Transcript Internet History

History of the Internet
Wilkes University
Barb Landon
Before 1969

1945- Vannevar Bush publishes his paper on
the memex machine.
 1957 - USSR launches Sputnik
 1958 In response to Sputnik the US forms
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
within the Dept. of Defense to establish US
lead in science and technology applicable to
the military.

1960 CRR Licklider publishes his landmark
paper, “Man-Computer Symbiosis”
 1961 -Leonard Kleinrock, MIT- developed the
first paper on packet-switching theory
 1962- Licklider and Clark, MIT -concept
encompassing distributed social interactions.
Licklider becomes the founding directory for
ARPA’s Information Processing Techniques
1965

Paul Baran gets funds from the US Air Force
to experiment with block switching network to
protect communications during a nuclear war.
He withdrew his proposal when the project
was shifted to military managers.
 ARPA sponsors a study on “cooperative
network time-sharing computers”
1966

Larry Roberts at MIT - First ARPANET
plan towards cooperative network of
time-shared computers
1968

ARAP mails out 140 requests for
Proposals to prospective contractors to
build the first 4 webmail programs
1969

ARPAnet commissioned for research into
networking. The first nodes were UCLA,
Stanford, University of California, and the
University of Utah. The computers were
Honeywell 516 mini computers with 12K of
memory.
 The first message was sent between UCLA
and SRI which was also the first crash.
1970

One of the early computer networking
designs, the ALOHA network was
created at the University of Hawaii ,
under the leadership of Norman
Abramson and others. The idea was to
use low-cost ham radio-like systems to
create a computer network linking the
far-flung campuses of the University
1971
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15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, Stanford,
University of California, University of
Utah, SRI,BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC,
Harvard, Lincoln Lab, UIU, CWRU,
CMU,NASA
1972
International Computer Conference
demonstrate communication between
40 machines
 InterNetworking Work Group created
address for establishing agreed upon
protocols, Telnet specifications

1973

First International connection between
ARPANET and University of London
 Bob Metcalfe’s Harvard PhD Thesis outlines
idea for ethernet
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) specifications
developed
 Network Voice Protocol developed allowing
conference calling calls over ARPAnet
1975

Operational management of Internet
was transferred to DCA (the defense
information system)
1976
Queen Elizabeth sends an email
 Unix to Unix developed at AT&T Bell
Labs

1981

BITNET (Because It’s Time NETwork)
started as a cooperative network at City
University of NY, with the first
connection to Yale. Provides electronic
mail and listserv servers to distribute
information
1982

DCA and ARPA establish the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
and the Internet Protocol (IP) as the
protocol suite TCP/IP
1983
ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network) split into
ARPANET and MILNET (Dept. of
Defense)
 Desktop workstations come into being

1985

Symbolics.com is assigned the first
registered domain. Other
first:cmu.edu,purdue.edu,rice.edu,ucla.e
du,scc.gov,mitre.org
1986

National Science Foundation
establishes 5 super-computing centers
(Princeton, Pittsburg, University of
California, University of Illinois, and
Cornell)
1987

Number of hosts breaks 10,000
1988
Nov. 2- Internet Worm burrows through
the net affecting 6,000 of the 60,000
host on the Internet
 CERT (Computer emergency to the
Morris worm.
 National Science Foundation backbone
was upgraded to a T-1 (was 56K)

1989
Number of hosts breaks 100,000
 First relays between commercial email
 Other countries connecting are Australia
(AU), Germany(DE), Israel (IL), Italy
(IT), Japan (JP), Mexico (MX),
Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ),
Puerto Rico (PR), United Kingdom (UK)

1990
ARPANET ceases to exist
 Archie is released
 Countries connecting: Argentina (AR),
Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Brazil (BR),
Chile (CL), Greece (GR), India (IN),
Ireland (IE), Korea (KR), Spain (ES),
Switzerland (CH)

1991

Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark
McCahill from the Univ of Minnesota
 World Wide Web released by Tim BernersLee developer
 National Science Foundation network
upgraded to T-3 with traffic passing 1 trillion
bytes per month and 10 billion packets per
month
1992
Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered
 Number of hosts break 1,000,000
 Veronica is released by Univ of Nevada
 The term :Surfing the Internet is coined
by Jean Armour Polly

1993
Mosaic takes the Internet by storm;
WWW proliferates ata 341,634% growth
rate of service traffic
 Gophers growth is 997%

1994
ARPANET/Internet celebrates 25th
anniversary
 WWW edges out telnet to become the
2nd most popular service on the Net

1995
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
National Science Network reverts back to a research
network and the main US backbone traffic now
routed through interconnected network providers
Real Audio lets the Net hear in near real time
Traditional online dial-up companies (Compuserve,
American Online, Prodigy) begin to provide Internet
Access
Netscape leads the pack of Net related companies
Registration for domain names is no longer free
1996
Internet phones catch the attention of
telecommunication companies who ask
the US Congress to ban the technology
 The WWW browser war, fought
primarily between Netscape and
Microsoft, has rushed a new age in
software development

1997

71,618 mailing lists registered at Liszt, a
mailing list directory
1998

Netscape releases source code for its
Netscape browser to the public domain
 Microsoft releases Windows 98, Months later
government orders Microsoft to change Java
virtual machine to pass Sun’s Java
compatibility
 Microsoft is taken to court for anti-trust
violations
2008
US has 316 million host
 The world has 556,147,5151 host

Internet 2

Internet2 is a collaborative project by
over 206 U.S. research universities,
working with partners in industry and
government, to develop a new family of
advanced applications to meet
emerging academic requirements in
research, teaching, and learning.
Types of Malware- (Malicious or
unexpected program or code such
as viruses, Trojans and droppers)
Trojan- malware that performs
unexpected system behavior. It will not
duplicate.
 Virus- executable code that has the
unique ability to replicate. Usually come
in email- over 400 a month

Computer worms-stand-alone software
and thus do not require other pieces of
software to attach themselves to.
 A Backdoor is a piece of software that
allows access to the computer system,
bypassing the normal authentication
procedures.

Viruses
1st Virus- Rich Skrenta 1982 The Elk
Cloner virus- practical joke
 The Brain-1986 Microsoft DOS- left the
telephone of their repair shop
 Morris-1988 first widespread
 Melissa-1999 wipe out email
 Love Bug -2000

Code Red-2001 One of the first network
worms that did not require the opening
of email
 Blaster-2003 Microsoft offers cash
rewards to people who help authorities
capture and prosecute virus writers
 Sasser 2004 -crashed computers
making reboot

Spyware

Software installed on a computer that
collects information about a user, their
computer or browsing habits without the
user's informed consent
Easter Egg
Harmless goodies put on software
programs by programmers.
 http://www.eeggs.com/tree/153.html
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsv2g
8BdRCo

Cookie
Text stored in the hard drive tells the
web server about your activity
 Keeps track of your information with
preferences
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