Transcript Categories of Networks

Computer Network
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Part 1 : 데이터 통신과 네트워킹 개요
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Chapter 1. Introduction (서론)
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1.1 Data Communications
Data communication is the process of communicating
information of binary form between two or more points.
Data communication is the exchange of data (in the
form of 0s and 1s) between two devices via some form
of transmission medium(such as a wire cable)
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Fundamental Characteristics (기본 특성)
 The effectiveness of a data communication system depends on
three fundamental characteristics
전달(Delivery)
~ must deliver data to the correct destination (the intended
device or user)
정확성(Accuracy)
~ must deliver data accurately
적시성(Timeliness)
~ must deliver data in a timely manner
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Data communication system components
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Data communication system components (cont’d)
 메시지(Message)
~ is the information(data) to be communicated.
(text, numbers, pictures, sound, video or any combination of
these)
 송신자(Sender)
~ is the device that sends the data message.
(computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera)
 수신자(Receiver)
~ is the device that receives the message.
(computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera)
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Data communication system components (cont’d)
 전송매체(Medium)
~ is the physically path by which a message travels from sender
to receiver.
(twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber- optic cable, laser , or
radio waves(terrestrial or satellite microwave))
 프로토콜(Protocol)
~ is a set of rules that govern data communication.
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Data Presentation
 Text
 ASCII : by ANSI, 7bits
 Extended ASCII, 8bits
 Unicode : 16 bits
 ISO : 32bits
 Numbers : see Appendix B
 Images
 Audio : continuous
 Video
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Direction of Data Flow
~ is used to define the direction of signal flow between two link
devices
 단방향(Simplex)
is unidirectional, as on a one-way street (keyboard, monitor)
 반이중(Half-Duplex)
each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same
time
 전이중(Full-Duplex)
both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously
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Direction of Data Flow
 Simplex
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Direction of Data Flow
 Half-Duplex
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Direction of Data Flow
 Full-Duplex
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1.2 네트워크(Networks)
~ is a set of devices(nodes) connected by media links.
 장치(Device or Node)
- computer, printer, any other device capable of sending and/or
receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
 링크(Link)
- communication channel
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분산처리(Distributed processing)
 In which a task is divided among multiple computers.
 Advantage
1. Security/encapsulation
- A system designer can limit the kinds of interactions that a
given user can have with the entire system. For example, ATM
(Automated Teller Machine)
2. Distributed databases
- No one system needs to provide storage capacity for the
entire database.
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Distributed processing (cont’d)
3. Faster problem solving
- Multiple computers working on parts of a problem concurrently can
often solve the problem faster than a single machine working
alone.
4. Security through redundancy
- Multiple computers running the same program at the same time
can provide security through redundancy (ex: space shuttle)
5. Collaborative processing
- Both multiple computers and multiple users may interact on a task
(ex: multiuser network games)
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네트워크 평가기준(Network Criteria)
Data communication
network criteria
Performance
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Reliability
Security
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Performance (성능)
 Depends on a number of factors.
number of users
type of transmission medium(data rate)
hardware
software : error-free delivery
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Reliability (신뢰성)
 Frequency of failure
 Recovery time of a network after a failure
 Catastrophe
Networks must be protected from catastrophic events such as fire,
earthquake, or theft.
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보안 (Security)
 Unauthorized access
 Viruses and Worms
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Physical Structures
 Type of Network Connection
점-대-점(Point-to-point)

~ provides a dedicated link between two devices.
다중 점(Multipoint) : multidrop

~ is configuration in which more than two specific devices share a
single link
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Type of Network Connection
 point-to-point
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Type of Network Connection
 Multipoint
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Physical Topology

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Physical Topology
Mesh
Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to
every other device.
A fully connected mesh network therefore has n(n1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
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Physical Topology
 Mesh
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Mesh (cont’d)
Advantages
The use of dedicated links guarantees that each
connection can carry its data load.
Mesh topology is robust.
Privacy and security.
Point-to-point links make fault identification and fault
isolation easy.
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그물형 (cont’d)
Disadvantages
~ are related to the amount of cabling and the number
of I/O ports
because every device must be connected to every
other device, installation and reconfiguration are
difficult
the sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater than the
available space(in walls, ceiling, or floors) can
accommodate
the hardware required to connect each link (I/O port
and cable) can be prohibitively expensive
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스타형 (Star : 성형)
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to
a central controller, usually called a hub
 스타형 (Star : 성형)
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Star (cont’d)
Advantage
Each device needs only one link and one I/O port to
connect it to any number of others (easy to install
and reconfigure)
Robustness

if one link fails, only that link is affected
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트리형 (Tree)
is a variation of a star
active hub(central hub)
~ contains a repeater, which is a hardware device
that generates the received bit patterns before
sending them out
passive hub
~ provides a simple physical connection between
the attached devices
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버스형 (Bus)
is multipoint. One long cable acts as a backbone to link
all the devices in the network
Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and
taps
drop line
~ is a connection running between the device and the main
cable
tap
~ is a connector either splices into the main cable or
punctures the sheathing of a cable to create a contact with
the metallic core
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Bus 형
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Bus (cont’d)
Advantages
~ include ease of installation
Disadvantages
~ include difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation
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링형 (Ring)
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point line configuration only
with the two devices on either side of it
 Advantage
~ is relatively easy to install and reconfigure
~ fault isolation is simplified
 Disadvantage
unidirectional traffic

break in the ring can disable the entire network
--> needs dual ring
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네트워크 분류 (Categories of Networks)
three primary categories
근거리 통신망 (LAN)
도시 통신망 (MAN)
광역 통신망 (WAN)
size, ownership, distance it cover, physical architecture
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Categories of Networks (cont’d)
Network
Local area networks
(LAN)
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Metropolitan area network
(MAN)
Wide area network
(WAN)
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Categories of Networks (cont’d)
LAN(Local Area Networks)
~ is usually privately owned and links the devices in a
single office, building or campus
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Categories of Networks (cont’d)
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Categories of Networks (cont’d)
MAN(Metropolitan Area Networks)
~ is designed to extend over an entire city
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Categories of Networks (cont’d)
WAN(Wide Area networks)
~ provides long-distance transmission of data, voice,
image, and video information over large
geographical areas that may comprise a country, a
continent, or even the whole world
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Categories of Networks (cont’d)
 WAN
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1.3 Internet
 A Brief History
Internet (not internet)
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency: ARPA) – mid-1960s

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the DOD : presented ideas
of ARPANET, 1967

Reality : 1969 (UCLA, UCSB, SRI, U of Utah)
Birth of Internet : in 1972

Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn : Internetting Project
TCP/IP : A paper by Cerf and Kahn in 1973

In 1983, TCP/IP became to official protocol for the ARPANET
MILNET : in 1983
CSNET, NSFNET, ANSNET, …
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Internet Today
 1969. Four-node ARPANET established.
 1970. ARPA hosts implement NCP.
 1973. Development of TCP/IP suite begins.
 1977. An internet tested using TCP/IP.
 1978. UNIX distributed to academic sites.
 1983. TCP/IP becomes the official protocol
 1983. MILNET was born.
 1986. NSFNET established.
 1990. ARPANET replaced by NSFNET.
 1991. WWW by CERN
 1995. NSFNET became a research network.
 1995. ISPs started.
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Internet Today
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1.4 Protocols and Standard
Communication in computer networks
~ occurs between entities in different systems
Entity
~ is anything capable of sending or receiving information
 프로토콜(Protocol)
~ is a set of rules that govern data communication
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Protocol & Standards (cont’d)
 Protocol의 주요 요소
문법 (Syntax)
~ refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning the
order in which they are presented.
의미론 (Semantics)
~ refers to the meaning of each section of bits.
타이밍 (Timing)
~ refers to two characteristics (when data should be sent and
how fast it can be sent)
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Standards
 표준안 (Standards)
~ are essential in creating and maintaining an open and
competitive market for equipment manufactures and in
guaranteeing national and international interoperability of data
and communications technology and processes.
Standards
De facto
(by fact)
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De jure
(by law)
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Standards Organizations (표준화 기구)
 Standard Creation Committees
ISO (The International Standard Organization)
~ created in 1947
~ voluntary organization
~ is an organization dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards in a variety of fields (scientific,
technological, economic activity)
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Standards Organizations (cont’d)
ITU-T(International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standards Sector)
~ is an international standards organization related to the
United Nations that develops standards for
telecommunications.

Two popular standards developed by ITU-T are the V series
(data transmission over phone lines) and the X series
(transmission over public digital networks)
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Standards Organizations (cont’d)
ANSI (American National Standard Institute)
~ is a nonprofit organization and is the U.S. voting
representative to be both the ISO and the ITU-T
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
~ is the largest national professional group involved in
developing standards for computing, communication,
electrical engineering, and electronics)
EIA (Electronic Industries Association)
~ is an association of electronics manufactures in the United
States. (EIA-232-D, EIA-530 standards)
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Standards Organizations (cont’d)
Forums
~ consist of representatives from corporation that test,
evaluate and standardize new technologies.

Frame Relay Forum

ATM Forum and ATM consortium
 Regulatory agencies
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
MIC (Ministry of Communication)
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Internet Standards
Internet standard
is a thoroughly tested specification that is useful to and
adhered by those who work with the Internet
A specification begins as an Internet draft
Working document with no official status and six-month lifetime
RFC (Request for Comment)
Recommendation from Internet authorities
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Standards (cont’d)
 by law standard
~ are those that have been legislated by an officially recognized body.
 by fact standard
~ are often established originally by manufactures seeking to define the
functionality of a new product or technology.
proprietary(closed)
~ are those originally invented by a commercial organization as a
basis for the operation of its products.
nonproprietary(open)
~ are those originally developed by group or committees that have
passed them into the public domain.
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Standards Organizations (표준화 기구)
 Standard Creation Committees
ISO (The International Standard Organization)
~ created in 1947
~ voluntary organization
~ is an organization dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards in a variety of fields (scientific,
technological, economic activity)
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University
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Standards Organizations (cont’d)
ITU-T(International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standards Sector)
~ is an international standards organization related to the
United Nations that develops standards for
telecommunications.

Two popular standards developed by ITU-T are the V
series(data transmission over phone lines) and the X series
(transmission over public digital networks)
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University
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Standards Organizations (cont’d)
ANSI (American National Standard Institute)
~ is a nonprofit organization and is the U.S. voting
representative to be both the ISO and the ITU-T
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
~ is the largest national professional group involved in
developing standards for computing, communication,
electrical engineering, and electronics)
EIA (Electronic Industries Association)
~ is an association of electronics manufactures in the United
States. (EIA-232-D, EIA-530 standards)
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Standards Organizations (cont’d)
Bellcore (now, Telcordia Technologies)
~ provides research and development resources for the
advancement of telecommunications technology.
Forums
~ consist of representatives from corporation that test,
evaluate and standardize new technologies.

Frame Relay Forum

ATM Forum and ATM consortium

IETF(Internet Society and Internet Engineering Task Force)

TINA (Telecommunications Information Networking Architecture)
 Regulatory agencies
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
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Standards Organizations (cont’d)
 한국정보통신기술협회(TTA) : 정보통신부관련
http://www.tta.or.kr
1988년 12월 설립
통신 사업자, 산업체, 학계, 연구기관 및 단체 등의 상호 협력과 유대 강화
국내외 정보통신분야의 최신기술 및 표준에 관한 각종 정보 수집, 조사 연구 및
보급•활용
정보통신 산업 및 기술 진흥과 국민 경제 발전에 기여
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Standards Organizations (cont’d)
 한국산업표준원(KISI) : 산업자원부 관련
http://www.kisi.or.kr
산업표준 연구 개발
표준화 국제 협력 및 진흥
북한 표준 연구
정보산업 표준화
자본재 표준화
KSSN(한국 표준 정보망)운영
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Standards Organizations (cont’d)
 한국전자거래진흥원(KEB)
http://www.keb.or.kr
Korea EDI/EC Board
한국 표준 전자문서(KEDIfact) 제정, 고시
세계 전자문서 표준인 UN/EDIFACT 보급과 제정 활동 참여
전자 거래 실현에 필요한 표준 연구 개발
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