Transcript Three last frameworks

Intro to the web process
Main concepts:
Bandwidth,
Digital vs. Analog
Aerial vs. Terrestrial,
“The Negroponte Switch”
ISDN, ADSL
Synchronous vs. A-Synchronous
DOMAIN NAMES
Browser
URL, IP, DNS,
Cache, Log,
Three last frameworks
Strategy/Technology
Age/Audience size
Is the Web all there is?
Firewall, plug-in
The Paradigm Shift:
Reduce Cost, Improve Service in Order Management
CURRENT
(Company-Defined Access)
800
 Mail

COMPLETE
THE CALL
Information
Database
Customer Sales and
Service History
Database
EMERGING
(Customer-Defined Access)
COMPLETE THE
TRANSACTION
800
 Mail

The Web/Online
Services
Fax
 On-line

Inventory
Systems
Order
Processing
Delivery
Systems
The Paradigm Shift:
Reduce Time-to-Market in Supply Chain Management
CURRENT
Customer
NEAR TERM
Customer
EMERGING
ENTERPRISE
FOCUS
800
Retailer
Manufacturer
Supplier
Collaborative
Systems
800
Fax
On-line
Retailer
Shared
Market Data
Manufacturer
Supplier
CUSTOMER
FOCUS
Virtual
Shelf
The Web
Customer
Manufacturer
PARTNER
FOCUS
Supplier
Browsing 101
1
Browsing 101
1.5
•There exist a variety of browsers
Explorer, Netscape,
Mosaic, Lynx,
Opera, Offline browsers
•HTML, and therefore browsers,
are not Page Definition Language
or systems
•Looking for dynamic, interactive
presentation
•Hence the role of PDF,
Shockwave, Java, DHTML,
VRML, SSI, PHP, ASP, CGI, etc.
Browsing 101
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Browsing 101
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Browsing 101
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Browsing 101
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an IP address is a 32-bit number
that identifies each sender or
receiver of information that is
sent in packets across the
Internet.
The IP address is usually
expressed as four decimal
numbers, each representing eight
bits, separated by periods. This is
sometimes known as the dot
address and, more technically, as
dotted quad notation
Browsing 101
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For a more extended
discussion of IP
addressing, see
"Understanding IP
Addressing: Everything
You Ever Wanted to
Know, by Chuck
Semeria.
Longest Match forwarding Algorithm
Dotted Decimal Notation
Subnetting
VLSM
At:
http://www.3com.com/n
sc/501302.html
Browsing 101
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Browsing 101
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Browsing 101
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Browsing 101
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Browsing 101
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Browsing 101
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Browsing 101
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Browsing 101
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The cache is
often
accessible
later on.
Originally
there for
speed sake,
now makes for
a security and
privacy
nightmare
Browsing 101
15
The Internet: Key Technology Concepts
• Federal Networking Council definition
of Internet highlights three important
concepts that are the basis for
understanding the Internet:
 Packet switching
 TCP/IP communications protocol
 Client/server computing
Packet Switching
• A method of slicing digital messages into packets,
sending the packets along different communication
paths as they become available, and then
reassembling the packets once they arrive at their
destination
• Uses routers: special purpose computers that
interconnect the computer networks that make up
the Internet and route packets to their ultimate
destination
• Routers use computer programs called routing
algorithms to ensure packets take the best available
path toward their destination
Packet Switching
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol)
• Protocol: A set of rules for formatting, ordering,
compressing, and error-checking messages
• TCP: Establishes the connections among sending
and receiving Web computers, handles the assembly
of packets at the point of transmission, and their
reassembly at the receiving end
• IP: Provides the Internet’s addressing scheme
• TCP/IP is divided into 4 separate layers:
 Network Interface Layer
 Internet Layer
 Transport Layer
 Application Layer
The TCP/IP Architecture and Protocol Suite
IP Addresses
• Internet address (also called IP address): a
32-bit number expressed as a series of four
separate numbers marked off by periods,
such as 201.61.186.227
• IPv4 the current version of IP. Can handle
up to 4 billion addresses
• IPv6 (next generation of IP) will use 128-bit
addresses and be able to handle up to 1
quadrillion addresses
Routing Internet Messages: TCP/IP and
Packet Switching
Figure 3.5, Page 123
Domain Names, DNS, and URLs
• Domain name: IP address expressed in
natural language
• Domain name system (DNS): allows
numeric IP addresses to be expressed in
natural language
• Uniform resource locator (URL):
addresses used by Web browsers to
identify location of content on the Web
Client/Server Computing
• Model of computing in which very powerful
personal computers (clients) are connected
in a network with one or more server
computers that perform common functions
for the clients, such as storing files, software
applications, etc.
Insight on Business: Peer-to-Peer
Computing Goes to Work
Class Discussion
• How does Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networking differ from
client/server networking?
• Why is P2P networking a potential money-saver for
corporations and other organizations?
• What are some illegal uses of P2P networking?
• What are some legal uses of P2P networking?
• Why does P2P networking permit users to remain
anonymous? Is this a good thing?
Other Internet Protocols
• HTTP: Used to transfer Web pages
• SMTP, POP, and IMAP: Used to send and
receive e-mail
• FTP: Permits users to transfer files from
server to client and vice versa
• Telnet: Program that enables a client to
emulate a mainframe computer terminal
• SSL: Protocol that provides secure
communications between client and server
Utility Programs
• Ping: Utility program that allows you to
check connection between client and
server
• Tracert: Utility program that allows you
to follow part of a message sent from a
client to a remote computer
• Pathping: Utility program that combines
functionality of Ping and Tracert
The Internet Today
• Client/server computing model, coupled with
hourglass, layered architecture of Internet has
allowed Internet to handle explosive growth
without disruption
• Hourglass/layered architecture – 4 layers:
 Network Technology Substrate
 Transport Services and Representation Standards
 Middleware Services
 Applications
The Hourglass
Model of the
Internet
SOURCE: Adapted from Computer
Science and Telecommunications
Board (CSTB), 2000.
Internet Network Architecturee
• Backbone: Consists of high-bandwidth fiber-optic
cable owned by a variety of Network Service
Providers (NSPs)
• Internet Exchange Points (IXPs): Hubs where
backbones intersect with regional and local
networks, and where backbone owners connect with
one another
• Campus area networks (CANs): Local area networks
operating within a single organization that leases
Internet access directly from regional or national
carrier
• Internet Service Providers: Lease Internet access to
home owners and businesses
Internet Network Architecture
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
• Retail providers that deal with “last mile of
service”
• Major national ISPs include AOL, MSN, and
AT&T WorldNet, etc.
• Offer both narrowband (traditional
telephone modem connection at 56.6 Kbps)
and broadband (service based on DSL, cable
modem, T1 or T3 telephone lines, and
satellite)
Broadband Service Choices
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL): Telephone
technology delivers high-speed access through
ordinary telephone lines
• Cable modem: Cable television technology
piggybacks digital access to Internet on top of
analog video cable line
• T1 and T3: International telephone standards
for digital communication that offer
guaranteed delivery rates
• Satellite: high-speed downloads, but no
upload available
Intranets and Extranets
• Intranet: TCP/IP network located within a
single organization for purposes of
communication and information processing
• Extranet: Formed when firms permit
outsiders to access their internal TCP/IP
networks
Who Governs the Internet?
• A number of different organizations that influence
Internet and monitor its operations including:
– Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
– Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN)
– Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)
– Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
– Internet Society (ISOC)
– World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Domain names
• There are currently over 6 million
registered domain names
• About half use the .com extension
• Approximately 70,000 new every week
• Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Governance (?):
Keeper(s) of the Names
• InterNIC: Internet Network Information
Center, funded by NSF.
• Since 1993, Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI),
has been the only provider of domain
name registration services in the .com,
.net and .org top-level domains:
Http://www.networksolutions.com
• October 1998: the "Shared Registration
System.” : Five new registrars - in addition
to NSI – were accredited to register
domain names in .com, .net, and .org
ICANN
• The Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the
non-profit corporation that was formed
to assume responsibility for the IP
address space allocation, protocol
parameter assignment, domain name
system management, and root server
system management functions
previously performed under U.S.
Government contract by IANA and
other entities.
Network Solutions
$119 to reserve
for two years
$70 to register
New Governance
• Information on the implementation of NSI's
Shared Registration System will be available at
www.nsiregistry.com.
• Information about ICANN and ICANN's registrar
accreditation process is available at
www.icann.org.
• Information regarding the United States
Government's efforts to privatize the
management of the domain name system and
increase competition in domain name registration
services is available at www.ntia.doc.gov.
New Domain Names (TLDs) in 2001
•.biz
•.info
•.name
•.pro
•.coop
•.aero
•.museum
Also… foreign
language, and
foreign
administration
Huh?
Name already taken?
• Don’t despair
• Cybersquatters:
http://www.domainreseller.com,
http://www.domainbook.com,
http://domainrush.com
• “RealNames” and “Netword” schemes
• New TLD (Top Level Domains) just around the
corner, or already allowed: .info, .md, .web,
.store etc.
• UltraNeoColonialism: set up shop in Austria
or Tonga:
http://welcome.to http://visit.at http://fly.to
etc.
Names for sale
Three last frameworks...
The strategy-technology linkage
Information Age and Audience Size
Who to Whom and When
Three last frameworks...
The strategy-technology linkage aspect:
Brand Awareness -- Information Publishing
Customer Segmentation -- Data Access
Loose Collaboration -- Transaction Processing
Tight Collaboration -- Object Sharing
Chronological model?
Age of information and audience size
Age of information and audience size
Age of information and audience size
Age of information and audience size
What technologies?
(“communities”?)
ICQ
Gooey, ubique
USENET
Newer technologies and applications?