Transcript historyInternet

HISTORY OF NETWORKS
• Early communication networks
only allowed communications
between the stations on the local
network
• Connected to “central” mainframe
Computer
• Even Mini Computers under Unix
had ports for “terminals”
1960 J.C.R. Licklider
•Some networks had gateways or
bridges between them
• these bridges were limited or built
specifically for a single use
• J.C.R. Licklider, pioneer in the call for
a global network in his January 1960
paper – “Man-Computer Symbiosis”
"A network of such [computers],
connected to one another by wide-band
communication lines [which provide] the
functions of present-day libraries
together with anticipated advances in
information storage and retrieval and
[other] symbiotic functions."
1962, J.C.R. Licklider
• appointed head of the United States
Department of Defense's Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
• formed an informal group within
DARPA
• identified need for inter-networking
• formed the idea of ARPAnet
Packet switching
• Main problem in internetworking connecting separate physical networks
to form one logical network
• In 1960s Kleinrock, Baran & Davies
Independently conceptualized &
developed network systems using
datagrams or “Packets”
• Several packet-switched networking
solutions developed in the late 1960s
and 1970s
The first ARPANET link
• established between the University
of California, Los Angeles and the
Stanford Research Institute on 22:30
hours on October 29, 1969
• By 1981, the number of hosts
had grown to 213
• A new host was being added
approximately every twenty days
ARPANET became the technical
core of “the Internet”
• ARPANET development was centered
around the Request for Comments
(RFC) processes
• Still used today for proposing and
distributing Internet Protocols and Systems
• RFC 1, entitled "Host Software", was
written by Steve Crocker from the
University of California, Los Angeles
and published on April 7, 1969
X.25
•Based on ARPA's research, packet
switching network standards were
developed by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
• Called X.25 and related standards
• First approved in March 1976
• Britain, Europe & Australia used
• International Packet Switched
Service (IPSS) finalised in 1978
• Popular worldwide by 1990
EARLY “WEBS”
• Compuserve, Telnet examples of its
implementation
• Another popular one was AOL
(Americaonline)
• Offered Chat & BBS (Bulletin Board
Services)
• Also entertainment
INTERNET PROTOCOL SUITE
• Disjointed separate networks, served
only by limited gateways
• Application of packet switching to
develop a protocol for internetworking
• To join multiple different networks a super-framework of networks
• By defining a common network system
• Conceptual network could be
separated from physical implementation
GLOBAL NETWORK
• The idea that is now called the Internet
• Based on standardized protocols
• Officially implemented in 1982
• Adoption and interconnection quickly
• Advanced telecommunication networks
of the western world helped
• Then began to penetrate into the rest
of the world
• Became the de-facto international
standard
The Internet
•The term "internet" was adopted in
the first RFC published on the TCP
protocol (RFC 675: Internet Transmission
Control Program, December 1974)
• Abbreviation of the term Internetworking
In general, an internet was any network
using TCP/IP
Opening the network to commerce
• The interest in commercial use of the
Internet became a hotly debated topic
• Although commercial use was forbidden,
the exact definition of commercial use
could be unclear and subjective.
• UUCPNet and the X.25 IPSS had no such
restrictions
NIC & IANA
• The first central authority to coordinate
the operation of the Internet was the
Network Information Centre (NIC) at
Stanford Research Institute (SRI)
• In 1972, management of these issues
was given to the newly created
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Domain Name System
• Created by Paul Mockapetris
• Defense Data Network
• Network Information Center
(DDN-NIC) at SRI handled:
1. registration services
2. top-level domains of .mil,
gov, .edu, .org, .net, .com and .us
3. root nameserver administration
4. Internet number assignments
Internet Engineering Task Force
• IETF started in January 1985
• Quarterly meeting of U.S. government
funded researchers.
• Non-government vendors invited with the
fourth IETF meeting in October
• In 1992, Internet Society, a professional
membership society formed
• IETF transferred to operation under it
independent international standards body
EXIT DEFENSE DEPTT.
• By 1990’s, most of the Internet
Became “non-military”
• Department of Defense not to fund
registration services except .mil
• In 1993 the U.S. National Science
Foundation created “InterNIC” to manage
1. allocations of addresses
2. management of address databases
From gopher to the WWW
• By early 1990s, increasing need to find
and organize files
• Gopher & FTP Archive list attempted to
create ways to organize distributed data
• Gopher menu items used of hypertext
Gopher first commonly-used hypertext
interface on the Internet
HYPERTEXT
• The technology inspired by Vannevar
Bush's "Memex”
• Developed through Ted Nelson's
research on Project Xanadu
• Many small self-contained
hypertext systems had been created
• E.g. Apple Computer's HyperCard.
WWW
• In 1989 Tim Berners-Lee invented a
network-based implementation of hypertext
• This became the World Wide Web
• One early popular web browser,
modeled after HyperCard, was ViolaWWW
• For his work in developing the World Wide
Web, Berners-Lee received the Millennium
technology prize in 2004.
MOSAIC
• In 1993, a graphical browser developed
by a team led by Marc Andreessen
of National Center for Supercomputing
Applications, University of Illinois
• Called the Mosaic web browser
• A turning point for the World Wide Web
INTERNET EXPLORER
• Mosaic's graphical interface became
more popular than text-based Gopher
• WWW became the preferred
interface for accessing the Internet
• Mosaic was displaced,in 1994 by
Andreessen's Netscape Navigator as
the world's most popular browser
• Eventually competition from Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google
Chromea have completely displaced it