects which appear blurred
within a movie can be represented more clearly.
Sound：Sound can be used in strategic parts of the program or
during a movie to emphasize certain points.This may include
speech，audio effects（e.g. applause），ambient sound（e.g. the
background sound of the sea etc.） and music.
User Control：There has to be some degree of user control so
as to provide students with the option to leave certain parts of
the application and thus prevent boredom. ［3］On screen options
should exist for them to visit other areas of the program.
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There are a number of terrific software packages that allow
you to create multimedia presentations on your computer.Perhaps
the best and most widely known is Microsoft’s PowerPoint. With
PowerPoint a user can mix text with pictures，sound and movies
to produce a multimedia slideshow that’s great for boardroom
presentations or a computer kiosk but difficult to distribute.
Due to the advancements in computer speeds and storage
space，multimedia is commonplace today.A typical multimedia
application is characterized by the following features：
第3篇 软件篇
•
the different media it possesses and makes use of;
•
the use of digital technology;
•
the interaction it demands of the user;
and the integration of sound，images，text and data into
seamless applications.
A multimedia application is often designed to support the
learning process.Multimedia offers the experience of listening，
looking and doing in a computer
mediated setting.［4］ It can be
interesting，motivating，exciting and help students achieve
understanding in new ways.
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Key Words & Terms
Ambient
Animation
Applause
Archaeological
Blur
Boredom
Capture
Commonplace
Excavation
Font
Frame
Motivating
Multimedia
Render
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Abbreviations
CD（Compact Disc）只读光盘，光盘
DVD（Digital Video Disc）数字视频光盘
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Chapter 13
Software
Text
Software is the general term for information that’s
recorded onto some kinds of medium. ［1］For example，when you
go to the video store and rent or buy a tape or DVD，what
you’re really getting is the software that’s stored on that
tape or disk.Your VCR or DVD player are hardware devices that
are capable of reading the software from a tape or disk and
projecting it onto your TV screen，in the form of a movie.
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Your computer is a hardware device that reads software
too.Most of the software on your computer comes in the form of
programs. A program consists of “instructions” that tell the
computer what to do，how to behave.Just as there are thousands
of albums you can buy on CD for your stereo，and thousands of
movies you can buy to play on your VCR or DVD player，there
are thousands of programs that you can buy to run on your
computer.［2］
When you buy a computer，you don’t automatically get every
program produced by every software company in the world. You
usually get some programs. For example， when you buy a
computer it will probably have an operating system（like
Windows XP） already installed on it.
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Your computer is a hardware device that reads software
too.Most of the software on your computer comes in the form of
programs. A program consists of “instructions” that tell the
computer what to do，how to behave.Just as there are thousands
of albums you can buy on CD for your stereo，and thousands of
movies you can buy to play on your VCR or DVD player，there
are thousands of programs that you can buy to run on your
computer.［2］
When you buy a computer，you don’t automatically get every
program produced by every software company in the world. You
usually get some programs. For example， when you buy a
computer it will probably have an operating system（like
Windows XP） already installed on it.
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If you do purchase a specific program，it would be to
perform some specific task. For example，you might use a
graphics program to handle photos， or you might use a word
processing program to write text.Just as there are different
brands of toothpaste，there are different brands of word
processing programs， graphics programs，and Web browsers. For
example，all graphics programs are designed to help you work
with pictures.But there are many brands of graphics programs
out there， such as Adobe Photoshop，CorelDRAW，and so on. As
to Web browsers， popular brands include Microsoft Internet
Explorer，Netscape Navigator，Google Firefox，and a few others.
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Software is often divided into application software
（programs that do work users are directly interested in） and
system software（which includes operating systems and any
program that supports application software）.The term
middleware is sometimes used to describe programming that
mediates between application and system software or between
two different kinds of application software（for example，
sending a remote work request from an application in a
computer that has one kind of operating system to an
application in a computer with a different operating system）.
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Some general kinds of application software include
•
Productivity software，which includes word processors，
spreadsheets， and tools for use by most computer users.
•
Presentation software，such as Microsoft PowerPoint.
•
Graphics software for graphic designers.
•
CAD/CAM software.
•
Specialized scientific applications.
•
vertical market or industry
specific software（for example，
for banking， insurance，retail，and manufacturing
environments）.
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There are thousands of programs available for your PC，and
no two people have exactly the same programs on their
computers.The programs that are installed on your computer can
all be found，and started from the All Programs menu（or some
program group that’s accessible from All Programs menu）.
［3
When you click on the icon for a program，the program
opens. This means the program appears on the screen，so you can
use it. Each program will appear in its own program window on
the Windows desktop.
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Key Words & Terms
Mediate
Medium
Middleware
Project
Spreadsheet
Tape
Retail
Vertical
作为……
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Abbreviations
CAD（Computer Aided Design）
计算机辅助设计
CAM（Computer Aided Manufacturing）
计算机辅助制造，计算机辅助制造技术
VCR（Video Cassette Recorder）
盒式录像机
第4篇 网络篇
Chapter 14
The Internet
Text
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Computers can be connected together on networks.A computer
on a network can communicate with other computers on the same
network by exchanging data and files or by sending and
receiving messages.
The Internet is a massive network of networks，a networking
infrastructure.［1］Information that travels over the Internet
communicates with each other via a variety of languages known
as protocols.
第4篇 网络篇
There are elaborate protocols for communication over the
Internet. A protocol is simply a detailed specification of how
communication is to proceed.［2］For two computers to
communicate at all，they must both be using the same protoco.
The most basic protocols on the Internet are the Internet
Protocol（IP） and the Transmission Control Protocol（TCP）.
These two protocols，which are referred to collectively as
TCP/IP， provide a foundation for communication. ［3］Other
protocols use TCP/IP to send specific types of information.The
Internet provides a number of services to the computers
connected to it. These services use TCP/IP to send various types
of data over the net.Among the most popular services are file
sharing，e mail， and the World Wide Web.
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WWW
WWW，also known as “Web” or “3W”，stands for World Wide
Web. The World Wide Web refers to all the resources and users
on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
（HTTP）.It is a way of sharing resources with many people over
the medium of the Internet.The Web is just a portion of the
Internet， and is the key technology that popularized the
Internet around the world. ［4］
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FTP
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.It is a method to
transfer files（documents， images…） over the Internet from
one computer to another.It provides you an easy way to upload
and download files between computers that are connected to the
Internet.As with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol（HTTP），which
transfers displayable Web pages and related files，FTP uses the
Internet’s TCP/IP protocols. FTP is commonly used to transfer
Web page files from their creator to the computer that acts as
their server for everyone on the Internet.
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You can use a web browser to connect to FTP addresses
exactly as you would connect to HTTP addresses，or you can use
a commercial program that offers a graphical user interface to
connect to FTP addresses.
Using a Web browser makes it easy for you to browse large
directories and read and retrieve files. ［7］While this method
is convenient，web browsers are often slower and less reliable
and have fewer features than dedicated FTP clients. Using
graphical FTP clients simplifies file transfers by allowing
you to drag and drop file icons between windows.When you open
the program，enter the name of the FTP host and your username
and password. If you are logging into an anonymous FTP server，
you may not have to enter anything.
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E-mail
E-mail is one of the most widely used forms of communication
today.It has many advantages over other forms of communication：
it is easy to use，free of charge， fast，and delivers
information in a digital format.E
mail can be used to send any
kind of computer file，including pictures，sounds，programs and
movies.
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Each Internet domain has a corresponding e mail server that
manages all e mail addresses at that domain. E mail servers
exchange e mail over the Internet using the Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol（SMTP）.Client applications log into the
servers to send and receive e mail using one of several
protocols， such as POP3 or IMAP. When you send an e mail，your
client application first sends it to your e mail server， which
then contacts the addressee’s e mail server and carries out a
conversation over the Internet according to the rules defined by
SMTP. Your e mail server asks the other e mail server if the
user name is valid，and，if it is，transfers the e mail， where
the receiving e mail server stores it until the addressee logs
on and downloads it. Each Internet domain has an associated e
mail server that manages all e mail addresses at that domain.
第4篇 网络篇
Key Words & Terms
anonymous
collectively
conversation
corresponding
directory
download
foundation
hypermedia
hypertext
infrastructure
interface
massive
宽大的，大而重的
第4篇 网络篇
Key Words & Terms
medium
proceed
protocol
specification
request
response
retrieve
upload
上传
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Abbreviations
FTP（File Transfer Protocol）
HTTP（Hyper Text Transfer Protocol）
IMAP（Internet Message Access Protocol）
POP3（Post Office Protocol 3）
邮局协议第3
SMTP（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol）
WWW（World Wide Web）
万维网（环球信息网
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Chapter 15
Search Engine
Text
Search Engine is a program that searches documents for
specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the
keywords are found.［1］ However，the term search engine is often
used to specifically describe systems like Baidu and Google that
enable users to search for documents on the World Wide Web.
Search engines are the key to finding specific information
on the vast expanse of the World Wide Web. ［2］Without
sophisticated search engines，it would be virtually impossible
to locate anything on the Web without knowing a specific URL.
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Typically，a search engine works by sending out a spider
to fetch as many documents as possible. Another program，
called an indexer，then reads these documents and creates an
index based on the words contained in each document. Each
search engine uses a proprietary algorithm to create its index
so that only meaningful results are returned for each query.
The algorithm is what the search engines use to determine the
relevance of the information in the index to what the user is
searching for.［3］
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When you query a search engine to locate information，
you’re actually searching through the index that the search
engine has created—you are not actually searching the Web.
These indices are giant databases of information that is
collected and stored and subsequently searched.Different
search engines produce different results because not all
indices are going to be exactly the same. And the search
results are based on the index，so if the index hasn’t been
updated since a Web page became invalid，the search engine
will return dead links.［4］
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Key Words & Terms
Algorithm
Engine
indices（.pl）
Invalid
Proprietary
Sophisticated
Subsequent
Typically
典型地，独特地
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Chapter 16
Electronic Commerce
返
回
Text
Electronic commerce or e
commerce is a term for any type
of business or commercial transaction that involves the
transfer of information across the Internet.［1］It covers a
range of different types of businesses，from consumer based
retail sites，through auction or music sites，to business
exchanges trading goods and services between corporations. It
is currently one of the most important aspects of the
Internet to emerge.
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E-commerce allows consumers to electronically exchange goods
and services with no barriers of time or distance. Electronic
commerce has expanded rapidly over the past five years and is
predicted to continue at this rate， or even accelerate. In the
near future，the boundaries between “conventional” and
“electronic” commerce will become increasingly blurred as more
and more businesses move sections of their operations onto the
Internet.［2］
Business to Business or B2B refers to electronic commerce
between businesses rather than between a business and a
consumer.B2B businesses often deal with hundreds or even thousands
of other businesses，either as customers or suppliers. Carrying out
these transactions electronically provides vast competitive
advantages over traditional methods. When implemented properly，e
commerce is often faster， cheaper and more convenient than the
traditional methods of bartering goods and services.
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Electronic transactions have been around for quite some
time in the form of Electronic Data Interchange or EDI. ［3］EDI
requires each supplier and customer to set up a dedicated data
link （between them），where e commerce provides a cost
effective method for companies to set up multiple，ad hoc
links. Electronic commerce has also led to the development of
electronic marketplaces where suppliers and potential customers
are brought together to conduct mutually beneficial trade.
The road to creating a successful online store can be
difficult if unaware of e commerce principles.［4］ Researching
and understanding the guidelines required to properly implement
an e business plan is a crucial part to becoming successful
with online store building.
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Shopping cart software is an operating system used to allow
consumers to purchase goods and or services， track customers，
and tie together all aspects of e commerce into one cohesive
whole.
While there are many types of software that you can use，
customizable，turnkey solutions are proven to be a cost
effective method to build， edit and maintain an online store.
［5］ How do online shopping carts differ from those found in a
grocery store? The image is one of an invisible shopping
cart.You enter an online store， see a product that fulfills
your demand and you place it into your virtual shopping
basket.When you are through browsing，you click checkout and
complete the transaction by providing payment information.
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To start an online business it is best to find a niche
product that consumers have difficulty finding in malls or
department stores.Also take shipping into consideration.Pets.com
found out the hard way：dog food is expensive to ship FedEx! Then
you need an e
commerce enabled website. This can either be a new
site developed from scratch，or an existing site to which you can
add e
commerce shopping cart capabilities.
The next step， you need a means of accepting online payments.
This usually entails obtaining a merchant account and accepting
credit cards through an online payment gateway （some smaller
sites stick with simpler methods of accepting payments such as
PayPal）.
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Lastly，you need a marketing strategy for driving targeted
traffic to your site and a means of enticing repeat
customers.If you are new to e
commerce,keep things simple—
know your limitations.
E-commerce can be a very rewarding venture，but you cannot
make money overnight. It is important to do a lot of research，
ask questions，work hard and make business decisions basing on
facts learned from researching e
“gut” feelings.
commerce. Don’t rely on
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Key Words & Terms
Accelerate
ad hoc
Auction
Barter
Blur
credit card
cost effective
e commerce
Enticing
Merchant
Retail
shopping cart
Trade
Transaction
交易
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Abbreviations
B2B（Business to Business）
商业机构对商业机构的电子商务模式
EDI（Electronic Data Interchange）
电子数据交换