Transcript DIT314 ~ Client Operating System & Administration

DIT314 ~ Client Operating System
& Administration
CHAPTER 9
SUPPORTING TCP/IP, DNS USING
WINDOWS XP
Prepared By : Suraya Alias
9.1 Introducing To TCP/IP
TCP/IP – Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
Is a communication language or
protocol for communication
between computers connected to
the internet

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What is IP?

The network protocol used for
sending network packets over
a TCP/IP network or the
internet
What is Subnet?
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What is Subnet mask?
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The unique number ID
assigned to one host or
interface in a network by
Windows XP and others
A 32 bit number used to separate
between the host and network id in
an IP Address
What is Getaway?

What is Address?
A portion of a network sharing a
particular subnet address
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A middle computer (router)
A computer uses a getaway in order
to communicate to other host in a
network
9.2 Configuring and Troubleshooting
TCP/IP
9.2.1 Understanding IP Address
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Decimal Format
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Example : 192.68.20.50 (for us to remember)
Binary Format
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Example : 11000000.01000100.00010100.00110010 (for comp)
Octets
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The four numbers in an IP Address
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Because it has 8 position/bit in binary format
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If you add all the positions, you get 32 (8bit+8bit+8bit+8bit)
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That’s why IP Address is considered a 32-bit numbers!
Example > 11000000.01000100.00010100.00110010
Octet (1)
11000000
8 bit
Octet (2)
01000100
8 bit
Octet (3)
00010100
8 bit
Octet (4)
00110010
8 bit
9.2 Configuring and Troubleshooting
TCP/IP
9.2.1.1 Converting Octets to decimal
By using the power of 2 ;
Example 1;


1
2n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

Example 2;
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 26 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
0 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 (0+64+0+0+0+0+0+1=65)
9.2 Configuring and Troubleshooting
TCP/IP
9.2.1.1 Converting Octets to decimal
Example of IP address represented in decimal and binary

10.
1.
23.
19
00001010 00000001 00010111 00010011
Decimal
Binary
9.2.2 IP Addresses: Network and Host
The octets(8 bit) are used to create classes of IP Address that can be
assigned to business, government or others (based on size and needs)
The octets can be split into NETWORK id and HOST id

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1.
2.
Network id – always contains the first octet, used to identify the network
that a computer belongs to
Host id – contains the last octet, identifies the actual computer on the
network
9.2 Configuring and Troubleshooting
TCP/IP
9.2.2 IP Addresses: Network and Host

There are 5 different classes of network. ( A,B,C,D,E )
IP Classes
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
Usage
Class A
N
H
H
H
- Large
network
(international
company
Class B
N
N
H
H
- Medium
sized net
(college
campus)
Class C
N
N
N
H
- Small to
mid size biz
(small co)
Class D
Multicast
Class E
Experimental
9.2 Configuring and Troubleshooting
TCP/IP
9.2.2 IP Addresses: Network and Host

Range and example of IP Address
IP Address
Range
Example
Class A
1.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
115.24.53.107
N.H.H.H
Class B
128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
145.24.53.107
N.N.H.H
Class C
192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255
195.24.53.107
N.N.N.H
Class D
224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
224.24.53.107
N.H.H.H
Class E
240.0.0.0 – 254.255.255.255
240.24.53.107
N.H.H.H
9.2 Configuring and Troubleshooting
TCP/IP
Classes
Total # Of Bits
For Network ID
/ Host ID
First Octet of
IP Address
Number of Possible
Network IDs
27-2
= 126
# Of Host IDs Per
Network ID
224-2 =
16,277,214
Class A
8 / 24
0xxx xxxx
Class B
16 / 16
10xx xxxx
214 = 16,384
216-2 = 65,534
Class C
24 / 8
110x xxxx
221 = 2,097,152
28-2 = 254
WHY deduct 2 from Host ID? Two addresses cannot be used because
binary addresses with a host portion of all 1 and 0 are INVALID!
9.2 Configuring and Troubleshooting
TCP/IP
9.2.3 Subnet Mask

Used by the TCP/IP protocol to determine whether a host is on local
subnet or on a remote network
IP Address
Range of first octet
Subnet Mask
Class A
0 – 127
255.0.0.0
Class B
128 – 19
255.255.0.0
Class C
192 – 223
255.255.255.0
Class D
224 – 239
N/A
Class E
240 – 255
N/A
9.2 Configuring and Troubleshooting
TCP/IP
9.2.4 Special Address
Special Address
Explanations
Default network
IP Address : 0.0.0.0 , used for default network
Loopback Address
IP Address : 127.0.0.1 ,used by host computer
to send message to itself
Broadcast Address
IP Address : 255.255.255.255 , used to
broadcast message to all computer on a
network
9.2.5 Private Address
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To prevent IP address conflicts between addresses

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
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10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
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172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
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192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
9.3 Assigning IP Address

Windows XP provides 4 methods of assigning IP Addresses to TCP/IP
clients
1) Static IP Addressing
-Manually
configure the IP address
-Time consuming, prone to error
2) Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol
(DHCP)
-Automatic
3) Automatic Private IP
Addressing (APIPA)
-Automatic assign private IP address to client
where DHCP not available
-only can communicate between APIPA
addresses
4) Alternate IP
configuration
- Make use more than one IP at one time, as
long as only one is used at one time
configuration the IP
-Default addressing method in windows XP
9.4 APIPA
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Enables the pc to automatically assign itself an IP address where DHCP is
not available
It selects an IP range from 169.254.0.0 – 169.254.255.255 reserved by IANA
Useful when;
No previous IP Address and no DHCP server
Previous IP Address and no DHCP server
Lease expires and no DHCP server
9.5 Testing TCP/IP connections
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Ping – to check connectivity between devices on a network
Ipconfig – to view current configuration information for a computer
Tracert – to figure out exactly where along the route the breakdown
happened
Pathping – combination of ping and tracert
9.6.1Domain Name System (DNS)
Is a naming system that is used in TCP/IP networks to translate computer names to IP address
Example : www.cosmopoint.com.my equals to 203.142.6.21
Key elements of DNS;
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DNS servers run by companies
Internet service provider
9.6.1 Domain namespace
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Is a naming scheme that provides the hierarchical structure for the DNS database
Domain Namespace
Example
1) Root domain
-
2) Top level domain
-2-4 characters code .
-Example: gov, com, edu
3) Second level domain
-subdomain
-Example: cas.cosmopoint.com
4) Host names
-Leftmost
single domain represented by single period
(.). Example : cosmopoint.com
portion of a fully qualified domain
name (FQDN)
-Example: Computer1.cas.cosmopoint.com