Transcript ICE600-Computer Networks-SARAH

ICE600 – Computer Networks
Seamless QoS Guarantees with
SARAH in Mobile Networks
(Testbed Buildup and S/W Installation)
Kyounghee Lee
[email protected]
Information and Communications University
February 24, 2006
Contents
1.
Introduction
2.
Preliminaries
3.
Proposed Approach
4.
Implementation
5.
Simulation Study
6.
Application
7.
Conclusions
February 24, 2005
2
Introduction
 Preliminaries
 Research Concerns
 Motivation
February 24, 2005
3
Preliminaries

Need for QoS guarantees in mobile Internet

To provide various realtime multimedia services to mobile users
–

Multimedia stream characteristics
–
Broadband
–
Error-sensitive
Intolerant to transmission delay and jitter variance
–

Voice over IP, Video on Demand, Internet broadcasting, etc.
Limitations on QoS guarantees in mobile Internet

Poor communication characteristics in wireless links

Service instability due to host mobility
–
Handoff latency
–
Traffic redirection overhead
February 24, 2005
4
Preliminaries

(Cont’d)
Two popular QoS models in wired Internet


Integrated Services (IntServ) architecture
–
Strict end-to-end QoS guarantees based on per-flow resource
reservation
–
Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP)
–
Generally deployed at access networks
Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architecture
–
Class of Service (CoS) concept
–
Less scalability concerns due to traffic aggregation
–
Appropriate for core networks
 How to adapt IntServ to properly support host mobility at
access networks?
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5
Research Concerns

Well-known issues with RSVP in Mobile IP networks



Mobile IP tunneling issue
–
RSVP message invisibility problem
–
Triangle routing problem
Reservation path invalidation issue
Advance resource reservation scheme

Widely used solution for both two mobility issues

Proactively reserves resources at the locations where a MH may visit

Limitations in current status
–
Indiscriminate/excessive advance reservations  resource
inefficiency and signaling overhead
–
Considerable modifications are required in current Internet
to reduce excessive advance reservations
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6
Motivation

Seamless QoS guarantees for mobile multimedia services

Provides seamless end-to-end QoS to mobile users
–
–

Service quality enhancements
Accommodation of realtime multimedia applications
RSVP adaptation to mobile access networks
–
To appropriately address both Mobile IP tunneling and
reservation path invalidation problems
–
To reduce overhead for excessive advance reservations
–
To be a transparent approach to existing Internet environment
(less modifications and additions)
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7
SARAH Approach
 Overview
 SARAH Procedures
 Features
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8
Overview

Selective Advance Reservations and Resource-aware
Handoff Direction (SARAH)

Three major steps in SARAH
1.
2.
3.
Pseudo Reservation Path (PRP) establishment
–
Movement prediction using link layer (L2) functionalities
–
Resource-aware handoff direction
Extension of Reservation Path (ERP) process
–
PRP activation
–
Traffic forwarding
Optimization for extended Reservation Path (ORP) process
–
–
Adjustment of reservation path to shortest routing path
(using unicast or multicast IP address)
Termination of useless PRPs
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9
Overview
(Cont’d)
1. PRP establishment
2. ERP after handoff
CH
3. ORP
CH
CH
(2)
(1)
BS_A
BS_B
BS_C
BS_A
(3)
BS_B
BS_C
BS_A
BS_B
MH
MH
BS_C
MH
: Inactivated Pseudo Reservation Path (PRP)
: Existing RSVP Session (1),
Activated PRP (2),
Optimized Reservation Path
: Traffic forwarding
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10
SARAH Procedures

PRP establishment (before a handoff)
CH
CH
3.PRP_inform
PRP
4.RSVP path
5.RSVP resv
BS_A
BS_B
2.PRP_init
BS_C
BS_A
BS_B
BS_C
PRP_init_ack
1.L2 beacon
MH
MH
(a)
Original RSVP
session
(b)
Inactivated PRP
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SARAH & RSVP
control flow
11
SARAH Procedures

(Cont’d)
ERP process (after a handoff)
CH
CH
PRP
Activated PRP
1.PRP_activate
BS_A
BS_B
BS_C
BS_A
BS_B
BS_C
MH
MH
(a)
(b)
Original RSVP session & Activated PRP
SARAH & RSVP control flow
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Inactivated PRP
Traffic forwarding
12
SARAH Procedures

(Cont’d)
ORP process using unicast IP address
–


February 24, 2005
Establishes a new RSVP
session and replaces the
original one
When the network does
not support IP multicast
When incoming MH
already participates in
unicast RSVP session
13
SARAH Procedures

(Cont’d)
ORP process using multicast IP address
–


February 24, 2005
Joins the existing
multicast RSVP session
Better network
utilization
Less reservation
requirement
14
Features

Pseudo reservation

Advance reservation in SARAH

Advantages
–
–
–
Established between two neighboring base stations (BSs)
 shortens the average length of advance reservation path
Established and managed in the same way as a normal RSVP
session  no additional RSVP messages, transparent to
intermediate routers
Inactive resources can be shared with best-effort traffic by
scheduling policy

Traffic blocking at BSs enables pseudo reservations to be inactive

PRP activation is performed by traffic forwarding at BSs
 Requires no modification at intermediate routers
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15
Features

(Cont’d)
Initial RSVP setup to escape Mobile IP tunneling
CH
HA
HA
CH
4.Path (2)
& resv
3.resv
2.path
3.resv-err + BU
(CoA = BS)
BS
BS
1.RSVP_init
(Tspec)
(a) MH is a sender
1.path (1)
2.RSVP_init
(Tspec, Rspec)
(b) MH is a receiver
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Features

(Cont’d)
Host movement detection scheme

Detects L2 beacon frames from multiple reachable BSs

(assuming underlying networks such as IEEE 802.11)
Control messages
– PRP_init: notification of movement
– PRP_inform: initiation of PRP establishment
Neighbor mapping table in each BS


 Reduces the number of pseudo reservation paths (PRPs)
3. PRP_inform
cBS
nBS
cBS: Current BS
nBS: New BS
2. PRP_init
1. L2 beacon
MH
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Features

(Cont’d)
Neighbor mapping table

Binding between neighboring BS’s MAC address and IP address

Referred for host movement detection

Example of a neighbor mapping table
R: Support for RSVP
S: Support for SARAH
BS ID
MAC Address (Wireless)
Network ID
IP Address (Wired)
R
S
1
00:20:A6:4C:99:BE
220.69.186.0/24
220.69.186.145
1
1
2
00:02:2D:0B:6F:E5
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.1.2
1
0
3
00:20:A6:4C:99:95
220.69.187.0/24
220.69.187.128
1
1
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Features

(Cont’d)
Resource-aware handoff direction scheme

MH chooses its next BS by
BS_A
Beacon_A
signal strength of L2 beacon frames
resource availability
BS_B
MH
BS_A
BS_B
MH
Beacon_B
Move
(2)
BS_C
(4)
(1)
BS_C
(3)
(1): CRP_init (BS_A, BS_B)
(2), (3): CRP_inform,
RSVP path,
RSVP resv
(4): CRP_init_ack (BS_A or BS_B)
or CRP_init_rej
* Beacon_A > Beacon_B
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Implementation
 System Architecture
 Testbed Configuration
 MPEG Video Streaming Service
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System Architecture

Overall framework of SARAH
CH
Application
SARAH Adaptation
Module
BS
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
Neighbor
BS
RSVP
Mobile IP
adaptation
SARAH BS Demon
Mobile IP
RSVP
MH
Application
SARAH Adaptation
Module
Data flow
Control flow
TCP/UDP
February 24, 2005
IEEE
802.11
Mobile IP
21
Testbed Configuration
CH
RSVP
SAM
HA
: NIC (IEEE 802.3)
: NIC (IEEE 802.11b)
: Hub
: RSVP session
R
Subnet B
(wired)
Subnet A
(Wired)
BS1
RSVP
SBD
Traffic
scheduler
Mobile IP
Subnet C
(Wireless)
BS2
Subnet D
(Wireless)
MH
SAM
Mobile IP
February 24, 2005
OS: Linux ker 2.2.12 & 2.2.14
Mobile IP: HUT Dynamics 0.8.1 [DynMIP]
RSVP: ISI release 4.2a4 [ISIRSVP]
Scheduling: ALTQ 3.0 [ALTQ]
22
MPEG Video Streaming Service

Service Scenarios
•
On aforementioned testbed
•
Background traffic generation:
MGEN tool [MGEN]
•
Maximum throughput of wired
network: 9.3 Mbps
•
Wired subnet A: non-congested
•
Wired subnet B: congested



•
CH
Video
stream
BS1
8.1 Mbps background traffic
1.6 Mbps video traffic
(IP and UDP headers: 14%)
R
Background
traffic
BS2
move
Subnet 1
Subnet 2
Movement of MH:
Subnet 1  subnet 2
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Testbed Buildup
 Outline
 ISI RSVP Installation
 Dynamics Mobile IP Installation
 SARAH Installation
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Outline

Configuration of experimental testbed

Build testbed frame
–

OS installation
–

Connection of PCs, H/W equipment
Linux (RedHat recommended)
Network configuration
–
IP subneting, IP masquerading
–
Wireless LAN devices
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Outline

(Cont’d)
RSVP installation

ISI distribution
–
–


http://www.isi.edu/div7/rsvp/rsvp.html
Latest rel4.2a4-1
Patch for Linux OS
Traffic scheduler setting (router)
–
Kernel recompile

Test of RSVP operation (RTAP or RSVP demon debug mode)

Traffic generation tool (MGEN)
–
http://pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/mgen
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Outline

(Cont’d)
Mobile IP installation

Dynamics Mobile IPv4
–
http://dynamics.sourceforge.net
Stable version 0.8.1
Test of Mobile IP operation (DynTool)
–


SARAH installation

SARAH BS Demon (SBD): base station

SARAH Test Application: mobile host, correspondent host
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Outline

(Cont’d)
MPEG streaming application



Installation of video server
Video client
– MpegTV player
– http://www.mpegtv.com
MPEG streaming test
– Network congestion
– Host handoff
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ISI RSVP Installation


Base station, correspondent host

Source code patch for Linux OS

Compile
– Source code modification
– Makefile configuration
Router

Linux kernel options: modules
Traffic scheduler
– Class-based Queue (CBQ)
Iproute2 S/W installation (if needed)
Patch for Linux OS
Compile
– Source code modification
– Makefile configuration
CBQ configuration
–




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ISI RSVP Installation

(Cont’d)
Source code extraction & patch
[root@LinuxServer /]# cd /usr/src/
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp rsvpd.rel4.2a4-1.tar.gz ./rsvp
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp linux-tc.tar.gz ./rsvp
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp rsvp.patch.txt ./rsvp
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd ./rsvp
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# tar xvzf rsvpd.rel4.2a4-1.tar.gz
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# tar xvzf linux-tc.tar.gz
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# patch –p0 < rsvp.patch.txt
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# cd rel4.2a4/rsvpd

Source code modification
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd]# vi rsvp_specs.c
Line 1189: return (log(x))  return (2.303*log10(x))
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ISI RSVP Installation

(Cont’d)
Makefile configuration
#
# XXX Changing defines is not visible to the dependency rules; do a
# "make clean" if you change one!
#
DEFINES = -DDEBUG -DSCHEDULE -DRTAP -DSECURITY -DSTATS -DRSVP_DIAG \
-DAPI_USE_NET_BO -DISI_TEST \
-DISI_FLOW_LABEL -DNO_IPV6
# Select Traffic Control adaptation module object
#Linux end host
TCOBJS = tc_test.o rsvp_LLkern.o
# Linux traffic control
#TCOBJS = tc_cbq.o tc_filter.o tc_linux.o tc_qdisc.o rsvp_LLkern.o
# ALTQ adaptation module(s)
#TCOBJS = tc_cbq.o tc_cbqinit.o tc_cbqatm.o rsvp_LLkern.o
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RSVP Installation

(Cont’d)
Compilation
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd]# make depend
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd]# make

CBQ configuration in Linux
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/]# cp cbqinit.eth2 ./rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/]# cd rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/]# vi cbqinit.eth2
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/]# chmod +x cbqinit.eth2
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/]# cbqinit.eth2
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RSVP Installation

(Cont’d)
RSVP execution & test
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd]# ./rsvpd –D
T1> dest udp 192.168.1.2/6000  (S)
T1> dest udp 192.168.1.2/6000  (D)
T1> sender 102.168.0.3/5000 [t 600k 500k 1M 50 1500]  (S)
T1> reserve wf [cl 600k 500k 1M 50 1500]  (D, controlled load)
T1> close (both)
T1> reserve wf [g 700k 0 600k 500k 1M 50 1500]  (D, guaranteed service)
*Rspeccl = {max packet arrival, token bucket size, token bucket rate,
minimum policed unit, max packet size}
*Rspecgs = {service rate, slack term, max packet arrival, token bucket
size, token bucket rate, minimum policed unit, max packet size}
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RSVP Installation

(Cont’d)
Traffic generation
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# vi sender.script  (S)
PORT 5000
00000 1 ON 203.253.50.100:6000 PERIODIC 500 1250 RSVP [t 7000000 10000
1250000 50 1500]
10000 2 ON 203.253.50.100:6001 PERIODIC 600 1250
20000 1 OFF
20000 2 OFF
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# vi receiver.script  (R)
PORT 6000-6009
03000 RESV 203.253.50.100:6000 WF [gx 700000 0 700000 10000 1250000 50
1500]
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# ./mgen input sender.script  (S)
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# ./drec input recievr.script output out.log  (R)
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# vi out.log  (R)
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Dynamics MIPv4 Installation

Binary distribution



Source code distribution



Home agent, foreign agent, mobile host demons
Development libraries and header files
Source code compilation
– System configuration
– Make
Configuration file setting
– dynhad.conf, dynfad.conf, dynmnd.conf
Host mobility support test


Mobility management: dynmn_tool
– Provides useful information for mobile networks
– Enables to force a handoff
Handoff latency measurement
February 24, 2005
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Dynamics MIPv4 Installation

(Cont’d)
Source code extraction & compilation
[root@LinuxServer /]# cd /usr/src/
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp dynamics-0.8.1.tar.gz ./
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# tar xvzf dynamics-0.8.1.tar.gz
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd dynamics-0.8.1
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# ./configure
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# make
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# make install

Configuration file setting
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/ha]# vi dynhad.conf  HA
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/fa]# vi dynfad.conf  FA
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/mn]# vi dynmnd.conf  MH
* Copy all configuration files into /etc directory before execution
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Dynamics MIPv4 Installation

(Cont’d)
Execution
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/ha]# modprobe ipip; ./dynhad&  HA
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/fa]# modprobe ipip; ./dynfad&  FA
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/mn]# ./dynmnd&  MN

Handoff test
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/mn]# ./dynmn_tool  MN
 Command
– status: shows the current link and network status
– list: shows the list of reachable FAs
– force [fa_addr]: forces a handoff to the designated FA
– careof: shows the current acre-of-address of the MH
* Please check the manual for more information
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SARAH Installation

SARAH BS demon - source code extraction & compilation
[root@LinuxServer /]# cd /usr/src/
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp sarah_v0.21.tar.gz ./
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# tar xvzf sarah_v0.21.tar.gz
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd sarah_v0.21/sarahd
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/sarahd]# vi sarahd.conf
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/sarahd]# make
* You will get “sarahd” execution file

Configuration file setting
 “sarahd.conf”
February 24, 2005
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SARAH Installation

(Cont’d)
Test application - source code compilation
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd sarah_v0.21/test
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi ch_test_server.c
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi ch_test_server.c
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi mh_test_cllient.c
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi mh_stream_client.c
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi mh_stream_client.c
[root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# make
* You will get “ch_test_server”, “ch_test_client”, “mh_test_server”,
“mh_test_client” and “mh_stream_lient” execution files

Source file configuration

“ch_test_server.c”, “ch_test_client.c”

“mh_test_server.c”, “mh_test_client.c”

“mh_stream_client.c”
February 24, 2005
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SARAH Installation

Video client - MPEG TV


(Cont’d)
Latest version
– http://www.mpegtv.com
– Get full source codes or binary files
SARAH execution

Run “sarahd” at each BS

File transmission test
Run “mh_test_client” at MH
– Run “ch_test_server” at CH
MPEG streaming test
– Open MPEG TV player at MH (with UDP streaming mode)
–

–
Run “mh_stream_client” at MH
–
Run “ch_test_server” at CH
February 24, 2005
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References
[ALTQ] “Alternate Queueing,” available at ftp://ftp.csl.sony.co.jp/pub/kjc/altq-3.1.tar.gz
[Awduche97] D. Awduche and E. Agu, “Mobile extensions to RSVP,” in Proceedings 6th International Conference on Computer
Communications and Networks, pp. 132–136. Sep. 1997.
[Bennett96] J. C. R. Bennett and H. Zhang, “WF2Q: Worst-Case Fair Weighted Fair Queueing”, in Proceedings of the 15th
Conference of IEEE Communications Society (INFOCOM’96), Mar. 1996.
[Blake98] S. Blake, D. Black, M. Carlson, E. Davies, Z. Wang, W. Weiss, “An Architecture for Differentiated Services,” RFC
2475 on IETF, Dec. 1998.
[Braden94] R. Braden, D. Clark, and S. Shenker, “Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: an Overview,” RFC 1633 on
IETF, June 1994.
[Braden97] R. Braden, L. Zhang, S. Berson, S. Herzog and S. Jamin, “Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) – Version 1
Functional Specification,” RFC 2205 on IETF, Sep. 1997.
[Bernet00] V. Bernet, R. Yavatkar, P. Ford, F. Baker, L. Zhang, M. Speer, R. Braden, B. Davie, J. Wroclawski, E. Felstaine, “A
Framework for Integrated Services Operation over Diffserv Networks,” RFC 2998 on IETF, Nov. 2000.
[Caceres99] R. Caceres and V. N. Padmanabhan, “Fast and Scalable Wireless Handoffs in Supports of Mobile Internet Audio,”
ACM Mobile Networking and Applications (MONET), pp. 351-363, Vol. 3, Issue 4, 1999.
[Calhoun00] P. Calhoun, “FA Assisted Hand-off,” Internet Draft on IETF, Mar. 2000.
[Camp02] T. Camp, J. Boleng, V. Davies, “A Survey of Mobility Models for Ad Hoc Network Research,” Wireless
Communications and Mobile Computing, vol.2, no.5, pp. 483-502, 2002.
[Chang00a] R. Chang and A. Chu, “Supporting quality of service communications for mobile hosts with advanced resource
reservations,” Journal of Internet Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.1-10, 2000.
[Chang00b] R. Chang and H.-Y. Lu, “Predictive resource reservation in wireless cellular networks,” in Proceedings of the ICS
Workshop on Computer Networks, Internet and Multimedia, pp.130-137, Dec. 2000.
[Chen00] W. Chen and L. Huang, “RSVP mobility support: A signaling protocol for integrated services Internet with mobile
hosts,” 15th Conference of IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Vol. 3, pp.1283-1292, Mar. 2000.
[Chiruvolu99] G. Chiruvolu, A. Agrawal and M. Vandenhoute, “Mobility and QoS support for IPv6-based real-time wireless
Internet traffic,” in Proceedings of 1999 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Vol. 1, pp.334-338, June 1999.
[Demers89] A. Demers, S. Keshav and S. Shenker, “Design and Analysis of a Fair Queueing Algorithm,” in Proceedings of
ACM SIGCOMM’89, Sep. 1989.
[DynMIP] “Dynamics MIP - HUT Mobile IP implementation,” available at http://www.cs.hut.fi/Research/Dynamics.
[Foo00] C.C. Foo and K.C. Chua, “Implementing resource reservations for mobile hosts in the Internet using RSVP and mobile
IP,” in Proceedings of IEEE 51st Vehicular Technology Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 1323–1327, May 2001.
February 24, 2005
41
References
(Cont’d)
[Grossman02] D. Grossman, “New Terminology and Clarifications for Diffserv,” RFC 3260 on IETF, Apr. 2002.
[Gustafson02] E. Gustafsson, A. Jonson, and C. E. Perkins, “Mobile IP Regional Registration,” Internet Draft on IETF, Oct. 2002.
[HPMIP] M. Rodriguez, “An implementation of Mobile IP under Linux,” available at
http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/MobileIP.
[Hsu99] L. Hsu, R. Purnadi and S.S.P. Wang, “Maintaining quality of service (QoS) during handoff in cellular system with
movement prediction schemes,” in Proceedings of 50th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Vol. 4, pp. 2153–2157, Sep.
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[ISIRSVP] “RSVP Code rel4.2a3,” available at ftp://ftp.isi.edu/rsvp/release.
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Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp.46-54, June 2000.
[Koodli05] R. Koodli, “Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6,” RFC 4068 on IETF, July 2005.
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[Lee03b] E. Lee, S. Byun and M. Kim, "A Translator between Integrated Service/RSVP and Differentiated Service for End-toEnd QoS," in Proceedings of IEEE 10th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT 2003), Vol. 2, pp.1394-1401,
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[Levine97] D. A. Levine, I. F. Akyildiz and M. Naghshineh, “A resource estimation and call admission algorithm for wireless
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networks using RSVP,” in Proceedings of The 9th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications, Vol. 1, pp. 50–54, Sep. 1998.
[Mahadevan00] I. Mahadevan and K. Sivalingam, “Architecture and Experimental Results for Quality of Service in Mobile
Networks using RSVP and CBQ,” ACM Wireless Networks 6, pp. 221-234, Jul. 2000.
[Mahmoodian99] A. Mahmoodian and G. Haring, “A resource allocation mechanism to provide guaranteed service to mobile
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[Malki02] K. Malki, P. Calhoun, T. Hiller, J. Kempf, P. McCann, A. Singh, H. Soliman, S. Thalanany, “Low Latency Handoffs in
Mobile IPv4,” Internet Draft on IETF, Jun. 2002.
[McCann05] P. McCann, “Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers for 802.11 Networks,” RFC 4260 on IETF, Nov. 2005.
[MGEN] “The Multi-Generator Tool,” available at http://pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/mgen.
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Communications Magazine, pp.52–59, Dec. 2001.
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IEEE Conference on Local Computer Network (LCN 2001), pp. 630-637, 2001.
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[Perkins98] C. E. Perkins, Mobile IP – Design Principles and Practices, Addison-Wesley, 1998.
[Perkins99] C. E. Perkins, “Route Optimization in mobile IP,” Internet Draft on IETF, Feb. 1999.
[Postel81] J. Postel, “Internet Protocol,” STD 5, RFC 791 on IETF, Sep. 1981.
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Network,” in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 97, Vol. 3, Apr. 1997.
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[Talukdar01] A. K. Talukdar, B. R. Badrinath, A. Acharya, “MRSVP: a resource reservation protocol for an integrated service
networks with mobile hosts”, ACM Wireless Networks, Vol.7, Issue 1, Jan. 2001.
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[Terzis00] A. Terzis, J. Krawczyk, J. Wroclawski and L. Zhang, “RSVP operation over IP tunnels,” RFC 2746 on IETF, Jan. 2000.
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Specifications”, ISO/IEC 8802.11:1999(E), IEEE Standard 802.11 1999 Edition, Aug. 1999.
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February 24, 2005
44
Appendix 1.

Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP)
R2
R5
resv
Sender
R1
resv
path
path
Receiver2
R4
R3
Sender (port)
Receiver (port)
Tspec
phop
path
resv
Sender (port)
Receiver (port)
Flowspec
phop
Receiver1



Tspec: traffic spec requested by sender
Flowspec: reservation requirements to routers
phop: previous hop
RFC 2205 on IETF
Signaling protocol for resource reservation in IntServ networks
Resources are reserved along a fixed path in the reverse direction that a path
message has been delivered (receiver-initiated approach)
February 24, 2005
45
Appendix 2.

RSVP message invisibility
IP
RSVP
Routing
daemon
–
–
RSVP
daemon
Router
IP
IP RSVP
FA
MH
IP
R
CH
IP
RSVP
IP
IP
RSVP
R
IP
RSVP
R
IP
IP

RSVP
R
RSVP
IP
R
HA
IP
IP
+
IP
RSVP
IP tunnel
RSVP
?
Routing
daemon
Protocol ID = 46 (RSVP)
RSVP signal messages
are encapsulated within
an IP-in-IP tunnel
Intermediate routers
cannot reserve the
requested resources
RSVP
daemon
MH: mobile host
HA: home agent
FA: foreign agent
Router
February 24, 2005
46
Appendix 3.

Triangle routing problem
FA
IP tunnel
–
2.resv
MH
HA

an optimal
routing path
1.path
CH
February 24, 2005

RSVP resv messages
should be directed to
pass an IP tunnel
Modifications required to
RSVP
Inefficiency in resource
consumptions due to
non-optimal routing path
47
Appendix 4.

Reservation path invalidation
CH
CH
cannot guarantee
requested QoS!
R
R
R
BS
MH
R
BS
BS
BS
move
Wireless cell A
MH
Wireless cell B
Wireless cell A
BS:
February 24, 2005
Wireless cell B
Traffic routing path
Reserved path
Base station
48
Appendix 5.

Advance reservation-based approaches



Proactively reserves resources at all neighbor locations
MRSVP [Talukdar99,01], RSVP path extension [Mahadevan98,00],
Dynamic resource sharing [Mahmoodian99], Multicast-based approach
[Chen00], HMRSVP [Tseng03], IARSVP [Wang05]
Excessive reservation requirements for advance reservations (several
times higher than active reservation)
February 24, 2005
49
Appendix 6.

Cross-layer interaction
SNR
(dB)
BS1
MH movement direction
PRP
establishment
BS2
L2
roaming
PRP
activation
L3
handoff
CST
Delta
SNR
active scan
CSP
CST: cell switching threshold
CSP: cell searching point
SNR: signal-to-noise ratio
February 24, 2005
50
Appendix 7.

General format of SARAH messages
IP header
0
UDP header
8
SARAH
common header
SARAH message
contents
16
24
A R S M
Message type
Sequence number
31
Reserved
Message length
Information object content (if any)
A: acknowledgement
R: result
S: service type
M: MH’s role (sender or receiver)
Common header
February 24, 2005
51
Appendix 8.

Types of control messages
Message type
Src / Dst
Step
Description (containing information)
RSVP_init
MH / cBS
RSVP setup
initializes a RSVP setup process between CH and cBS (Tspec, Rspec,
CH’s address and port)
RSVP_init_ack
cBS / MH
RSVP setup
replies to an RSVP_init message (on success: RSVP session flow ID)
PRP_init
MH / cBS
ERP
requests cBS to establish a PRP from/to nBS (MAC address of nBS)
PRP_init_ack
cBS / MH
ERP
replies to a PRP_init message on success (MAC and IP address of nBS
that admits a PRP)
PRP_init_rej
cBS / MH
ERP
replies to the PRP_init message on failure (none)
PRP_inform
cBS / nBS
ERP
initializes a PRP setup process between cBS and nBS (Tspec, Rspec)
PRP_inform_ack
nBS / cBS
ERP
replies to a PRP_inform message (none)
PRP_activate
cBS / pBS
ERP
requests/notifies the activation of a PRP (MH’s home address and port)
PRP_activate_ack
pBS / cBS
ERP
replies to a PRP_activate message (none)
PRP_opt
pBS / cBS
ORP
requests cBS to start an ORP process (MH’s home address and port)
PRP_opt_ack
cBS / pBS
ORP
replies to a PRP_opt message (none)
RSVP_switch
cBS / CH
ORP
requests CH to make and use a new RSVP session instead of the
original one (flow IDs of the original RSVP session and a new RSVP
session)
RSVP_switch_ack
CH / cBS
ORP
Replies to a RSVP_switch message (none)
PRP_release
cBS / pBS
ORP
requests pBS to terminate the original reservation path (MH’s home
address and port)
PRP_release_ack
pBS / cBS
ORP
replies to a PRP_release message (none)
February 24, 2005
52
Appendix 9.

Handoff latency in Mobile IP and SARAH
Active scan &
First L2 beacon
Mobile IP
registration request
Need for new
association
Mobile IP Handoff
completion
Handoff latency in L2 and L3 (TH)
Passing through
overlapped area
(  0)
Mobile IP solicitation
& advertising
(  0)
Mobile IP
registration time
(  36)
PRP activation
& forwarding
(  11)
Time (ms)
0
PRP establishment
(  22)
L2 roaming
(  0, trivial)
February 24, 2005
53
Appendix 10.
Latency for ERP/ORP process

(a) ERP latency
L2 roaming & Mobile IP handoff
ERP process completion
New RSVP session establishment
Time (ms)
0
112
123
141
ORP start
ORP delay
(9 ms)
ERP data forwarding
Total ORP processing time
(b) ORP latency
Time (ms)
307 316
0
February 24, 2005
54
Appendix 11.

Average data transmission rates



250 kbytes (2 Mbps) reserved
250 data packets per sec, each packet 1024 bytes
Link capacity: 9.3 (wired) vs. 4.7 (wireless) Mbps
 9 Mbps background traffic
February 24, 2005
55
Appendix 12.

ERP performance with distance between CH and MH

Comparison between SARAH and RSVP re-establishment
February 24, 2005
56
Appendix 13.

ORP performance with distance between CH and MH


ORP delay: 9 ms (2 hops)  13 ms (7 hops)
Negligible for multimedia streaming
February 24, 2005
57
Appendix 14.

MPEG streaming
service framework
Video Server (CH)
Service
Req/Ack
MPEG-1 Stream Server
MPEG-1 stream
Control flow
SARAH Adaptation
Module
BS
UDP
Neighbor
BS
UDP
Route
Optimization
Emulator
RSVP
SARAH BS Demon
Client (MH)
Route
Optimization
Emulator
Mobile IP
MPEG-1 Player
[MpegTV]
RSVP
Client
Assistant
SARAH Adaptation
Module
UDP
Binding Update
& Ack (emulation)
Mobile IP
Registration
February 24, 2005
IEEE
802.11b
Mobile IP
58
Appendix 15.

Control message flow for MPEG streaming service

Before a handoff
Video
Server
BS1
BS2
Client
service_req
service_req_ack
RSVP path (home addr)
RSVP err + binding_update
RSVP_init
binding_update_ack
RSVP path (CoA)
RSVP resv
MPEG-1 stream
L2 beacon
Movement detection
PRP_init
PRP_inform
PRP_inform_ack
RSVP path (PRP)
RSVP resv (PRP)
Client handoff
Time
February 24, 2005
59
Appendix 15.

(Cont’d)
Control message flow for MPEG streaming service (cont’d)

After a handoff
Video
Server
BS1
BS2
Client
Client handoff
PRP_activate
PRP_activate_ack
MPEG-1 stream
PRP_opt
RSVP_switch
RSVP path
RSVP resv
RSVP_switch_ack
MPEG-1 stream
PRP_opt_ack
Time
RSVP_teardown
PRP_release
February 24, 2005
60
Appendix 16.

MPEG video streaming rate variation


Background traffic in Subnet D
Handoff arises from Subnet C to Subnet D (congested)
Data rate
(Mbps)
9
8
7
6
5
Background traffic
MPEG-1 stream
4
handoff
3
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time (sec)
February 24, 2005
61
Appendix 17.

Comparison of video streaming rate variations

Route optimization scheme is emulated for RSVP state restoration

QoS disruption with RSVP: 12 sec (RSVP refresh interval: 30 sec)
Data rate 2
(Mbps) 1.9
SARAH with RSVP
RSVP with route optimization
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
handoff
1
0.9
0.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time (sec)
February 24, 2005
62
Appendix 18.
Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of MPEG stream

Average PSNR variation after a handoff
– SARAH with RSVP: 69.1 dB  68.6 dB
– RSVP with route optimization: 69.6 dB  48.85 dB
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
PSNR (dB)
PSNR (dB)

50
40
50
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
handoff
0
handoff
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Frames
0
200
(a) SARAH with RSVP
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Frames
(b) RSVP with route optimization
PSNR < 20.0 dB: video frame entirely lost
PSNR = 78.13 dB: no quality loss in video frame
February 24, 2005
63
Appendix 19.
RSVP-DiffServ Translation

Resource
reservation
Resource
reservation
Access network
(IntServ region)
ER/TR
Backbone network
(DiffServ region)
Access network
(IntServ region)
ER/TR
Receiver
Sender
Setting
forwarding class
ER/TR: Edge router/IntServ-DiffServ translator
: Resource reservation setup
: Data packets



RFC 2998 on IETF
Less scalability concerns in backbone network
Per-flow end-to-end QoS for end hosts
 Host mobility should be supported in access networks
February 24, 2005
64