Transcript Autonomous Microsensor Networks with Optical

Instrumenting the Planet for Intelligence
From Blue Sky to Business Impact
Kris Pister
Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley
Co-Director, Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center
Founder & CTO, Dust Networks
Outline
•
•
•
•
•
The Past
What Went Wrong
Technology Status
Applications
Technology Directions
Goals
• Smart Dust, 1997--2002
– 1 mm3
• Low power
• Wireless Sensor Networks, 2002--2007
– Reliability: >99.9% with latency bound
– Power: 5-10 years on batteries for all motes
– Security: strongest link?
• WSN, 2007-– Standards: WiHART, IETF, IEEE
– Applications
UC Berkeley, 1997
Autonomous Microsensor Networks with Optical Communication Links
•
•
•
•
•
PI: Kris Pister
Source: Hughes (MICRO)
Funding: $25k, $10k matching, 0% ovhd,
Duration: 1 year
Comments: Collaboration w/ Prof. Joe
Kahn under separate MICRO
UC Berkeley, 2000
COTS Dust
GOAL:
• Get our feet wet
RESULT:
• Cheap, easy, off-the-shelf RF systems
• Fantastic interest in cheap, easy, RF:
–
–
–
–
Industry
Berkeley Wireless Research Center
Center for the Built Environment (IUCRC)
PC Enabled Toys (Intel)
• Fantastic RF problems
• Optical proof of concept
Berkeley Demos – 2001
Motes dropped from UAV, detect
vehicles, log and report direction
Intel Developers Forum, live demo
800 motes, 8 level dynamic network, and velocity
Seismic testing demo: real-time
data acquisition, $200 vs. $5,000 per
node
vs.
50 temperature sensors for HVAC
deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800
per node.
Mote on a Chip? (circa 2001)
• Goals:
– Standard CMOS
– Low power
– Minmal external components
antenna
Temp
uP
SRAM
Amp ADC Radio
~2 mm^2 ASIC
battery
inductor
crystal
UCB Hardware Results ~2003
• 2 chips fabbed in 0.25um CMOS
– “Mote on a chip” worked, TX only
– 900 MHz transceiver worked
• Records set for low power CMOS
– ADC, Mike Scott, M.S.
• 8 bits, 100kS/s
• 2uA@1V
– Microprocessor, Brett Warneke, PhD.
• 8 bits, 1MIP
• 10uA@1V
– 900 MHz radio – Al Molnar M.S.
• 100kbps, “bits in, bits out”
• 20 m indoors
• 0.4mA @ 3V
Cost of Sensor Networks
Mesh Networking
Computing
Power
Installation,
Connection and
Commissioning
$
Sensors
Time
Sensor Networks Take Off!
Industry Analysts Take Off!
800
700
Units (Millions)
600
$8.1B market for
Wireless Sensor
Networks in 2007
500
400
300
Wi-Fi nodes
Handsets
Wireless Sensor Nodes
200
100
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Source: InStat/MDR 11/2003 (Wireless); Wireless Data Research
Group 2003; InStat/MDR 7/2004 (Handsets)
Low Data Rate WPAN Applications
Zigbee
Zigbee2006
2004
Pro
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
PC &
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
patient
monitoring
fitness
monitoring
TV
VCR
DVD/CD
remote
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
RESIDENTIAL/
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
mouse
keyboard
joystick
security
HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn & garden irrigation
Barriers to Adoption
Reliability
Standards
Ease of Use
Power consumption
Development cycles
Node size
0%
OnWorld, 2005
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dust Networks
• Founded July 2002
• Focused on reliability, power consumption
• Developed TSMP
– Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol
– >99.9% reliability
– Lowest power per delivered packet
How it Works: CSMA
How it Works: TSMP
Frequency Hopping: CSMA
Frequency Hopping: TSMP
Scalability: CSMA
Scalability: TSMP
50 motes, 7 hops
3 floors, 150,000sf
>100,000 packets/day
Oil Refinery – Double Coker Unit
• Scope limited to Coker
facility and support
units spanning over
1200ft
• No repeaters were
needed to ensure
connectivity
• Electrical/Mechanical
contractor installed per
wired practices
• >5 year life on C-cell
400m
Barriers to Adoption
>99.9%
Reliability
Wireless HART, SP100
Standards
“It just worked”
Ease of Use
5-10 years
Power consumption
Complete networks
Development cycles
Node size
0%
OnWorld, 2005
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
“Dust Inside” Industrial Products
Smart Wireless
End Users
• Oil & Gas
• Power
• Food
• Pharma
• Chemical
• Steel
Announced Dust
Customers
Industrial Automation
• Examples
– Oil & gas production,
pipelines, refineries
– Paper mills
– Chemical processing
• Companies
–
–
–
–
Emerson
ABB
Endress & Hauser
Siemens
Emerson “Smart Wireless” starter kit,
shipping since Oct 2006
The De-facto Standard
12 Manufacturers,1 Network – Dust Networks’ TSMP
Emerson
MACTek
Yokogawa
Siemens
Siemens
ABB
Honeywell
Phoenix
Contact
Endress+
Hauser
Elpro
Smar
Pepperl+
Fuchs
Shell Facility
• Motor condition (vibration)
monitoring
• 200-400 temperature and
vibration sensors
• No line power due to hazardous
location rules
• Wiring in sensors would cause a
2 week delay in “first gas”
Dust-enabled Network
1 km
2 km
Statoil
• North Sea Platform
• 22 pressure sensors
• 2 hour installation
vs. 2 days
Predictive Maintenance
"Unscheduled downtime is the largest single factor
eroding plant performance. Over $20 Billion, or almost 5
percent of total production, is lost each year in North
America alone due to unscheduled downtime."
ARC, 2002
“Electric motors consume approximately 60% of all
electricity generated in the United States.“
US DoE, December 2002
Ubiquitous monitoring of
motors, pumps, and
bearings:
Vibration
Temperature
Acoustic
Rail Monitoring: Croda
• Application: Temperature monitoring of
chemical in moving railcars
• Rate-of-rise temperature monitoring critical for safety
and plant performance
– Railcars continuously move, making hard wired
measurement impractical
– Employees had to climb on top of railcars for measurement;
dangerous in winter
• Smart Wireless solutions give early detection of potentially hazardous
rising temperature rise of chemical and eliminate manual readings
– Railcar position had no effect on self-organizing network performance;
line of site not required
– Safety improvement by eliminating operator trips to the top of the railcars
– Early detection means early neutralization procedures, improved plant
safety
“There are savings of $14,600 per year in reduced operations and
maintenance costs, but, the incalculable savings were in safety”
—Denny Fetters, I&E Designer
Parking Monitoring – Streetline Networks
Real-time monitoring of parking for:
Increased enforcement
Dynamic pricing
Real-time vacancy location services
Wireless
sensor node
Building Energy Reduction - Federspiel Controls
HVAC System Retrofits
Demonstrated Energy Savings:
• 3.7 kWh/sf/yr
• 0.34 therms/sf/yr
• Higher savings than conventional
retrofits
Building Maintenance
•
•Temperature & energy consumption monitoring
•2 hour install vs. 4 weeks for wired network
 97% reduction in installation cost
•
•
Rapid retrofit of old
buildings
Energy conservation from
modernizing systems
Platform for additional inbuilding applications
Pharmaceutical Validation and Monitoring
Validation and monitoring of
critical pharmaceutical
processes
– Ensure Regulatory Compliance
– Highly Reliable, Secure Data
Transmission
– Easy to Install and Use
Energy Management
•Energy is the #1 cost of supermarkets
after shelf stock
•Service: monitor, analyze and reduce
power consumption
• Entire network installed
in 3 hours (vs. 3-4
days)
• Typical energy cost
reduction: 10-25%
Perimeter Security
Monitoring for perimeter violations:
Ground vibration (footfalls or vehicles)
Metal (vehicles)
Sound
Motion
Images, data traces, and tracks reported over network
End User Customer Testimonials
“…easier to install
and maintain, with
vastly superior scalability, but it is
also much more cost-effective than
previous approaches. Return on
investment (ROI) is “considerably
less than a year” for the wireless
permanent monitoring systems.” said
Chip Bennettt, KV Pharma
“When Emerson first
approached me with
their industrial wireless
solution, they said ‘We’re
plug and play,’ said Tim Gerami,
senior design engineer at PPG. I have
to admit I laughed; nothing I’d seen so
far was that easy. “But I’m a believer
now. Five minutes after installing it,
the wireless network came to life.
It’s been there ever since.”
Commented Cliff Esmiol,
maintenance supervisor for
Milford Power. “Especially important was the
easy, flexible self-organizing network that could
be installed and operational in a very short time.”
According to
Gary Borham,
operations manager
at Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel, “We are
building an infrastructure that opens up
opportunities for more and more applications.
Wireless transmitters are being installed
farther and farther away from the gateway
without a loss of signal quality. The result is
better information from difficult-to-reach areas
of the mill, and this is helping our personnel
prevent unscheduled downtime, meet
customers’ quality requirements, and optimize
productivity.”
Evolution of a mote
Next Innovation: Localization
• Use radios to calculate the relative position
to each other
• Transmit that information periodically, or
on demand
Two Way Time Transfer (TWTT) TOF
• Measure round trip time
• Choose time at B to be fixed
A sends @ t1
B receives @ t2
A
B
A receives @ t4
B sends @ t3
t3 – t2 = fixed known time twait
TOF = ½ (t4 – t1 – twait)
RF Time of Flight Ranging
Steven Lanzisera
70
60
Time of Flight (ns)
50
Coal mine results
2 m Error
Measurement on 1
40
Measured
Data
30
802.15.4 channel
Ideal
20
1 m Error
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Distance (m)
Takeaway: ~1m position accuracy indoors
Localization applications
• Industrial
– Where is valve 27 anyway?
– Bob is lying down in tank 5
– Everyone is present at the muster point
• Hospital/Medical
–
–
–
–
Where’s the defibrillator?
Dr. Grungy didn’t wash his hands between patients
Syringe LED red until near the right patient
Billing for services by the minute!
• Home/Consumer
–
–
–
–
Where are my car keys?
Why is my TV leaving the house?
Map of friends location at the mall
Location-based services for cell, ipods, …
The Next Wave…
• IP-based consumer & enterprise standards
currently being developed within IETF
• Robust, wire-free IP addressable sensor
networks enables the ‘internet of things’
#/Scale of Connected Devices
H
Consumer/
Home
Transport
Power
M
Retail
Buildings
Healthcare
Industrial
First Wave of
Adopters …..
L
1
Source: Harbor Research
2
Time (Years Out)
Next Wave
3
Discussion
• 10 years later, a real market emerges
– Industrial Automation
– Driven by reliable, secure, low power networks
• Future
– If you could now the status and location of every
asset in real time, how would that change your
business?