Transcript Safety
Towards Characterizing and Classifying Communication-based Automotive Applications from a Wireless Networking Perspective Fan Bai, Hariharan Krishnan, Varsha Sadekar General Motors Research and Development Center, Warren, Michigan Tamer Elbatt, Gavin Holland HRL Laboratories, Malibu, California Modified and presented by Jason Moulton Outline Introduction Motivation V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications V2V/V2I Application Characterization and Classification Performance Metrics for V2V/V2I Applications Contributions Questions What is a VANET ? Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks Individual nodes different from traditional wireless nodes No power constraint Nodes Vehicle-Vehicle Communication mostly mobile Extends existing infrastructure VehicleInfrastructure Communication A Modern Vehicle is a Computer on Wheels Event data recorder (EDR) Forward radar Positioning system Communication facility - Human-Machine Display Interface - Navigation system Rear radar Computing platform Processing power: comparable with a Personal Computer + a few dozens of specialized processors Communication: typically over a dedicated channel: Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) In the US, 75 MHz at 5.9 GHz; In Europe, 20 MHz requested but not yet allocated) Envisioned protocol: IEEE 802.11p Deployment will be progressive (over 2 decades or so) Safety applications : SVA (Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor) Safety Applications PCN: V2V Post Crash Notification EEBL: Emergency Electronic Brake Light RHCN: Road Hazard Condition Notification RFN: Road Feature Notification CCW: Cooperative Collision Warning CVW: Cooperative Violation Warning Convenience Applications : CRN (Congested Road Notification) Convenience Applications TP: Traffic Probe TOLL: Free Flow Tolling PAN: Parking Availability Notification PSL: Parking Spot Locator Commercial Applications RVP/D: Remote Vehicle Personalization/Diagnostics SA: Service Announcements CMDD: Content, Map or Database Download RTVR: Real-Time Video Relay Outline Introduction Motivation V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications V2V/V2I Application Characterization and Classification Performance Metrics for V2V/V2I Applications Contributions Questions Motivation of the Paper Objective: Categorization of communication-based automotive applications From both application characteristic perspective and networking perspective This effort helps bring the gap between the networking research society (focused on technology development) and the automotive research society (focused on application development) Specifically, The we are interested in representative communication-based automotive applications The key application characteristics and networking attributes The categorization of applications from a network design standpoint The major performance metrics Outline Introduction Motivation V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications V2V/V2I Application Characterization and Classification Performance Metrics for V2V/V2I Applications Contributions Questions V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1) From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications ACRO. SVA EEBL PCN RFN CCW CVW Description A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood Benefits Safety Emergency Electronic Brake Light V2V Post Crash Notification Road Hazard Condition Notification Road Feature Notification A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles Safety Cooperative Collision Warning Cooperative Violation Warning A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal Safety Safety Safety RHCN Name Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor Safety Safety Safety 13 V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1) From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications ACRO. SVA EEBL PCN RFN CCW CVW Description A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood Benefits Safety Emergency Electronic Brake Light V2V Post Crash Notification Road Hazard Condition Notification Road Feature Notification A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles Safety Cooperative Collision Warning Cooperative Violation Warning A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal Safety Safety Safety RHCN Name Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor Safety Safety Safety 14 V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1) From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications ACRO. SVA EEBL PCN RFN CCW CVW Description A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood Benefits Safety Emergency Electronic Brake Light V2V Post Crash Notification Road Hazard Condition Notification Road Feature Notification A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles Safety Cooperative Collision Warning Cooperative Violation Warning A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal Safety Safety Safety RHCN Name Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor Safety Safety Safety 15 V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1) From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications ACRO. SVA EEBL PCN RFN CCW CVW Description A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood Benefits Safety Emergency Electronic Brake Light V2V Post Crash Notification Road Hazard Condition Notification Road Feature Notification A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles Safety Cooperative Collision Warning Cooperative Violation Warning A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal Safety Safety Safety RHCN Name Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor Safety Safety Safety 16 V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1) From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications ACRO. SVA EEBL PCN RFN CCW CVW Description A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood Benefits Safety Emergency Electronic Brake Light V2V Post Crash Notification Road Hazard Condition Notification Road Feature Notification A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles Safety Cooperative Collision Warning Cooperative Violation Warning A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal Safety Safety Safety RHCN Name Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor Safety Safety Safety 17 V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1) From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications ACRO. SVA EEBL PCN RFN CCW CVW Description A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood Benefits Safety Emergency Electronic Brake Light V2V Post Crash Notification Road Hazard Condition Notification Road Feature Notification A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles Safety Cooperative Collision Warning Cooperative Violation Warning A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal Safety Safety Safety RHCN Name Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor Safety Safety Safety 18 V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1) From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications ACRO. SVA EEBL PCN RFN CCW CVW Description A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood Benefits Safety Emergency Electronic Brake Light V2V Post Crash Notification Road Hazard Condition Notification Road Feature Notification A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles Safety Cooperative Collision Warning Cooperative Violation Warning A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal Safety Safety Safety RHCN Name Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor Safety Safety Safety 19 V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1) From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications ACRO. SVA EEBL PCN RFN CCW CVW Description A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood Benefits Safety Emergency Electronic Brake Light V2V Post Crash Notification Road Hazard Condition Notification Road Feature Notification A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles Safety Cooperative Collision Warning Cooperative Violation Warning A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal Safety Safety Safety RHCN Name Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor Safety Safety Safety 20 V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (2) TP TOLL PAN PSL SA CMDD RTVR Free Flow Tolling Parking Availability Notification Parking Spot Locator Remote Vehicle Personalization/ Diagnostics Service Announcements Content Map or Database Download Real-Time Video Relay Description A vehicle reports road congestion to vehicles or road-site units in other regions for the purposes of route and trip planning Vehicles aggregate traffic probe information and transmit to road side units for traffic management Vehicle toll collection at highway toll booths (non-stop) A vehicle receives the availability of parking lots in a certain geographical region A vehicle receives a list of open parking spots upon entering a parking lot Downloading of personalized vehicle settings or uploading of vehicle diagnostics from/to infrastructure Benefits Convenience Road-side businesses (e.g., MacDonald’s) announce services to vehicles as they pass by or come within range A vehicle downloads content (e.g., maps, multimedia, webpages) from home stations or from mobile “hot-spots” Commercial Transmission and relay of streaming real-time video from a vehicle to other vehicles or road-side units Commercial Convenience Convenience Convenience Convenience Commercial Commercial Commercial RVP/D Name Congested Road Notification Traffic Probe Convenience ACRO. CRN Among those listed, safety-oriented applications are of special interest because they are expected to significantly reduce the fatalities and economic losses caused by traffic accidents 21 V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (2) TP TOLL PAN PSL SA CMDD RTVR Free Flow Tolling Parking Availability Notification Parking Spot Locator Remote Vehicle Personalization/ Diagnostics Service Announcements Content Map or Database Download Real-Time Video Relay Description A vehicle reports road congestion to vehicles or road-site units in other regions for the purposes of route and trip planning Vehicles aggregate traffic probe information and transmit to road side units for traffic management Vehicle toll collection at highway toll booths (non-stop) A vehicle receives the availability of parking lots in a certain geographical region A vehicle receives a list of open parking spots upon entering a parking lot Downloading of personalized vehicle settings or uploading of vehicle diagnostics from/to infrastructure Benefits Convenience Road-side businesses (e.g., MacDonald’s) announce services to vehicles as they pass by or come within range A vehicle downloads content (e.g., maps, multimedia, webpages) from home stations or from mobile “hot-spots” Commercial Transmission and relay of streaming real-time video from a vehicle to other vehicles or road-side units Commercial Convenience Convenience Convenience Convenience Commercial Commercial Commercial RVP/D Name Congested Road Notification Traffic Probe Convenience ACRO. CRN Among those listed, safety-oriented applications are of special interest because they are expected to significantly reduce the fatalities and economic losses caused by traffic accidents 22 V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (2) TP TOLL PAN PSL SA CMDD RTVR Free Flow Tolling Parking Availability Notification Parking Spot Locator Remote Vehicle Personalization/ Diagnostics Service Announcements Content Map or Database Download Real-Time Video Relay Description A vehicle reports road congestion to vehicles or road-site units in other regions for the purposes of route and trip planning Vehicles aggregate traffic probe information and transmit to road side units for traffic management Vehicle toll collection at highway toll booths (non-stop) A vehicle receives the availability of parking lots in a certain geographical region A vehicle receives a list of open parking spots upon entering a parking lot Downloading of personalized vehicle settings or uploading of vehicle diagnostics from/to infrastructure Benefits Convenience Road-side businesses (e.g., MacDonald’s) announce services to vehicles as they pass by or come within range A vehicle downloads content (e.g., maps, multimedia, webpages) from home stations or from mobile “hot-spots” Commercial Transmission and relay of streaming real-time video from a vehicle to other vehicles or road-side units Commercial Convenience Convenience Convenience Convenience Commercial Commercial Commercial RVP/D Name Congested Road Notification Traffic Probe Convenience ACRO. CRN Among those listed, safety-oriented applications are of special interest because they are expected to significantly reduce the fatalities and economic losses caused by traffic accidents 23 Outline Introduction Motivation V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications V2V/V2I Application Characterization and Classification Performance Metrics for V2V/V2I Applications Contributions Questions 24 Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves Application Characteristics Description Choices User Benefit of Application What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I Application Region of Interest (ROI) What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application? Long, Medium, Short Application Trigger Condition When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, UserInitiated Recipient Pattern of Application Message What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts 25 Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves Application Characteristics Description Choices User Benefit of Application What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I Application Region of Interest (ROI) What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application? Long, Medium, Short Application Trigger Condition When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, UserInitiated Recipient Pattern of Application Message What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts 26 Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves Application Characteristics Description Choices User Benefit of Application What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I Application Region of Interest (ROI) What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application? Long, Medium, Short Application Trigger Condition When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, UserInitiated Recipient Pattern of Application Message What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts 27 Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves Application Characteristics Description Choices User Benefit of Application What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I Application Region of Interest (ROI) What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application? Long, Medium, Short Application Trigger Condition When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, UserInitiated Recipient Pattern of Application Message What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts 28 Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves Application Characteristics Description Choices User Benefit of Application What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I Application Region of Interest (ROI) What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application? Long, Medium, Short Application Trigger Condition When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, UserInitiated Recipient Pattern of Application Message What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts 29 Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves Application Characteristics Description Choices User Benefit of Application What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I Application Region of Interest (ROI) What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application? Long, Medium, Short Application Trigger Condition When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, UserInitiated Recipient Pattern of Application Message What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts 30 Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves Application Characteristics Description Choices User Benefit of Application What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I Application Region of Interest (ROI) What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application? Long, Medium, Short Application Trigger Condition When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, UserInitiated Recipient Pattern of Application Message What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts 31 Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves Application Characteristics Description Choices User Benefit of Application What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I Application Region of Interest (ROI) What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application? Long, Medium, Short Application Trigger Condition When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, UserInitiated Recipient Pattern of Application Message What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts 32 Classification Criteria: Network Attributes Networking Attributes characterize the fundamental aspects of network design for communicationbased automotive applications Network Attributes Description Choices Channel Frequency What channel does the application use? DSRC-CCH, DSRC-SCH, WiFi Infrastructure Is infrastructure required? Yes, No Message Time-to-live How far do or should messages propagate? Single-hop, Multi-hop Packet Format What type of packet is used? WSMP, IP Routing Protocol How messages are distributed? Unicast, Broadcast, Geocast, Aggregation Network Protocol Initiation How is a network protocol initiated? Mode Beacon, Event-triggered, On-demand Transport Protocol What form of end-to-end communication? Connectionless, Connection-oriented Security What kind of security is needed? V2V security, V2I security, Internet Security 33 Application Characterization Acro. User Benefit Application Participants Application ROI Application Trigger Condition Recipient Pattern SVA Safety V2V Medium Event EEBL Safety V2V Medium PCN Safety V2V RHCN Safety RFN Event Lifetime Event Correlation Event Detector One-to-zone Long None One Event One-to-zone Short Weak Many Medium Event One-to-zone Long None One V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many CCW Safety V2V Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A CVW Safety V2I Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A CRN Convenience V2V Long Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many TP Convenience V2I Long Event One-to-one Short None Many TOLL Convenience V2I Short Event One-to-one Short None One PAN Convenience V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A PSL Convenience V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A RVP/D Commercial V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A SA Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-zone N/A N/A N/A CMDD Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A RTVR Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A 34 Application Characterization Acro. User Benefit Application Participants Application ROI Application Trigger Condition Recipient Pattern SVA Safety V2V Medium Event EEBL Safety V2V Medium PCN Safety V2V RHCN Safety RFN Event Lifetime Event Correlation Event Detector One-to-zone Long None One Event One-to-zone Short Weak Many Medium Event One-to-zone Long None One V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many CCW Safety V2V Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A CVW Safety V2I Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A CRN Convenience V2V Long Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many TP Convenience V2I Long Event One-to-one Short None Many TOLL Convenience V2I Short Event One-to-one Short None One PAN Convenience V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A PSL Convenience V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A RVP/D Commercial V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A SA Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-zone N/A N/A N/A CMDD Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A RTVR Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A 35 Application Characterization Acro. User Benefit Application Participants Application ROI Application Trigger Condition Recipient Pattern SVA Safety V2V Medium Event EEBL Safety V2V Medium PCN Safety V2V RHCN Safety RFN Event Lifetime Event Correlation Event Detector One-to-zone Long None One Event One-to-zone Short Weak Many Medium Event One-to-zone Long None One V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many CCW Safety V2V Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A CVW Safety V2I Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A CRN Convenience V2V Long Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many TP Convenience V2I Long Event One-to-one Short None Many TOLL Convenience V2I Short Event One-to-one Short None One PAN Convenience V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A PSL Convenience V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A RVP/D Commercial V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A SA Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-zone N/A N/A N/A CMDD Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A RTVR Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A 36 Application Characterization Acro. User Benefit Application Participants Application ROI Application Trigger Condition Recipient Pattern SVA Safety V2V Medium Event EEBL Safety V2V Medium PCN Safety V2V RHCN Safety RFN Event Lifetime Event Correlation Event Detector One-to-zone Long None One Event One-to-zone Short Weak Many Medium Event One-to-zone Long None One V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many CCW Safety V2V Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A CVW Safety V2I Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A CRN Convenience V2V Long Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many TP Convenience V2I Long Event One-to-one Short None Many TOLL Convenience V2I Short Event One-to-one Short None One PAN Convenience V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A PSL Convenience V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A RVP/D Commercial V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A SA Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-zone N/A N/A N/A CMDD Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A RTVR Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A Applications exhibit commonalities! 37 Network Attribute Characterization Acro. Channel Frequency Infrastructure Message TTL Packet Format Routing Protocol Network Trigger Transport Protocol Security Solution SVA DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security EEBL DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security PCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security RHCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security RFN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security CCW DSRC CCH No Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2V Security CVW DSRC CCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2I Security CRN DSRC SCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security TP DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented V2I Security TOLL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented Internet Security PAN DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security PSL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security RVP/D DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security SA DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Multi-hop IP Geocast On-demand Connectionless Internet Security CMDD DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security RTVR DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Multi-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security 38 Network Attribute Characterization Acro. Channel Frequency Infrastructure Message TTL Packet Format Routing Protocol Network Trigger Transport Protocol Security Solution SVA DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security EEBL DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security PCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security RHCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security RFN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security CCW DSRC CCH No Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2V Security CVW DSRC CCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2I Security CRN DSRC SCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security TP DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented V2I Security TOLL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented Internet Security PAN DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security PSL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security RVP/D DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security SA DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Multi-hop IP Geocast On-demand Connectionless Internet Security CMDD DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security RTVR DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Multi-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security 39 Network Attribute Characterization Acro. Channel Frequency Infrastructure Message TTL Packet Format Routing Protocol Network Trigger Transport Protocol Security Solution SVA DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security EEBL DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security PCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security RHCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security RFN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security CCW DSRC CCH No Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2V Security CVW DSRC CCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2I Security CRN DSRC SCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security TP DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented V2I Security TOLL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented Internet Security PAN DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security PSL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security RVP/D DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security SA DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Multi-hop IP Geocast On-demand Connectionless Internet Security CMDD DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security RTVR DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Multi-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security 40 Network Attribute Characterization Acro. Channel Frequency Infrastructure Message TTL Packet Format Routing Protocol Network Trigger Transport Protocol Security Solution SVA DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security EEBL DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security PCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security RHCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security RFN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security CCW DSRC CCH No Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2V Security CVW DSRC CCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2I Security CRN DSRC SCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security TP DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented V2I Security TOLL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented Internet Security PAN DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security PSL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security RVP/D DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security SA DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Multi-hop IP Geocast On-demand Connectionless Internet Security CMDD DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security RTVR DSRC SCH WiFi Yes Multi-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security 41 Application Classification (1) Application Benefit Perspective Networking Attributes Perspective 1. Safety - SVA, EEBL, PCN, RHCN, RFN, CCW, CVW Short Message Communications Content Download/Steaming 2. Convenience - CRN, TP, TOLL, PAN, PSL Broadcast Unicast Unicast 3. Commercial - RVP/D, SA, GMDD, RTVR Eventdriven Periodic On-demand Financial Non Financial File Download Video Streaming 42 Application Classification (2) Group applications into 7 generic classes: Class Accommodate the applications of interest Name Representative Applications 1 Event-Driven Short-Message Broadcast SVA, EEBL, PCN, RHCN, and RCN 2 Scheduled (Periodic) Short-Message Broadcast CCW ( Cooperative Collision Warning), CVW (Cooperative Violation Warning) 3 On-Demand Short-Message Broadcast SA (Service Announcements) 4 5 SVA: Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor EEBL: Emergency Electronic Brake Light Financial Transaction Short-Message PCN:RVP/D (Remote Personalization/Diag) V2V Post CrashVehicle Notification Unicast TOLL (Free Flow Tolling) RHCN: Road Hazard Condition Notification Non-Financial Transaction ShortPAN, PSL Notification RFN:TP, Road Feature Message Unicast 6 File Download 7 Video Streaming CMDD (Contents, Map or Database Download) TP: Traffic RTVR Probe (Real-Time Video Relay) PAN: Parking Availability Notification PSL: Parking Spot Locator - Only (7 generic classes) application models 43 - Individual applications are simple extensions from the generic models Outline Introduction Motivation V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications V2V/V2I Application Characterization and Classification Performance Metrics for V2V/V2I Applications Contributions Questions 44 Performance Metrics for Communication-based Automotive Applications Level Metric Description Classes Network Packet Delivery Ratio packets received / packets transmitted 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Network Per-Packet Latency packet reception time – packet transmission time 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Application T-window Reliability prob. of receiving at least one transmitted packet within a given time interval 1, 2, 3 Application Time-to-Successful Reception application-level packet reception latency 1, 2, 3 Application QoS Metrics end-to-end packet delay, jitter, and throughput 7 We mainly concentrate on safety applications, since they are the initial focus of automotive industry Necessity to introduce novel application-level metrics to accurately capture performance trends of safety applications 45 Performance Metrics for Safety Applications (1) Reliability Metrics (Network-level) Packet Success Probability ( Pnet(d) ) (Application-level) T-window Reliability Metric ( Papp(d) ) Defined as the percentage of packets successfully received from broadcasting vehicle(s) at distance d away from the receiving vehicle Defined as the probability of successfully receiving at least one packet broadcasted by the transmitter at distance d within a given “application tolerance window” T Application- vs. Network-level Reliability SVA Application Where, T: Application Tolerance Window t: Application Broadcast Interval 46 Performance Metrics for Safety Applications (2) Latency Metrics (Network-level) Average Per-packet Latency (Δτ) (only for successfully received packets) (Application-level) Time-to-Successful Reception (ΔT) Defined as the time elapsed between generating a packet at the application of the sender and successfully receiving that packet at the application of the receiver Defined as the duration between the time when a broadcast packet is generated at application layer of transmitting vehicle and the time at which the first successful packet is received by the application layer of receiving vehicle Application- vs. Network-level Latency SVA Application Where, t: Application Broadcast Interval Pnet: Network-level reliability 47 Outline Introduction Motivation V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications V2V/V2I Application Characterization and Classification Performance Metrics for V2V/V2I Applications Contributions Questions 48 Contributions of the Paper Investigate the application characteristics and network attributes, in order to better understand the behavior of communication-based automotive applications Group a large number of applications, with similar properties, to the same “generic” class Develop a few types of application models for the identified “generic” classes in our vehicular network simulator Develop a network protocol stack for each class of applications, to maximize reusability of common protocols modules Identify common QoS requirements and performance metrics for the identified application classes 49 Questions